ေရွးေဟာင္းတိဗက္ျမန္မာမ်ားႏွင့္ယင္းတုိ႔ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းလာခဲ့သည့္လမ္းေၾကာင္းမ်ား

ေရွးေဟာင္းတိဗက္ျမန္မာမ်ားႏွင့္ယင္းတုိ႔ေရႊ႕ေျပာင္းလာခဲ့သည့္လမ္းေၾကာင္းမ်ား

ရည္စိန္

       c&pfray:rD &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tcgu a&S;w&kwfEkdifiH\taemufzufwGif csd-tmif Chi'ang [lí a&S;w&kwfwdkYu ac:a0:onfhrsKd;EG,fpkMuD;wpk ,SdcJh\/ ,if;rsKd;EG,fpkMuD;onf wdAuf-jrefrm tEG,f0ifrsm;jzpfMuaMumif; ynmoQifrsm;u ,kHMunfMuavonf/ ,ckw&kwfEkdifiH\taemufydkif;wGif wdAuftEG,fpk? ,SDzeft EG,fpk ponfh wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm; jyefYESHYaexkdifMuonfuwaMumif;? pDcRrf e,f Szechwan taemufajrmufydkif;wGif csd-tmif[k trnf&Sdaom tEG,fpkwpk\ bmompum;onf wdAuf-jrefrmbmompum;ESifheD;pyfonfukd awGU,Sdxm;cJhonfu waMumif;? þodkYaumufcsufcscJhjcif;yif jzpf\/ [kdeefe,f tef,mif Anyang  a'orS wl;az:awGU&Sdaom &Smifrif;quf Shang Dynasty tv,fydkif;vdyfcGH EGm;&kd; pmrS csd-tmiftrnfudk awGU&SdcJhygonf/ &Smifrif;quf vdyfcGH EGm;&kd;pmrS csd-tmifESifh orkdif;rSwfwef;rsm;rS csd-tmifwkdYonf wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifESifhoufqkdifonfum; ,kHrSm;oHo, r,Sday/ ,ck þpmwef;wGif 14-&mpk bDpDrS at'D 3-&mpktwGif;jzpf aom a&S;a[mif;wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifwkdY\orkdif;tusOf;udk aqG;aEG;jyD;aemuf ol wkdY a&TUajymif;vmonfh vrf;aMumif;rsm;udk wifjyygrnf/

       csd-tmif trnfukd w&kwf &Smifrif;qufrSpí awGU,SdcJhojzifh olwkdY\a&S; a[mif;orkdif;udk rwifjyrD &Smifrif;quf\ykdifeufudk tusOf;tm;jzifh az:jy&ef vkd tyfygonf/ vdyfcGH EGm;&kd;pmt& &Smifrif;quf\ydkifeufrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfyg onf/

(u) ta&SU&yfa'o/      /jrpf0gjrpf0? yifv,furf;ajcw0kduf/

(c) taemuf&yfa'o/    /ajr0gukef;jyifjrifhtaemufydkif;? a0hjrpf Wei River t

                            aMuykdif;vnf; yg0if\/

(*) awmif&yfa'o/       /,efpDjrpf0Srf; tv,fykdif; ajrmufzufa'o/

(C) ajrmuf&yfa'o/     /,ck [dkay Hopeh e,fajrmufydkif;w0kduf/

(i) rZösdra'o/            /,ck [dkeef Honan e,f &Sifrif;quf\tcsuftcsma'

                            ojzpf\/

       &Smifrif;quf taemuf&yfa'oESifhe,fajr qufpyfaeaoma'o ESpfck,Sd\/ wckrSm taemuf&yf a'o\taemufajrmufzufwGif wnf,Sdí]]auG&yfa'o}}[k ac:wGifaom? wk&fuf Turk wkdY\e,fajrjzpfygonf/ usefwckrSm taemuf&yfa'o \taemufzufwGif wnf,Sdí ]]csd-tmif&yfa'o}}[k ac:wGifaom wdAuf-jrefrm tEG,f0ifwkdY\a'o jzpfygonf/

       vdyfcGH EGm;&kd;pmrS&&Sdonfh taxmuftxm;t& &Smifrif;quf0kwdifrif; King Wu Ting vufxuf 1334-1281 bDpDtwGif;? &Smifrif;quf w&kwfwkdYonf csd- tmiftrsKd;om;rsm;wkdYESifh rMumrMumppfjzpfcJhMuaMumif;? wcgaom ppfyGJwGif &Smif w&kwfwkdYu ppfonf 13000(waomif;okH;axmif)txd apvTwfí ppfqifETJcJh aMumif; uREkfyfwkdY od,SdcJh\/ csdtmifrsKd;EG,fpkwkdYudk? þokdYrsm;jym; MuD;rm;onfhppfwyf zGJUESifh&ifqkdifcJhonfukd axmufaomf? csdtmifwkdY\tiftm;vnf; rao;i,faMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ &Smifrif;quftaemuf&yfom;wkdYonf uRJEGm;arG;jrLí v,f,mvkyf ief;jzifh toufarG;jrLMuolrsm;jzpf\/ csdtmifrsKd;EG,fpkwkdYonfum;? odk;qdwfarG;jrLí a&Munf&mjrufEk&m vSnfhvnf a&TUajymif;oGm;vmaeMuolrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ &Smif rif;quftaemuf&yfom;wkdYu csd-tmifwkYdESifhppfyGJqifETJcJh&jcif;\taMumif;&if;rSm jrufcif;jyif? jrufpm;usufukd &,lxm;vkdí jzpfwef&monf/ &Smifrif;quftv,f ydkif;wGif csd-tmifwkdYonf? [kmifjrpf0Srf; Huang River Valley jrpf0gjrpftnmykdif; ESifha0hjrpf0Srf;tnmykdif;wGif aexkdifMuaomfvnf; &Smifrif;quf aemufydkif;usaomf? pDcRrfe,fodkY wa&TUa&TUjyefYESHYaejyDjzpfygonf/

       &Smifrif;qufvufxuf? taemuf&yfa'owGif usKdya'o&mZfe,f Feudal State of Chou ,Sd\/ &Smifrif;quf aemufqkH;rif;jzpfol usKd,Sd(ef)Chou-Hsin vufxufrSm? ]]taemufzuftMuD;tuJ}}bGJUcHaom usKdya'o&mZfrif;rSm? usKd0Jif0gif Chou Wen-wang or Wen-wang of Chou jzpf\/ usKd0Jif0gifom;? usKd0k0gif Chou Wu Wang or Wu Wang of Chou wufvmjyD;aemuf? &Smifrif;qufusKd ,Sd(ef)ukd ykefuefavonf/ usKd0k0gifonf jcm;em;ykefuefonfhtcg? taemufzufa' oESifhtaemufawmifbufa'orS rsKd;EG,fpkHwkdYudk pnf;&kH;cJh\/ 1112 bDpD ckESpfwGif? usKd0k0gifOD;aqmifaom ppfwyfzGJUonf? &Sifrif;ppfwyfzGJUESifhrk,uf Mu-yeh (,ck Honan e,f Cai c&kdif)ü? usKd,Sd(ef)rif;udk atmifjrifEkdifcJhayonf/ &Smifrif;quf ysufokOf;í usKd0k0gifonf usKdrif;quf Chou Dynasty ukdwnfaxmifcJh\/ usKd0k 0gifpnf;&kH;cJhaom taemufzufa'oESifhtaemufawmifzufa'orS rsKd;EG,fpkwkdYwGif wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm;ESifh wkdif^oQrf;tEG,f0ifwkdYyg0ifcJhavonf/ 771 bDpD ESpfusaomf usKdrif;qufonf taemufzufrsKd;EG,fpkwkdY\ wkdufckdufrIaMumifh jrdKUawmf a&TUajymif;&\/ jrdKUawmf a&TUajymif;onfhESpf 770 bDpDrS 256 bDpDtxdudk ]]ta&SU zufusKdrif;quf}} Eastern Chou [lí¤if;? 1112 bDpDESpf(usKd0k0gifu &Smifrif;udk jzKwfcsonfhESpf)rS 771 bDpDESpftxdjzpfaom umvtydkif;tjcm;ukd ]]taemufzuf usKdrif;quf}} Western Chou [lí¤if; orkdif;wGif ac:wGifavonf/

       taemufzufusKdrif;qufvufxufwGif A[kdtpkd;&jzpfaom usKdrif;onf t vGefMoZm,Sd\/ A[dktpkd;&\trdefYr&,SdbJ ya'o&mZfrif;wkdYu ppfqifrI rjyK0HhMu ukef/ odkYaomf ta&SUusKdrif;quf usa&mufvmaomf A[dktpkd;&jzpfaom usKdonf wajz;ajz;ESifh arS;rSdefvmjyDjzpf\/ ya'o&mZfrif;tcsif;csif; ppfjydKifzufMu? wkduf ckdufMu\/ aemufqkH;wGif tiftm;MuD;rm;aom ya'o&mZfe,f 7-e,fay:ayguf vmavonf/ ,if;wkdYum; csd(ef) Ch'in, csL Ch'u, csD Ch'I, us0fh Chao, a0h Wei, ,Jef YenESifh[ef HanwkdYjzpfygonf/ ppftiftm;tMuD;qkH;aome,frSm csd(ef)jzpfjyD; e,fajrtus,fqkH;(MuD;aome,f)rSm csLjzpfavonf/ csd(ef)\ydkifeufonf usKdrif; quf w&kwfEkdifiH\taemuf&yfwGif wnf,Sdí wdAuf-jrefrm tEG,f0ifjzpfaom csd-tmifwkdY\a'oESifhqufpyfaeygonf/

       csd(ef)ya'o&mZfrif; vdukif Li-Kung 476-429 bDpDvufxufu t aemufzuf,Sd wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm;udk ppfqifí atmifjrifcJh\/ xkdppfyGJwGif ,GJefusJef[k trnf,Sdaom csd-tmiftrsKd;om;wOD;ukd vuf&zrf;qD;rdcJhavonf/ ,GJefusJefonf csd(ef)wkdY\ae&yfü aexkdifpOfwGif vuf,mpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;udk wwf ajrmufcJh\/ waeYusaomf ,GJefusJefonf vGwfajrmufvmí csd-tmifwkdYae&yfjzpf aom [kmifjrpf0Srf;ESifhjrpf0gjrpf tnmydkif;odkY jyefa&mufvmavonf/ csd-tmifwkdY ae&yfwGif wd&pämefarG;jrLa&;onf t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;jzpf\/ qef *sKH pyg; r pkdufysKd;Mu/ ,GJefusJefonf csd-tmifwkdYae&yf jyefa&mufvmaomtcg t&yfom;rsm; tm; v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;ynmudk oifMum;ay;avonf/ þokdYyif ,GJefusJefonf? csd- tmiftrsKd;om;wkdY\&kdaoav;pm;rIudk cH&í vltrsm;u olUtm; rif;ajr§mufvkduf avonf/ ol tedpöa&mufjyD;aemuf? ol\om;ajr;rsm;vnf;? csd-tmifwkdYtoQift jzpf qufvufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&avonf/

       ,GJefusJef\jrpfjzpfol &Jef Jen onf csd-tmifwkdY\toQifjzpfvmaomtcg csd(ef)ya'o&mZfrif; ,Sd-tJefukif Hsien-Kung (384-376 bDpD)eef;wufptcgjzpf \/ ,Sd-tJefukifonf ol\bkd;ab;vufxufu wkdufckdufatmifjrifcJhonfh e,fajr udk jyefvnfodrf;oGif;vkdí a0jrpftnmykdif;udk ppfqifavonf/ ppfa&;zdtm;ukd a&SmifcGmvdkí &Jef\OD;av;csKif Ch'iung onf rdrdvufatmuf,Sd rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;ukdOD; aqmifí jrpf0gjrpfnmtwkdif; awmifzufokdY a&TUajymif;vmavonf/ &JefESifh,if;nD jzpfol 0l WuwkdYrlum; [kmifjrpf0Srf; Huaung River Valley rSmyif qufvufae xkdifMuavonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí csKifonf ol\wlrsm;ESifhtqufjywfcJhonf[k qkd onf/ csKif\tquftEG,fwkdYonf awmifzufokdY a&TUajymif;vmaomtcg vlOD;a& waeYwjcm; wkd;yGm;rsm;jym;vmavonf/ &JefESifh0lwkdY\tquftEG,fwkdYonfvnf; [kmifjrpf0Srf;a'orSm wkd;yGm;vmavonf/ csKif\tquftEG,fwkdYonf rdrdwdkYqE´ tavsmuf a&Munf&mjrufEk&modkY a&TUajymif;aexkdifMujyD; rsKd;wlpk toD;oD; uGJxGuf Muonf[kqdkonf/ aemiftcgwGif olwdkYonf atmif;rsKd;wlpk? jrif;jzLrsKd;wlpk? 0HykavG rsKd;wlpkrsm; jzpfvmMuonf[kqkdonf/ wd&pämef&kyfykHudk wHcGeftjzpfjzifh tokH;jyKcJh jcif;aMumifh ,if;odkYaom trnf,SdcJhonf[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/ [efrif;quf aESmif; acwfrSwfwef;wGif atmif;rsKd;wlpkudk ,GJU,SDcsd-tmif Yueh-His Ch'iang,(i.e, Ch'iang of Yueh-his) jrif;jzLrsKd;wlpkukd 0lwlcsd-tmif Wu-Tu Ch'iang(i.e. Ch'iang of  Kuang 0HykavGrsKd;EG,fwlpkukd uk-tmiftefcsd-tif Kuang-Han Ch'iang(i.e. Ch'iang of Kuang-han) [lí ac:wGifavonf/ þum; olwkdY jyefYyGm;aexkdifcJhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;e,ftrnfrsm;ESifhyl;wGJay;cJhaomtrnfjzpfygonf/

       csd(ef)ya'o&mZfrif; &SD[kmifwd SHIH-HUANG-Ti (246-210 bDpD)vuf xufusaomf? tjcm;ya'o&mZf (6)e,fudk ppfjyK&ef vkH;yef;ae&í taemufzuf a'oodkY tm&kHrjyKEkdifcJh/ odkYaMumifh csd-tmifwkdYonf ppfab;ppf'Pf uif;a0;í vlOD; a& waeYwjcm; wkd;yGm;rsm;jym;vmavonf/

       &Smifrif;qufaemufqkH; rifusKd,Sd(ef)udk usKd0k0gifu ykefuefí wkdufckdufonfh tcg? wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm;wkdYudk pnf;&kH;cJhonf[k txufwGif az:jycJh\/ ol wkdYonf taemufzuf,Sd csd-tmifwkdYESifh pDcRrftaemufydkif;wGif,Sdaom &I Shu wkdY jzpfMuygonf/ &Smifrif;qufaemufydkif;wGif wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYonf pDcRrfe,ftaemuf ajrmufydkif;odkY jyefYESHYaejyD[kvnf; txufwGifaz:jycJhygonf/ xdktcsdefcgwGif a&S;w &kwfwkdYonf pDcRrfe,ftaemufajrmufykdif;odkY a&mufaeaom wdAuf-jrefrmrsm;udk ]]&I}}[k ac:wGifvmjyDjzpfygonf/ usKdrif;qufusaomf? olwkdYonf pDcRrfe,ftaemuf ajrmufydkif;rS awmifzufodkY a&TUajymif;vm&m? aemufqkH;wGif pDcRrfe,ftaemufydkif; onf olwkdY\e,fajrjzpfvmawmhonf/ pDcRrfe,f\ta&SUzufykdif;um;? a&S;w&kwf wkdYu ]]yg}}[kac:Muavonf/ ]]yg}}e,frSm wkdifoQrf;tEG,f0ifwkdY\e,fajrjzpf\/ ig; vkyfief;jzifh toufarG;jrLMuolrsm;jzpfí a&S;w&kwfwkdYu ygvlrsKd;[k ac:wGifcJh\/ ygqkdonfrSm wkdifoQrf;bmom]]ig;}}yif jzpfygonf/ pDcRrfe,f\taemufydkif;udk a&S; w&kwfwkdYu ]]&Ie,f}}[k ac:wGifcJhjcif;rSm ,if;a'owGif ykd;aumif Silk worm arG; jrLaoma'ojzpfaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

       (4)&mpkbDpDwGif? pDcRrfe,f taemufydkif;(&Ie,f)\toQifudk a&S;w&kwfwkdYu 0gifwd Wang Ti[kac:cJhavonf/ WANGqkdonfh w&kwfpmvkH;\a&S;a[mif;t oHxGufonf ÄMANG jzpf\/ jrefrmbmom]]rif;}}ESifhxyfwljzpfygonf/(rSwfcsuf/ ,aeYtxd yckuúLc&kdif a,mjrdKUe,frS jrefrmwkdYonf ]]rif;}}udk MANG[kqkdaeyg ao;onf/) 0gifwdqkdonfrSm rif;wdyif jzpfí jrefrmw0uf? w&kwfw0ufjzpfaom bGJUtrnfjzpf\/ ]]rif;rsKd;EG,fpkwkdY\toQif}}[k teufxGufavonf/ aemiftcg rif; apmrsKd;EG,fwkdYjzpfvmrnfh rsKd;EG,fpkyifjzpfygonf/ &Ie,f\toQifukd rif;rsKd;EG,fpkwkdY \toQif(rif;wd)[k ac:a0:cJhaMumif;udk axmufaomf &Ie,fonf jrefrmtEG,fpk rl vjrefrmrsm;aexkdifcJhonfh e,fajrjzpfcJhaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/ apmqdkonfha0g[m &ukd þtcsdefwGif okH;pGJaejyD[k ckdifvkHpGmod&\/ rlvtcg apmonf wkdif^oQrf;wkdY\ a0g[m&jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf/ odkYaomf wkdif^oQrf;wkdYonf wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYESifhpD cRrfe,fwGif twlaexkdifcJhí þa0g[m&udk wkdif^oQrf;wkdYokH;ouJhodkY wdAuf-jrefrm wkdYuvnf; okH;aombkHa0g[m& Common Wordjzpfvmygonf/ ¤if;jyif usrkdif; Kyem-mongqkdonfha0g[m&udkvnf; þtcsdefwGif wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYvnf; tokH; jyKaeaMumif; awGU&ygao;onf/ &Ie,f\toQifnDawmfonf usrkdif;jzpfaMumif; w &kwfrSwfwef;rSm awGU&ygonf/ (rSwfcsuf/  /þtcsufESifhpyfvsOf;í 1969-ck rwfv okawoeaqG;aEG;yGJü uRefawmfonf ]]a&S;a[mif;wkdif^&Srf;rsm;}}pmwef;wGif wifjycJhjyD jzpfygonf/)

       nDawmfusrkdif;udk &Irif;u &Ie,fajrmufydkif;a'oudk tkyfcsKyfapcJh\/ usrkdif; rif;om;onf e,fpm;jzpfvmonfhtcg ]]e,fpm;apmbGJU}}udkcHavonf/ ygrif;(yge,f \rif;? wkdifoQrf;tEG,f0if\rif;)ESifh&Irif;wkdYonf roifhjrwfaomfvnf; nDawmfe,f pm;apmonf ygrif;ESifhcifrif&if;ESD;avonf/ þtcsufudk &Irif;u rausreyf? ppf csDí nDawmfudk qkH;rawmhonf/ nDawmfe,fpm;apmonf aemifawmf\ppfqifrIudk r&yfrcHEkdifí yge,f(pDcRrfe,fta&SUydkif;)odkYxGufajy;í ckdvIHcGifhawmif;avonf/

       ,if;tcsdefwGif yge,fESifh&Ie,f\ajrmufzufwGif csd(ef)Ch'in ya'o&mZf ,Sd aMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY owdjyKrdayvdrfhrnf/ csd(ef)rif;onf ygrif;ESifh&Irif; ESpfrif;pvkH; ESifhcifrif&if;ESD;\/ e,fpm;apmonf yge,fxJodkY a&mufvmaomtcg ygrif;onf csd(ef)rif;tm; &Ie,fodkY ppfqifí e,fpm;apmudk ulnDyg&ef awmif;yefavonf/ xdk tcg csd(ef)rif;onf ta&SUzuf,Sd [efe,f Han State udkppfqif&ef pkdif;jyif; aeckdufjzpfí csd(ef)rif;onf &Ie,fudk rwkdufvkd/ odkYaomf aemufqkH;wGif trwfMuD; ESpfOD;\tMuHay;csufukdvufcHí xkdtrwfMuD;ESpfOD;tm; &Ie,fodkY ppfcsDí wkdufckduf aponf/ &Ie,fudk atmijfrifjyD;aemuf trwfMuD;ESpfOD;onf yge,fodkYvSnfhvmum yge,fudkyg odrf;ydkufvkdufavonf/ þum; 316-bDpDckESpfwGif jzpfcJhaom ta&;t cif;yifjzpfygonf/

       yge,fESifh&Ie,f awmifzufwGif wJefEkdifiH Tien Kingdom ,Sd\/ ,ck,leef e,fta&SUajrmufzuf wJefuefMuD; Tien Lakeudk A[kdjyKaoma'ow0kdufjzpfyg onf/ aexkdifcJhaomvlrsKd;rSmum; ,aeY avmfavmfLo-LotEG,fpkwdkY\a&S;bkd;ab; rsm;jzpfygonf/ avmfavmfwkdYonf ,leefe,fta&SUajrmufydkif;odkY a&muf,Sdaecsdef wGif ysLwkdYonfvnf; ,leefe,ftwGif;odkY a&TUajymif;vmjyD[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/ ,l eefe,ftaMumif;udk  (4)&mpk bDpDrSpí uREfkyfwkdYod&ygonf/ (4)&mpkbDpD rwkdifrD? rnfodkYjzpfonfudk uREkfyfwkdY rodEkdifao;yg/ odkY&mwGif uREkfyfwkdYaocsmpGm ajymEkdif onfhtcsufwckrSmum; wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,fpkESifhwkdifoQrf;tEG,fpkwdkY r0ifa&muf vmrD a&S;a[mif;,leefe,f txl;ojzifh a&S;a[mif;,leefe,f\awmifzufa'o onf rGefcrmwkdY\e,fajr jzpfcJhygonf/

       yge,fESifh&Ie,fudk odrf;ydkufxm;aom csd(ef)ya'o&mZfonf? &SD[kmifwd SHIH-HUANG-TI vufxufa&mufaomf? eef,GJU NAN YUEH(,ck w&kwf EkdifiH aumif;wkefe,fESifhajrmuf Ad,uferf)udk odrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf? yge,fESifh&Ie,f awmifzufwGifwnf,Sdaom wJefEkdifiHudk odrf;ydkuf&ef MuHpnfvmavonf/ vrf;yef/ cufcJojzifh? a&S;OD;pGm vrf;azmuf&\/ azmufcJhonfhvrf;rSm (2)vrf;jzpfygonf/ wckrSm ,ckpDcRrfe,f ,Dyd(ef) I-PINrS ,leefe,f wJefuefMuD;a'ookdYaygufaom vrf;jzpf\/ tjcm;vrf;wckrSm? ,ck,SDcgif HIS-K'ANG e,f ,mtef YA-An rS ,leefe,fwJefuefMuD;a'oodkYaygufaomvrf; jzpfygonf/ ESpfvrf;pvkH;onf wJefEkdif iHrS ,ckjrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;udk ausmfjzwfí tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY aygufa&mufaomvrf; MuD;ESifhqufrdavonf/ vrf;ESpfckazgufvkyfjyD;pD;jyD;aemuf rMumrDtcgwGif &SD[kmif wdewf&GmpHavonf/ rlvtcgu ppfqifa&;twGuf azmufcJhaomvrf;onf aemuf qkH;wGif pD;yGm;a&;? ukefoG,fa&;? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;twGuf? tusKd;jyKaomvrf; aMumif;jzpfvmcJhonf/ &SD[kmifwd azmufcJhaom vrf;rMuD;onf wJefEkdifiH(,leefe,f) tdE´d,vrf;ESifhqufrdcJhjcif;aMumif; vrf;wckvkH;onf w&kwf-tdE´d,ukef;vrf; ukef oG,fa&;vrf;rjzpfvmavonf/ w&kwf-tdE´d, ukef;vrf;ukefoG,fa&;vrf;r wnf ,SdcJhjcif;aMumifh  (3)&mpkbDpDrSpí a&S;tdE´d,wkdif;om;wkdYonf w&kwfEkdifiHudk pdea' o? pde&|pojzifh odvmcJh\/ pde&|(pdefYwkdif;)qkdonfrSm rlvtcg w&kwfEkdifiHudkpkd; rkd;tkyfcsKyfaeaom csd(ef)rif;quf Ch'in Dynasty udkqkdvkdygonf/pde CINA odkYr [kwf pdefY CIN onf CH'IN udk toHvS,f,lxm;aom a0g[m&yifjzpfygonf/

       csd(ef)rif; &SD[kmifwd tedpöa&mufí okH;ESpftMumwGif csd(ef)rif;qufysufokOf; í [efYrif;quf Han Dynasty(206-bDpD? at'D 220)wufvmavonf/ [efrif; qufudk ESpfydkif;cGJjcm;\/ 206 bDpDrS at'D 24txdudk [efYrif;qufOD;acwf[k ac: wGifí at'D 25 rS at'D 220txdudk [efYrif;qufaESmif;acwf[k ac:wGifav onf/ [efYrif;qufOD;acwf {u&mZf0lwd(140-87 bDpD)vufxufwGif wJefEkdifiHudk odrf;ydkufvkduf\/ [efYrif;qufaESmif;acwfusaomf ,kifcsmif Yung-Cha'ng txd MoZmtmPm jyefYESHYvmEkdifcJhonf/ [efYrif;quftwGif; jrefrmtEG,fpkwkdYonf pDcRrf e,ftaemufawmifydkif;odkY a&muf,SdaejyD; avmfavmftEG,fpkwkdYonf ,leefe,f t a&SUajrmufydkif;wGif ,Sdaeygonf/ ysKwdkYonfum; txufwGif az:jycJhonfh w&kwf tdE´d,ukef;vrf; ukefoG,fa&;vrf;rtwkdif; ,leefe,f taemufzufrS jrefrmEkdifiHt wGif;okdY pwif0ifa&mufaejyD[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/

       awmifzufodkY a&muf,Sdaeaom wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm;udk a&S;w&kwfwkdY u ]]&I}}wkdY ]]wJef}}wkdY pojzifh ac:a0:aeaomfvnf; taemufzufwGif usef,Sdae aom wdAuf-jrefrmrsm;udk a&S;acwftcgu ac:a0:cJhonfhtwkdif; qufvufí ]csd- tmif}[k ac:wGifMuao;onf/ [efYrif;qufvufxuf w&kwfwkdYodMuaom csd-tmifwkdYrSm wdAuftEG,fpk ,SDzef tEG,fpkwkdYomjzpfMuygonf/ ,aeYtxd wdAuf ,SDzefwkdYonf uefpke,f taemufzuf csdif[kdife,f ,SDcgife,f wdAufe,fESifh,leef e,f taemufajrmufydkif;wGif jyefYESHYaexkdifMuygao;onf/ aumaumaemf&f Kokonor tkdifMuD;a'orSwqifh awmifzufodkY a&TUajymif;vmcJhaom wdAuf-jrefrm wkdYonf ,ck jrefrm-avmfavmftEG,fpkrsm; yg0ifonf[k vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; (30) u taemufwkdif;ynmoQifrsm;wkdY\rSef;qcsufonf rrSefuefaMumif; xif&Sm;ay onf/

       [efYrif;qufwavQmufvkH; taemufzufrSm usef,Sdaom wdAuf-jrefrmt EG,f0ifjzpfMuaom wdAuftEG,fpk ,SDzeftEG,fpkwkdYonf [efYw&kwfwkdYESifhqufcg qufcg ppfjzpfMuygonf/ w&Hwcg w&kwfwkdY\rl&if;a'oudkyif xkd;azmuf0if a&mufwkdufckdufEkdifcJhavonf/

       qkdcJhjyD;onfh taMumif;rsm;rSm (14)bDpD&mpkrS at'D(3)&mpktxd jzpfaom a&S;a[mif; wdAuf-jrefrmwkdY\orkdif;tusOf;yif jzpf\/ wdAuf-jrefrmwkdY\rl&if;a' o odkYr[kwf uREkfyfwkdYod&orQ tapmqkH;aoma'orSm ,ck [kmifjrpf0Srf; Huang River Valley jrpf0gjrpftnmydkif;ESifha0hjrpf Wei River \tnmydkif;yifjzpf\/ ,if;a'ookdY wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYonf  rnfonfhtcsdefupí 0ifa&mufaexkdifcJhonf udk uREkfyfwkdYrodEkdifawmhjyD/ a&S;w&kwfwkdYonf jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;tv,fykdif;a'o jrpf0g ukef;jyifjrifhwGif aexkdifpOftcgu wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYonfvnf; jrpf0gjrpfnmwGif t wnfwusaexkdifcJhjyD[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/ olwkdY\rl&if;a'o odkYr[kwf uREkfyfwkdYod& orQ tapmqkH;aoma'oonf ,ck pDcRrfe,fESifhuyfaeí bDpD(12)&mpkavmufwGif tcsKdUaomolwkdYonf pDcRrfe,ftaemufajrmufykdif;odkY wa&GUa&GU jyefYESHYaejyDjzpfyg onf/

       &Smifrif;qufrSpí [efYrif;quftxd wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm;udk csd-tmif Ch'iang [ka&S;w&kwfwkdYu ac:a0:cJhaMumif; uREkfyfwkdYodcJhjyDjzpf\/ odkY&mwGif bDpD (14)&mpku csd-tmifESifhat'D(3)&mpku csd-tmifwkdYonf rwlMuaMumif;udk uREkfyfwkdY owdjyK&rnfjzpfygonf/ ,ck uREkfyfwkdY tokH;jyKaeMuonfh a0g[m&jzifh az:jy&rnf qkdygvQif bDpD(14)&mpku csd-tmifwkdYrSm ta&SUzufwdAuf-jrefrmESifhtaemufzuf wdAuf-jrefrmyg tm;vkH;yg0ifayonf/ bDpD (12)&mpkrS at'D(3)&mpktxdjzpfaom csd-tmifrSmum; taemufzuf wdAuf-jrefrmrsm;ESifhom oufqkdifí ta&SUzufwd Auf-jrefrmrsm; ryg0ifawmhay/ odkYaMumifh wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifwkdYudk ,ckacwf orkdif;ynmoQif rEkóaA'ynmoQif?  bmomaA'ynmoQifrsm;wkdYu ]]ta&SUzuf}? ]taemufzuf}[lí cGJjcm;aomtcgusrS olwkdYuGJjym;vmonfr[kwfbJ bDpD(12)&mpk avmufupí olwkdYbmomolwkdY cGJjcm;uGJjym;vmcJhjyD jzpfygonf/

       olwkdYonf olwkdYbmom uGJjym;jcm;em;cJhaMumif;ukd uREkfyfwkdY odcJhjyDjzpf\/ ol wkdYonf awmifzufodkYa&TUajymif;vmcJhonfhvrf;aMumif;um; todkYenf;/ ,if;wkdYa&YTU ajymif;vmcJhonfh vrf;aMumif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í atmufygcefYrSef;csufrsm;udk twefpdwf cspGm jyKvkyfEkdiftHh xifjrifygonf/

1/ w&kwfEkdifiH uefpke,f taemufydkif;ESifhawmifydkif;a'oonf? olwkdY\rl&if;a'o? odkYr[kwf uREkfyfwkdYod&orQ tapmqkH;aoma'ojzpf\/ uefpke,fonf pDcRrfe,f ESifhe,fajrqufpyfaeojzifh rl&if;a'orS tEG,fpkMuD;wpkonf pDcRrfe,ftaemuf ajrmufydkif;odkY a&S;OD;pGm jyefYESHYvmcJhavonf/ þtEG,fpkMuD;onf aemiftcgwGif jref rmtEG,fpk? avmfavmftEG,fpk ponfhtEG,fpkwkdY\a&S;bkd;ab;rsm;jzpfMu\/ pDcRrf e,ftaemufajrmufydkif;rS pDcRrfe,ftaemufydkif;a'oonf olwkdY\'kwd,tajcpkduf pcef; Second Seat jzpfvmawmhonf/ þae&mudk a&S;w&kwforkdif;usrf;rsm;wGif &Ie,f Shu State [kjy\/

2/ pDcRrfe,f taemufydkif;a'owGif jyefYESHYaexkdifcJhjyD;aemuf? tcsKdUaom olwkdYonf qufvufí a&TUajymif;Mu\/ pDcRrfe,fta&SUydkif; (yge,f Pa State onf)olwkdY\ 'kwd,tajcpkdufpcef;ESifhuyfaeaomfvnf; olwkdYonf pDcRrfta&SUydkif;odkY rqefYxGuf EkdifcJhay/ taMumif;rSm pDcRrfe,fta&SUydkif; okdYr[kwf yge,fonf wkdif^oQrf;tEG,f 0ifwkdY\e,fajrjzpfcJhjyD jzpfygonf/ odkYaMumifh olwkdYonf ,efpDjrpf Yang-tze udk ul;jzwfí ,leefe,fta&SUajrmufydkif;odkY qufvufa&TUajymif;vmavonf/ ,leef e,fta&SUajrmufydkif;odkY a&TUajymif;vmcJholrsm;rSm? ,ck avmfavmftEG,fpkwkdY\a&S; bkd;ab;rsm;jzpfMuavonf/ xdktcsdefwGif ysLwkdYonfvnf;? ,leefe,ftaemufydkif; okdY a&muf,SdaejyD[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/ ,leefe,fta&SUajrmufydkif;a'oudk a&S;w&kwf orkdif;usrf;rsm;wGif wJefEkdifiH Tien Kingdom [kjyavonf/ at'D(3)&mpkusaomf ysLwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY a&muf&SdaejyDjzpfygonf/

3/ aemiftcg ta&SUzuf wdAuf-jrefrm[k ac:wGifrnfh tEG,fpkMuD;onf rl&if;a' orS uGJxGufvmjyD;aemuf rl&if;a'owGif qufvufjyefYyGm;aexkdifMuaom tEG,fpk MuD;wpk usef,Sdavonf/ xkdolrsm;rSm aemiftcgwGif taemufzuf wdAuf-jrefrm [kac:wGifrnfh tEG,fpkMuD;rS wdAuftEG,fpk ,SDzeftEG,fpk ponfwkdYjzpfMuygonf/ rl&if;a'orS uGJxGufí pDcRrffek,fodkY a&mufolrsm;udk ]]&I}}[lí¤if;? ,leefe,fodkY a&mufolrsm;udk ]]wJef}}[lí¤if;? a&S;w&kwfwkdYu ac:aeaomfvnf; rl&if;a'owGif qufvufaexkdifolrsm;udkrl a&S;acwftwkdif; w&kwfwkdYu ]csd-tmif}[k qufvuf ac:wGifMuavonf/ rl&if;a'oESifhe,fajrqufpyfaom pDcRrftaemufydkif;a'o onf nDtpfukdrsm;jzpfMuaom olrsm;wkdYu ae&mOD;xm;cJhjyD;jzpfí rl&if;a'orSm usef&pfaomtEG,fpkMuD;onf awmifzufodkY ra&TUajymif;EkdifawmhbJ taemufzufokdY omqefYxGufEkdifcJh\/ odkYaMumifh olwkdYonf aumaumaemf&f KolonortkdifMuD; w0kdufodkY a&muf,Sdvmavonf/

4/ aemiftcg taemufzuf wdAuf-jrefrm[k ac:wGifrnfh tEG,fpkMuD;wGif rsKd;EG,f pkrsm;pGm ,Sd\/ tcsKdUaomrsKd;EG,fpkonf aumaumaemf&f tkdifMuD;a'ookdY qefYr xGufbJ jrpf0gjrpfnmjrpfpOftwkdif; taemufawmifzufodkY a&TUajymif;vmcJh\/ xkdrS wqifh pDcRrfe,fe,fjcm;a'ookdY a&muf,Sdvmavonf/ þodkYtqifhqifha&TUajymif; vmcJholrsm;udk a&S;w&kwforkdif;usrf;rsm;wGif ,GJU,SDcsdtmif? uk-tmif[efYcsd-tmif? 0l wlcsd-tmif[lí jyMuavonf/ xkdolwkdYrSm aemiftcg jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&muf vmaom em*tEG,fpk? ouf^uwl; tEG,fpk? csif;tEG,fpkESifhucsiftEG,fpkrsm;jzpf ayvdrfhrnf/

5/ [efYrif;quf Han Dynasty(bDpD 206 at'D 220)vufxufusaomf uefpk e,ftaemufydkif;ESifhawmifydkif;onf wdAuf-jrefrmwkdY\e,fajr r[kwfawmhacs/ odkY aomf olwkdYonf aumaumaemf&ftkdifMuD;udk A[kdjyKaoma'ow0kdufwGif qufvuf wnfwHhEkdifcJh\/ xkdaumaumaemf&ftkdifMuD;a'orSaeí taemufzufESifhawmifzuf odkY jyefYESHYvm&m aemufqkH;wGif wdAufe,f? ,SDcgife,f? csdif[kdife,fESifh,leefe,f t aemufajrmufydkif;onf olwdkY\e,fajrjzpfvmavonf/ [efYrif;qufaESmif;acwf (at'D 25-220)wGif aumaumaem&ftkdifMuD;udk A[dkjyKaoma'oü aexkdifcJhaom wdAuf-jrefrmrsm;rSm wdAuftEG,fpk? ,SDzeftEG,fpkom jzpfavonf/

6/ aumaumaemf&ftkdifMuD;rS taemufzufodkY a&TUajymif;oGm;cJhaom rsKd;EG,fpkrsm; vnf; ,Sdayao;onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm ,ck w&kwfEkdifiHESifh&k&Sm;EkdifiHe,fjcm;a'oodkY a&muf,Sdaeonfh wdAuf-jrefrmwdkY\ a&S;bdk;ab;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/

       taemufzuf wdAuf-jrefrmrsm;onf wd&pämefarG;jrLí a&Munf&m  jrufEk&m a&TUajymif;oGm;vmaeMuaom rsKd;EG,fpkMuD;rsm;jzpfMu\/ jrdKUjytwnfwus r,SdcJh ay? a&S;w&kwfwdkYESifhqufqHcJhjcif;aMumifh v,f,mvkyfief;udk od,SdcJhygaomfvnf; wd&pämefarG;jrLa&;onf olwkdY\t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; jzpfygonf/ ,aeYwkdif atmif uefpke,f taemufydkif;rS csdif[kdif? ,Sdcgif? wdAuf ponfhe,frsm;wGif wd& pämefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;onf xkde,frsm;\t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; jzpfaeygao; onf/ ta&SUzufwdAuf-jrefrmrsm;um; pDcRrfe,ftaemufydkif;odkY a&muf,SdjyD;aemuf jrdKU&Gmwnfaxmifí v,f,mvkyfief;jzifh toufarG;jrLMuavonf/ a&S;tcgu pD cRrfe,frSxGufaom ykd;xnfypönf;onf tvGefausmfMum;í tdE´d,? tmz*efepöwef ponfh taemufzufEkdifiHodkY a&mufcJh\/ bDpD 316-ckESpf? csd(ef) Ch'in wkdYu pDcRrf e,ftaemufydkif; (&Ie,f)udk rodrf;ydkufrD pDcRrfe,f taemufydkif;a'owGif aexkdifcJh bl;aom rlvjrefrmwkdYonfvnf; ydk;xnfvkyfief;twwfudk wwfajrmufcJhrnf[k cefY rSef;Ekdifygonf/

       wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0if avmfavmftEG,fpkrS avmfavmfwkdYESifh jrefrmtEG,fpk rS v&SD? r&lwkdYrSm bdk;btrnfqufcH,lonfh pHepf Patronymic Link-name System ,SdaMumif;od&\/ þpHepfonf wdAuf-jrefrmtEG,f0ifwkdYtzkdY ,Ofaus;rI 0daoovu©Pmw&yf[k ynmoQifrsm;wkdYu qkdMuavonf/ jrefrmtEG,f jrefrm rsm;rSmum; ,cktcg þokdYaom bdk;btrnfqufcH,lonfhpHepf r,SdawmhjyD/ ysL apmxD? xDrif;,Ofpojzifh &mZ0ifusrf;rsm;üom ,SdcJhavonf/ avmfavmf? v&SD? r&lwdkYonf þodkYaom bdk;btrnf qufcH,lonfh pHepfukd xHk;enf;rSefuefpGm usifh okH;Muonfukd awGU,Sd&\/ qkdvkdonfrSm tz\trnf aemufqkH;wvkH;udk om;\t rnfyXrwvkH;tjrJjzpf\/ odkYaomf taemufzuf wdAuf-jrefrmrsm;jzpfaom [efYrif; quf csd-tmifwkdYrSm þuJhodkY r[kwfay/ om;jzpfolonf tztrnf\yxrwvkH;ukd  jzpfap? aemufqkH;wvkH;udkjzpfap ,lEkdifcJh\/ rnfokdYyifqkdap? ta&SUzufwdAuf-jref rmESifhtaemufzuf wdAuf-jrefrmyg a&S;tcgu bdk;btrnf qufcH,lonfhpHepf,Sd cJhaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/

       vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;(30)upí taemufEdkifiH ynmoQifwkdYonf wdAuftEG,fpkwkdY jyefYESHYaexkdifaom aumaumaemf&ftkdifMuD;udkom tm&kHpl;pkdufaeí wdAuf- jrefrmtEG,f0if rSeforQwkdYonf xkda'orSwqifh awmifzufodkY a&TUajymif;cJhonf[k t,l,SdcJh\/ þt,l tqukd jyifqif&ef tcsdefwefjyDjzpfaMumif; az:jy&if; ed*kH;csKyfvkdufygownf;/

ရည္စိန္

rSwfcsuf/    /1969-70 ckESpfxkwf? rEÅav; 0dZÆmodyÜHwuúokdvfESpfvnf pmapmif r*¾Zif;? pmrsufESm(119 rS 126xd)üvm&Sdaomaqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ jyefvnf&kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/