ဘီစီ ၂ ရာစုႏွင့္ေအဒီ ၄ ရာစုအတြင္း ေရွးတရုတ္တုိ႔သိခဲ့ေသာ ပ်ဴႏုိင္ငံအမည္မ်ား

bDpD 2-&mpk

ESifh

at'D 4-&mpktwGif;

a&S;w&kwfwkdY odcJhaom ysLEkdifiHtrnfrsm;

ရည္စိန္

       ysLwkdYonf ,ckjrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufvmjyD;onfhaemuf {&m0wDjrpf 0Srf;wavQmufESifh,ckjrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyefYa'owGif tysHUtESHYaexkdifcJh\/ &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGefvmaomtcg ta&SUawmiftm&S ukef;rtaemufbufwGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom EkdifiHwEkdifiH jzpfvmonf/ odkY&mwGif ysLwkdYa'oukd rnfokdY ac:a0:cJhoenf;/ pdefYwkdif;om;(a&S;w&kwf)wkdYu c&pfESpf okH;&mpkESifhav;&mpkt Mum;wGif ysLwkdYwnfae&mudk twdtus rSwfwrf;wifvmonfudk awGU&\/ xkdouú &mZfrwkdifrD pdefYwkdif;om;wkdYonf ysLwdkYa'oudk odcJhygoavm/ odcJhvQif rnfonfht aMumif;aMumifh odcJhygoenf;/ rnfonfhumvu pí odvmygoenf;/ ,ckpmwrf; wGif ysLwkdYa'oudk pdefYwkdif;om;(a&S;w&kwf)wkdYu tapmqkH;odcJhaom trnfrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;vkdygonf/

ysLwkdYa'o twdtus rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom usrf;rsm;

       c&pfESpf okH;&mpkaemufydkif;ESifhav;&mpktv,fydkif;wGif ysLwkdYwnfae&mudk t wdtusrSwfwrf;wifxm;aom a&S;w&kwfrSwfwrf;av;usrf; &Sd\/ xkdusrf;rsm;onf

(u) ]]a0hjynfaxmif orkdif;tusOf;}}

        An Outline History of The Wei State(A.D 220-25)

(c)  ]]taemufawmifbufa'o OD;aqmif;usrf;}}

       The Gazetteer of The South West Region.

(*) ]]eef;usKef;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;e,f&Spfe,fOD;aqmif;usrf;}}

       The Gazetteer of The Eight Prefectures of Nan Chung or Present day Szechwan Yunnan and Kueichow Border Region  ESifh

(C) ]][Gm,efa'oorkdif;}}

       The History of The State of Hua-Yang.

          wkdYjzpfMuonf/

       ,cktcg ]][Gm,efa'oorkdif;}}uvGJí tjcm;okH;usrf;pvkH; aysmufqkH;aejyD jzpfygonf/ orkdif;usrf;rsm;tcsKdUESifha&S;a[mif;pG,fpkHusrf;rsm;wGif aumufElwfcsuf twdktxGmrsm;udk awGU&Sdxm;jcif;aMumifhom xdkusrf;rsm;onf vGefcJhaomtcgü &SdcJh aMumif;udk uRefawmfwkdY od&ygonf/

ysLwkdYa'otrnfudk xl;jcm;pGm az:jyxm;aomusrf;

       aysmufqkH;oGm;jyD;jzpfaom usrf;okH;usrf;rsm;teuf ysLwkdYa'otrnfudk xl; jcm;pGm az:jyxm;aom usrf;onf ]]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}}jzpf\/ orkdif;ynm &Sif az,if; (Fei Yin) onf]]okH;jynfaxmif acwforkdif;}} The Annals of The Epoch of The Three Kingdoms. A.D 220-80) udk rSwfpkay;cJhonf/ rSwfpkxnfh oGif;jyD;pD;onfhESpfonf c&pfESpf 429-ckESpf jzpfygonf/

rSwfcsuf

(1)  az,if;onf rSwfpkxnfhoGif;jyD;onfhtcg ]]okH;jynfaxmifacwforkdif;}} usrf;OD;ü trSmpm a&;cJh\/ xkdYaMumifh az,if;onf rSwfpkxnfhoGif;a&; om;jyD;pD;onfhESpfudk twdtus od&onf/ þtcsufudk axmufjcif;tm; jzifh c&pfESpf 429-ckESpfü ]]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}}onf xif&Sm; aomusrf;wusrf; jzpfaeao;í raysmufqkH;ao;aMumif; odomonf/

(2)  w&kwf[efYrif;quf tifydkif,mMuD; The Chines Empire of the Han Dynasty, (B.C 206- A.D 20) ysufokOf;oGm;onfhtcg w&kwfEkdifiH okH; ykdif;uGJcJh\/ ajrmufbufwGif a0hjynfaxmif Wei State (A.D 220-65) ta&SUawmifbuf urf;&kd;wef;wavQmufü 0ljynfaxmif Wu State, (A.D 222-80) ESifh taemufawmifbufwGif &Ijynfaxmif Shu State(A.D 221-63) [lí ay:aygufvmaomacwfudk ]]okH;jynfaxmifacwf}} The Epoch of the Three Kingdoms [k ac:onf/

az,if;onf okH;jynfaxmifacwforkdif;rS ]]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;}}\tqkH;ü ]]a0hjynfaxmiftusOf;}}vm taemufbufrsKd;EG,fpktcef;udk xkwfElwffí rSwfpkoGif; ay;cJhonf/

a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;vm zef,G,fhEkdifiH

      a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;vm taemufbufrsKd;EG,fpktcef; Section of the His Jung(Xi Rong)in the Wei Lueh(Wei Lue) wGif az:jyxm;aom taMumif;t &mrsm;onf a&S;w&kwfEkdifiH(pdefYwkdif;)taemufbufwcGif&Sd EkdifiHrsm;taMumif; jzpf onf/ c&D;pOftwkdif; az:jyxm;jcif;r[kwfyJ ta&ma&mtaESmaESm jzpfaeonf/ xdkEkdifiHrsm; taMumif;rsm;xJü-

      zef,G,fh (P'an-Yueh) EkdifiH/     /xkdEkdifiHudk ([efY,G,fharmfif) (Han-Yueh- Wang) [lívnf; ac:\/ xD;-,JefusLEkdifiH(T'ien Chu)(Tian Zhu)Kingdom ta&SUawmifbuf vDaygif;okH;av;ig;axmiftuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf/ ,dyk I-Pu(Yi-Bu) ESifheD;uyf\/ xkda'o(zef,G,fhEkdifiH)rS vlwkdYonf t&yfykí pdefYwkdif;om;wkYdESifh wlnDonf/ &SLe,f(Shu State) rS ukefonfrsm;onf xkdda'ookdY a&mufcJhwef&m onf/

[kxl;xl;jcm;jcm; az:jyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/

a&S;a[mif;trnfrsm; &Sif;vif;csuf

      txufwGif aumufElwfwifjyxm;aom tcsufonf a&S;a[mif;trnfrsm; yg&Sdaeojzifh w&kwfa&S;a[mif;orkdif;pmayukd ravhvmao;aom olrsm;tzdkYtvGef &IyfaxG;ayrnf/ em;vnf&ef vG,fulpdrfhaomiSm txufyg aumufElwfcsufvm a&S;a[mif;trnfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjyygrnf/ xdkaemuf ,ckacwf tokH;tEIef;jzifh ajymif;vJjyD; &Sif;vif;wifjyygOD;rnf/ ]txufwGif az:jyaomaumufElwfcsufonf ysLwkdYorkdif;udk avhvm&efü tvGefta&;MuD;onf}/

      ,ck a&S;OD;pGm ]]xD;-,JefusLEkdifiH}}ESifh]],dyk}}[laom a&S;a[mif;trnfESpfckudk &Sif;vif;ygrnf/

      xD;-,JefusL Ti'en Chu(Tian Zhu)[lonf [dE´Ludk toHvS,fxm;jcif;jzpf\/ xkdw&kwfpmvkH;ESpfvkH;\a&S;a[mif;toHxGufonf Hindu ESifhcyfqifqifjzpfonf/ ,ck tdE´d,EkdifiHudk qkdvkdonf/

rSwfcsuf

(1)  t*Fvdyfrdkif wrkdifvQif okH;'orokH;vD jzpfonf/

(2)  ta&SUwkdif;ynmudk avhvmonfhtpOftvmt& w&kwfrSwfwrf;vm t rnfrsm;udk az:jyonfhtcg ,ckacwfokH; w&kwf&kH;okH;bmompum; toH xGuf? wenf;tm;jzifh yDuif;a'o toHxGufjzifhom toHvS,f&onf/ ,ckw&kwf&kH;okH;bmompum; (Mandarin)onf a&S;a[mif;toHxGufESifh tvGefuGmjcm;aejyD jzpf\/ jrefrmhorkdif; tygt0if ta&SUawmiftm&S orkdif;udk avhvmaomokawoDrsm;onf þtcsufudk txl;owdjyK&m onf/

(3)  w&kwfrSwfwrf;udk avhvmvkdolrsm;onf w&kwfa&S;a[mif;orkdif;pmay udkwwf&kHrQ rjyD;ao;acs/ w&kwfa&S;a[mif;toHxGufudkyg avhvm& onf/

(4)  w&kwfrSwfwrf;udk avhvmvkdolrsm;onf w&kwfAk'¨usrf;*efrsm;ukdyg avh vm&ygrnf/ w&kwfAk'¨usrf;*efrsm; avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh a&S;w&kwfwkdY o uúw^ygVdtrnf toHvS,fenf;udk odvmygrnf/

tdE´d,EkdifiHtaMumif;udk tapmqkH;az:jyaom orkdif;usrf;onf c&pfray:rD 90-ESpf(B.C 90)üjyKpkjyD;pD;aom]&SD(&f)usd}Shih-Chi(Shiji) odkYr[kwf]orkdif;rSwfwrf;} jzpf\/ xkdusrf;wGif tdE´d,EkdifiHudk ]&SJefwl}Shent-u(Shendu)[ka&;onf/ ]&SJefwl}[l onf odE¨K Sindhuudk toHvS,fxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

       c&pfESpf ig;&mpk aemufydkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif &SJefwl Shendu (odE¨K)[laomt rnfudk qufvufokH;aeao;aomfvnf; xD;-,JefusL Hindu ([dE´L)[laomtrnfudk wGifus,fpGm okH;onf/ ,ckacwf w&kwfwkdYu tdE´d,udk ac:wGifaom ,ifhwk Yintu(Yin Du) [laomtrnfonf xkd xD;-,JefusL Hindu ([dE´L)rS ajymif;vJvmcJh jcif;jzpfonf/

       ,dyk [lonf ,dusKd;tkyfcsKyfa&;e,f The Prefecture of I-Chou or Yi Zhou ESifhxyfwljzpfygonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ,leefe,fudk qkdvkdonf/ a0hjynfaxmif orkdif;tusOf;vm taemufbufrsKd;EG,fpk tcef;wae&mwGif ]],dusKd;}}[ka&;onf/ &Ie,f[lonf ,ckacwf pDcRrf;e,f Szechwan(Sichuan)udkqkdvkdonf/ pDcRrf;e,f onf ,leefe,fajrmufbufwGif &Sdonf/ ,leefe,fESifheD;uyfonf/

tdE´d,EkdifiHESifha&S;w&kwfEkdifiHMum;&Sd zef,G,fh

       ]xD;-,JefusLEkdifiH}[lonf ,ck tdE´d,EkdifiHjzpfaMumif; ,dyk[lonf ,ck ,leef e,fudk qkdvkdaMumif; uRefawmfwkdY od&avjyD/ tdE´d,EkdifiHta&SUawmifbufwGif wnf&SdjyD; ,ck w&kwfEkdifiH,leefe,fESifheD;uyfvsuf&Sdaom zef,G,fhEkdifiHonf rnf onfhae&m jzpfygoenf;/ yx0D0iftaetxm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh ]]a&S;a[mif; jrefrmEkdifiH}}okdYr[kwf]]ysLEkdifiH}}jzpfonfudk ,kHrSm;oHo, r&Sdacs/

       odkY&mwGif ]]zef,G,fh}}[lonfum; rnfodkYaom teuft"dyÜg,f&Sdygoenf;/

zef,G,fh [laomtrnf &Sif;vif;csuf

       ]zef} P'an[laomw&kwfpmvkH;\a&S;a[mif;toHxGufonf B'uanjzpf\/ þ pmvkH;onf ouúwbmom BrahmajAm[®^ jA[®rS BrahjA[fudk toHvS,fxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh Brahma jAm[®^jAm[®mukd tusOf;tm;jzifh toHvS,fxm; jcif;jzpf\/ a&S;a[mif;rGefbmomwGif þa0g[m&udk Bram/Brum jArf^jAKrf [kjy onf/ (orkdif;wcGef? twGJ 2? pmrsufESm 318-ukd&I/)w&kwfxefrif;quf(at'D 618 -907)rwkdifrD Brahma ukd]zef} P'an(B'uan) [ktusOf;tm;jzifh toHvS,fcJhaomf vnf; xefrif;qufw&kwfAk'¨bmomusrf;*efrsm;wGif þ Brahma [laoma0g[m& udk Fan[ktoHvS,fvmonf/ William Edward Soothill and Lewis Hodous; A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms, London, 1937, P-353.ff. ukdvnf;&I/

       ],G,fh} Yueh(Yue)\a&S;a[mif;toHxGufonf Vad/Vat jzpf\/ ,ckxuf wkdif w&kwfEkdifiH awmifydkif;zlusd-,,fhefe,fom; Fukienese rsm;u þpmvkH;udk Vat [ktoHxGufjyD; zwfaeygao;onf/ AD,uferfom; Vietnamese wkdYurl Viet [kt oHxGufízwfonf/ w&kwfAk'¨bmomusrf;*efrsm;wGif ouúwa0g[m& Vastuukd toHvS,fonfhtcg þpmvkH;jzifh toHvS,fwwfonf/ Oyrm- uydv0wfrS ]]0wf}} udk þpmvkH;jzifh toHvS,fonf/

       ]xefrif;quforkdif;opf} (The New History of The T'ang Dynasty, A.D. 618-907) ysLEkdifiHtcef;vm xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aomysLae&yfa'o Pyu Settlements Z/ ae&mtrnfpm&if;ü ]us,f,G,fh} Che Yueh(Zhe Yue)[laomtrnfukd awGU& onf/ þum; ]aZ,s0wf}udk toHvS,fxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh ]aZ,s 0¹ke}\tusOf;jzpf\/

rSwfcsuf

(1) w&kwforkdif;usrf;ESifhAk'¨usrf;*efrsm;wGif Jeyya aZ,sukd us,f Che/Zhe [laompmvkH;rsm;jzifh toHvS,fonf/ oD&d0dZ, Sri Vijeya Jey aZ,ukd vnf; þpmvkH;jzifh toHvS,fonf/

(2) ]xefrif;quforkdif;opf}vm us,f,G,fhonf ]aZ,s0wf}udk toHvS,f xm;onfukd axmufjcif;tm;jzifh xdka'oonf ,ckawmifilteD;w0kduf wGif &Sdonf/ ]ZrÁL'DyOD;aqmif;usrf;}wGif awmifilukd ]aZ,s0¹kewkdif;}[kjy xm;onfudk owdjyK&monf/ ,ck awmifilteD;wGif ]aZ,s0wD}[laom ae&mvnf; &Sdonf/ ]zef,G,fh}[lonf ouúwbmom Brahma Vastu okdYr[kwf ygVdbmom Brahma Vatthu udk tusOf;tm;jzifh toHvS,fxm; jcif;jzpf\/

       Vastu okdYr[kwf Vatthu udk Desa (a'o)[laoma0g[m&jzifh tpm;xkd;okH; cJhwef&monf/

       taMumif;rlum; ,aeYxufwkdif A*Fvm;e,fom;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHudk Brahmodesh [kac:a0:aeao;onf r[kwfygavm/ ]]jrefrm}}[laom a0g[m&ukd þ Brahma Vastu/Brahma-Vatthu/Brahma-desa rSjzpfvmonf[k qkdvQif rSm; rnfrxif/ taMumif;aomfum; bmomaA'tm;jzifh A (b) ESifhr(m) wkdYonf tvG,f wul ul;ajymif;Ekdifjcif;jzpfonf/ (B and M can be easily interchangeable) Brahma rS Bramma ? Bramma/Bramma rS Mranma/Mramma (jrefrm)ul;ajymif; Ekdifygonf/ a&S;rGefbmomwGif Brahma ukd Bram rSjArf^ Brum jAKrf[k toHvS,f vmcJhaMumif;udkvnf; owdjyK&monf/

       txufwGif aumufElwfwifjyaom]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}vmpmykd'f wGif...

zef,G,fhEkdifiH/  /

       xkdEkdifiHukd(zef,G,fh0rf(if)[lívnf; ac:\[laom tcsufwcsuf&Sdonf/ [efY,G,fharmf(if)[lonf [efYvG,fhrif;[kteuf&Sd\/ odkY&mwGif þokdYteuft"dyÜg,f  aumuf,ljcif;onf tajzrSefr&Ekdifacs/ ][efY}[laompmvkH;onf ]azsmif;} P'iao (ysL) [laompmvkH;ESifhqifwl,kd;rSm;jzpfojzifh pmrltqifhqifh a&;ul;&mü rSm;,Gif;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ c&pfESpfav;&mpktv,fwGif jyKpkjyD;pD;aom][Gm,efa'oorkdif;}wGif ]azsmuf,G,fh}[k a&;onf/ ]azsmif;,G,fh} odkYr[kwf ]azsmuf,G,fh}onf ]ysL0wf}udk t oHvS,fxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

acwfemrnfjzifh tpm;xkd;wifjyjcif;

       txufwGif aumufElwfwifjyxm;aom ]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}vm pm ykd'frSa&S;a[mif;trnfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhjyDjzpf\/ ,ck þae&mwGif ,ckacwf ae&mtrnfrsm;ESifhacwftokH;tEIef;jzifh tpm;xkd;wifjy &Sif;vif;ygOD;rnf/ xkdpmykd'f ukd ,ckacwf ae&mtrnfESifhtokH;tEIef;jzifh wifjy&aomf...

jA[®0wfEkdifiH

       xkdEkdifiHukd ysL0wfrif;(wkdY\EkdifiH)[lívnf; ac:\/

       tdE´d,ta&SUawmifbuf rkdifaygif;waxmifausmf ESpfaxmifcefYtuGmwGif wnf&Sdonf/ ,leefe,fESifheD;uyf\/ jA[®0wfom; odkYr[kwf ysL0wfom;wkdYonf t &yfyk\/ ¤if;wkdY\t&yftarmif;onf pdefYwkdif;om;(w&kwf)wkdYESifhwlnDonf? pDcRrf e,frS ukefonfrsm;onf xdka'o(jA[®0wf^ysL0wf)odkY a&mufcJhwef&monf/

[líjzpfonf/

       ]jA[®0wf} odkYr[kwf ]ysL0wf}onf ]]ysLEkdifiH}}udk qkdvkdaMumif; uRefawmfwkdY od& avjyD/ odkY&mwGif xdkpOftcg tcsuftcsma'oonf rnfonfht&yfjzpfygoenf;/

       xkdpOftcgu]jA[®0wf} odkYr[kwf ]ysL0wf} odkYr[kwf ysLEkdifiH\tcsuftcsma' oonf AdóEkd; jzpfonf[k qkdcsifygonf/

ysL0wfudk azmfjyaom tjcm;taxmuftxm;

       tHhMozG,faumif;onfum; ]a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;}vm ]jA[®0wf} odkYr [kwf ]ysL0wf}taMumif;ESifhqifwlaom rSwfwrf;wckudk c&pfray:rD 90-ESpfwGif jyK pkjyD;pD;aom &SD(&f)usd Historical Recordü

       ...cGef;rif;wkdY\ taemufbufvDaygif; waxmifausmfcefY&Sdaom t&yfwGif qifpD;EkdifiH&SdaMumif; Mum;od&\/ ]wD;,Jef,G,fh}[k ac:onf/ &SLe,frS arSmifckdukef onfrsm;onf xkda'owkYd a&mufcJhwef&monf/

[kaz:jyxm;onfukd awGU&onf/

       ]&SD(&f)usd} odkYr[kwf ]orkdif;rSwfwrf;}jyKpkol emrnfMuD;orkdif;q&mpDrmcsD,Jef onf rnfonfhtaxmuftxm;udk rlwnfí þodkYrSwfwrf;wifcJhygoenf;/

       c&pf ray:rD 135-ckESpfü usef;csD,Jhef Chang Ch'ien(Zhang Chian) [k trnf&Sdaomyk*¾Kdvfukd {u&mZf0lu [efYrif;qufw&kwfEkdifiH taemufbufodkYoHc&D; xGufapcJh\/ c&pfray:rD 122-ckESpfwGif usef;csD;-,Jhef jyefvmonfhtcg rdrd\t awGUtMuKHudk tpD&ifcHonf/ ,ck tmz*efepöwefajrmufydkif;(a&S;tcgu AufMwD,m Bactria [kac:aoma'o)wGif pD;cRrf;e,fxGuf ydk;xnfESifh0g;vkH;rsm; awGUcJhaMumif;? tdE´d,EkdifiH(&SJwl)rS 0,f,lvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k AufMwd,maps;ü AufMwd,mom;wkdY u ajymjycJhaMumif;? tdE´d,EkdifiHonf AufMwd,m\ta&SUawmifbuf vDaygif;okH; av;axmif(rkdifaygif;ESpfaxmifceYf)uGma0;onf[k AufMwd,mom;xHrS od&aMumif;? tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY pDcRrf;e,frSm pdefYwkdif;om;(a&S;w&kwf)ukefonfrsm; vma&mufMu aMumif;? pDcRrf;e,fxGuf ypönf;rsm;udk tdE´d,EkdifiHESifhAufMwd,mwGif awGUEkdifjcif;udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh tdE´d,EkdifiHonf pDcRrf;e,fESifhtvSrf;a0;rnf r[kwfaMumif; p ojzifh tpD&ifcHjyD;onfaemuf pDcRrf;e,frS tdE´d,EkdifiHudk ausmfjzwfí AufMwd,mokdY aygufaom vrf;udkazgufvQif AufMwd,mESifhqufoG,f&mü vG,fuljyD; w&kwfwkYdt wGuf tusKd;&SdrnfjzpfaMumif; wifjyonf/

       pDcRrf;e,frS AufMwd,mh odkYaygufaomvrf;&SdaMumif;udk  {u&mZf0lMum;od& aomf xkdvrf;udk pdwf0ifpm;rd\/ usefcsD;-,Jeftm; vTwfjyD;vrf;udk &SmazGaponf/

rSwfcsuf/    /usefcsD;-,Jefonf pDcRrf;e,fom;jzpfojzifh pDcRrf;e,fxGufydk;xnfukd aumif;pGm rSwfrd\/ xkdYtjyif AufMwd,maps;wGif awGUxm;aom 0g;vkH;rsm;onf av;axmifhykH0g;vkH;jzpf\/ pDcRrf;e,f csKefvkdifawmifwGifom aygufaomxl;qef; onfh0g;vkH;wrsKd; jzpfonf/ tjcm;ae&mwGif xkd0g;vkH;rsKd;r&Sdacs/

       usefcsD;-,Jefvnf; 0rf&ef,GDwkdYvlwpk q,fOD;ausmfausmfwkYdtm; wm0efay; vkduf\/ xkdolwkdYonf vrf; 4-vrf;cGJí xGufvm&m aemufqkH;ü awmifbufwGif&Sd aom xD;-,JefEkdifiHwGif qkHrdMuonf/ xD;-,JefEkdifiH\tcsuftcsma'oonf ,ck xD;-,Jefuefa'o (Tien Lake Area)jzpf\/ a'ocHwkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf ysL-jrefrm wkdYESifhrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? bmompum;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; ESD; EG,fonf/ xkdolrsm;onf a&S;OD;avmfavmf (Proto Lo-Lo) jzpfygonf/

       vrf;&SmtzGJUonf wESpfausmfausmftcsdef ukefvGefvmcJhaomfvnf; &nfrSef; xm;onfhtwkdif; jzpfrvmacs/ taMumif;rlum; ,ck wmhvDa'owGif xkdif;rsKd;EG,fpk wkdY\rif;u [efYwm;xm;ojzifh taemufbufodkY qufvufc&D;rxGufEkdifjcif; jzpf onf/ xkdYtjyif vrf;aMumif;&SmtzGJUonf rMumrMum csKHckdwkdufckdufrIudk cH&onf/ xkdYaMumifh 0rf&ef,GDwkdYtzGJUonf aejynfawmfcseftef;okdY jyefvm&onf/

rSwfcsuf/    /wmhvDw0dkuf&Sd xkdif;rsKd;EG,fpkwkdY\t&Sifonf w&kwfpDcRrf;ukefonf rsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY\ae&yfudk ausmfjzwfcGifhjyKaomfvnf; [efYrif;qufw&kwftpkd;&t zGJUudk vufrcHjcif;aMumifh vrf;aMumif;&SmtzGJUonf ratmifjrifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

       eef;wGif;orkdif;q&m pDrmcsD;-,Jef;onf 0rf&ef,GDwkdYtzGJU\tpD&ifcHpmukd zwf cJhwef&monf/ txufwGif aumufElwfwifjyxm;aompmykd'f(cGefrif; taemufbuf wGif qifpD;EdkifiH&SdaMumif;ukd az:jyxm;aompmykd'f)udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh 0rf&ef,GDwkdY \tpD&ifcHpmrS az:jycsufukd udk;um;a&;om;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/ okdY&mwGif orkdif;q&mpDrmcsD;-,Jef; (Ssu-Ma Ch'ien) xyfqifhul;,lwifjyxm;aom pmykd'fwGif ]]wD;-,JefY,G,fh}}[laom ae&mtrnfrSm;aeonf/ ]]azsmif;,G,fh}} odkYr[kwf ]]azsmuf ,G,fh}}[kom jzpfoifhonf/ ]]wD;-,Jef;}} (Tien) [laomw&kwfpmvkH;onf ]]azsmif;^ azsmuf}}[laom w&kwfpmvkH;ESpfvkH;ESifhykHoP²meftm;jzifh qifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfonf/ þ trSm;onf orkdif;q&m pDrmcsD;-,Jef; pmrla&;ul;onfhtcg vGJacsmfcJhjcif;jzpfaumif; jzpfrnf/ odkYr[kwf pmrla&;ul;ay;aom pma&;pmcsD\trSm; jzpfaumif;jzpfrnf/ (Tien Kuo) ]]wD;-,Jef}}EkdifiHESifh a&maxG;rdjcif;jzpfonf/

       txufwGif wifjycJhonfhtwkdif; ]]azsmif;,G,fh}} odkYr[kwf ]]azsmuf,G,fh}}onf ysL0wfudk toHvS,fxm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/

       aemufxyf jznfhpGufvkdonfhtcsuf wcsuf&Sdonf/ ]]zef,G,fh}}(jA[®0wf)[l aomtrnfudk ]][efYrif;quf aESmif;acwforkdif;}} (The History of Later Han Dynasty, A.D 25-220) wGifzefcsD (P'an-Chi) [krSm;,Gif;pGm a&;xm;onfudk awGU& onf/ ]]csD}}[laom w&kwfpmvkH;ESifh]],G,fh}}[laom w&kwfpmvkH;onf ykHoP²meftm; jzifh qifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfojzifh pmrla&;ul;&müaomfvnf;aumif;? pmvkH;xGif;í ykHESdyf onfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif; rSm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ þodkYpmrla&;om;&mü vGJrSm;aom om"ursm;udk w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;üaomfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmrSwfwrf;rsm;üaomf vnf;aumif; rsm;pGmxkwfjyEkdifonf/ jrefrmrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif]]qifwoef;&Sif}}udk ]]qifwodef;&Sif}}[k ta&;vGJrSm;jcif;? ]]yg;wbufwkdY}}udk ]]cg;wbufwkdY}}[lí ta&; vGJrSm;jcif;uJhodkY jzpfonf/

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       txufygtaMumif;t&yfrsm;udk pkaygif;vkdufaomf c&pfray:rD 120-ESpf? w enf;tm;jzifh c&pfray:rD 2-&mpkwGif a&S;w&kwfwkdYonf ,ck wmhvDtaemufbuf odkYr[kwf taemufawmifbufü ]]ysL0wf}}(ysLwkdYa'o)&SdaMumif;udk odcJhjyD; rSwfwrf; wifxm;cJhonf/ xdkrSwfwrf;onf w&kwf [efYrif;quf{u&mZf0lvufxuf tdE´d, ESifhAufMwd,mhokdY aygufaomvrf;&SmazGcJhaom tzGJU\tpD&ifcHpm jzpfonf/ xkdtpD &ifcHpmukd orkdif;q&mpDrmcsD;-,Jefu ¤if;jyKpkaom ]]orkdif;rSwfwrf;}}wGif xnfhoGif; xm;onf/ orkdif;rSwfwrf;jyKpkjyD;pD;aomESpfonf c&pfray:rD 90(B.C 90) jzpf\/ xdkusrf;MuD;onf jyD;pD;onfhtcg vrf;&SmtzGJU0rf&ef,GDwkdY vlpkjyefvmonhfESpfESifh tESpfokH;q,fcefYom uGmjcm;onf/

       trSefum; ]ysL0wf}[laomtrnfudk tapmqkH;odcJhaom w&kwfwkdYonf tdE´d ,odkYa&mufcJhaom pDcRrf;e,fw&kwfrS ukefonfrsm;jzpfonf/ xkdpDcRrf;e,fukefonf rsm;onf ]ysL0wf}udk ausmfjzwfjyD;rS tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY a&mufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ usef;-csD; ,Jef Chang Chien(Zhang Chian) u AufMwd,m(Bactria) (,ck tmz*efepöwef ajrmufydkif;)odkYa&mufcJhaom ESpfonf c&pfray:rD 128-ESpf (B.C 128) jzpf\/ xkd ouú&mZfrwkdifrD tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY a&mufcJhzl;aom pDcRrf;e,fukefonfrsm;onf ]ysL 0wf}udkvnf; a&mufcJhzl;olrsm; jzpfonf/

       xkdpOf xkdtcg]ysL0wf}\tcsuftcsm a'oonf ,ck AdóEkd;jzpfonf/

       c&pfESpf okH;&mpkaemufydkif;ESifhav;&mpkOD;ydkif;odkY a&mufvmaomtcg a&S; w&kwfwkdYonf ]ysL0wf}udk ]jA[®0wf}(Brahma-Vastu) [kvnf; ac:aMumif; odvm jyefonf/ xdka'oonf tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh,leefe,ftMum;wGif wnf&SdaMumif; twdt usrSwfwrf;wifvmonf/ ]]pDcRrf;e,frS arSmifckdukefonfrsm;onf xdka'oodkYa&muf cJhwef&m\}[lí &SD(&f)usd okdYr[kwf orkdif;rSwfwrf;rS az:jyxm;csufonf AufMwd ,mhokdY c&D;xGufcJhaom usef;csD;-,Jef;\tpD&ifcHpmudk rlwnfí orkdif;q&mpDrmcsD;- ,Jefu cefYrSef;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ a0hjynfaxmiforkdif;tusOf;uvnf; tvm;wl cefY rSef;xm;onf/

       xkdokdYcefYrSef;xm;csufonf vGJrSm;jcif; r&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/ tb,faMumifh qkdaomf c&pfray:rD okH;&mpkuwnf;uyif a&S;a[mif;w&kwfEkdifiHrS a&S;a[mif;jref rmEkdifiH(0g)ysLEkdifiHudk ausmfjzwfjyD; a&S;a[mif;tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY aygufaomukef;vrf; yGifhaejyDjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdukef;vrf;yGifhcJhjcif;aMumifh w&kwfEkdifiHonf pde &|pdea'ojzpfaMumif; a&S;tdE´d,wkdif;om;wkdYu odvmonf/

       ysL0wf odkYr[kwf jA[®0wf[laom trnfrsm;\t&if;tjrpfudk Munfhjcif;tm; jzifh ysLwkdYonf c&pfray:rD ESpf&mpkuwnf;uyif tdE´d,,Ofaus;rI tcsuftvuf rsm;udk vufcHjyD; tdE´d,qefaomEkdifaom(Indianized State) jzpfaejyDjzpfaMumif; ajymEkdifrnfxifonf/ xkdYtjyif ]ysL0wf}[laomtrnfudk c&pfray:rD 90-ESpfwGifjyK pkjyD;pD;aom &SD(&f)usd (orkdif;rSwfwrf;)wGif az:jyxm;onfudk axmuf&Ijcif;tm;jzifh ysLwkdYonf c&pfray:rD 4-&mpkcefY? odkYr[kwf xdkxuftvsifu a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEkdif iHtwGif;ü twnfwus aexkdifaejyDjzpfaMumif; ajymEkdifrnf xifonf/

       bDpD 2-&mpkESifh at'D 4-&mpktwGif; a&S;w&kwfwkdYu ysLEkdifiHudk ac:wGifaom trnfrsm;onf ]ysL0wf}ESifh]jA[®0wf}wkdYjzpfonf/ xkdtrnffrsm;onf w&kwfwkdYuay; cJhaom trnfr[kwfacs/ tdE´d,wkdif;om;ESifhysLwkdYu ac:aomtrnfudk vkdufíac: wGifcJhjcif; jzpfaMumif; wifjyvkdygonf/

&nfpdef

rSwfcsuf/    /ÓPfvif;"r®pmya'om? 1984-ckESpf? 'DZifbmvxkwf? pmrsufESm (167 rS 178xd)üvm&Sdaom aqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ &kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/