တေကာင္းႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ေသာစစ္တမ္း

တေကာင္းႏွင့္ပတ္သက္ေသာစစ္တမ္း

 

&nfpdef

w&kwfrSwfwrf;vm wmhukef; odkYr[kwf xkdufukef;onf waumif;jzpfaMumif; usdtdefYwlonf uEÅL(u'l;)jzpfaMumif;? yk*Hacwf aESmif;ydkif;wGif waumif;onf uEÅL iem;MuD;wkdY\ e,fajrjzpfaMumif; ynm&SiftoD;oD;wkdYu rdefYqkdcJhjyD; jzpfonf/ odkY&m wGif...

(u) waumif;onf jrefrmwkdYu oif;wGJ[kac:onfudk trsm;odcJhjyD;jzpfonf/ ysLwkdYtrnf um; tb,fenf;/

(c)  waumif;[lonf wkdif; okdYr[kwf &Srf;trnfjzpfonf/ pnful;wdkY[k teufxGuf onf/ pnfrsufESmjyifuJhodkY nDnmaom ajrjyefYt&yfwGif ul;wkdYwnf&SdcJhjcif;jzpfwef&m onf/ xkdtrnfonf rnfonfhtcgwGif ay:vmaomtrnf jzpfygoenf;/

(*)  waumif;onf jrefrmwkdY aexdkifcJhaom odkYr[kwf tajcpkdufcJhaom a'owpfck  [kwfygoavm/ tu,fí [kwfvQif rnfokdYaom taMumif;aMumifh jrefrmwkdYonf waumif;odYk a&mufvmcJhygoenf;/

(C) wkdif;trnfjzpfaom waumif;onf tb,faMumifh uEÅL(u'l;)wdkY\tcsuftcsm jzpfvmygoenf;/

       txufwGif az:jyaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk rnfonfhpmtkyfpmwrf;wGifrQ &Sif;vif;az:jyxm;onfudk rawGU&ao;ay/ ,ckþae&mü uRefawmfod&oavmufudk wifjyaqG;aEG;vkdygonf/ trSm;t,Gif;&Sdygu nTefMum;axmufjyyg&ef tEl;tnTwf awmif;yefygonf/

       txufyg taMumif;t&mudk aqG;aEG;vQif ysLacwfu p&ygvdrfhrnf/ ysLwkdY wGif rif;quf rnfrQ&SdcJhonfudk uREkfyfwkdY rodEkdifao;ay/ aemufqkH;rif;qufonf 0dMurrif;quf Vikrama Dynasty jzpfwef&monf/ ,if;rif;quf\aemufqkH;rif; onf ukrm&p`E´yifwnf;/

       0dMurrif;qufonf c&pfESpf 9-&mpkOD;ydkif; a&mufvmaomtcg tm;enf; vmaejyDjzpfonf/ jynfwGif; wnfjidrfrIr&Sdonfhtjyif jynfrrS eefapmwkdYonf oa& acwå&modkYtxd csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmrIudk cH&onf/ eefapm 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufae csdefwGif oa&acwå&mü pkd;pHaom ukrm&p`E´rif;vnf; vGefawmfrlonf/

       oa&acwå&m ysufokOf;oGm;ojzifh ukrm&p`E´rif;\tquftEG,fonf ysL ae&yfa'owpfckjzpfaom wrÁ'DyodkY a&TUajymif;oGm;í ,if;ae&mü ,m,DjrdKUawmf tjzpftkyfcsKyfcJh\/ odkY&mwGif emvefrxlEkdifawmhay/

       eefapmonf wdAuf-jrefrm pum;ajymolrsm; jzpfMuaom avmfavmfrsKd;EG,fpk wkdYwnfaxmifcJhaom EkdifiHjzpf\/ avmfavmfonf jrefrmwkdYESifhrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifhaomf vnf;aumif;? bmompum;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ESD;EG,fonf/ xkdYaMumifh bmom aA'ynm&SifwkdYu avmfavmftpkESifhjrefrmtpkwkdY ajymaompum;ukd aygif;pkí avmfavmf jrefrmtpk Lolo-Burmish[kuifyGef;wyfavh&Sdonf/ eefapmonf c&pf ESpf 7-&mpkrSpí ,leefe,ftv,fydkif;wGif wefckd;MuD;xGm;vm&m 8-&mpktv,fydkif;rSpí taemufbuf wpfcGifodkY e,fajrcsJUxGifcJhonf/ tcsuftcsma'ojzpfaom wmhvDa'orS rJacgifjrpf taemufbufodkY wa&GUa&GU e,fajrcsJUxGifcJhonf/ rJacgifjrpf taemufbufurf;odkYtxd e,fajrcsJUxGifcJhjyD;aemuf qufcHaomeefapmrif;wkdYonf ppfqifrI okH;MudrfjyKvkyfao;onf/

       yxrtMudrfonf aumfavmfzJifvufxuf c&pfESpf 762-3 ckESpftwGif;jzpfonf/

'kwd,tMudrfonf aumfavmfzJif\ajr;jzpfol ,Drkd,Gefvufxuf c&pfESpf 794-ckESpfjzpfonf/

       wwd,tMudrfonf ,Drkd,Gef\ajr; ,GefzJifhcRrfvufxuf c&pfESpf 832-ckESpf jzpfonf/

       762-ckESpf ppfqifrIaMumifh {&m0wDjrpfnmydkif;a'oonf eefapmwkdY\ydkif eufjzpfvmonf/ ,leeftaemufydkif;rS {&m0wDjrpfESifhcsif;wGif;jrpfudk ausmfjzwfí tdE´d, EkdifiHodkY aygufaomvrf;udk eefapmwkdYu csKyfudkifEkdifojzifh ,if;wkdY\MoZm tmPmonf tdE´d,EkdifiH tmoHe,fodkYtxd aygufa&mufcJhonf/ ,if;ppfqifrIaMumifh [efvif; ysufcJh onf[k awG;xifzG,f&Sdonf/ xkdtcsdefrSpí ysLwkdYonf eefapmwkdY\tmPmpufuGif;odkY a&mufvmawmhonf/ eefapmwyfonf waumif;okdY txd0ifa&mufcJhonf[kvnf; awG;xifzG,f&Sdonf/ w&kwfw&ufwkdYonf waumif;odkY 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufcJhzl;onf[k &mZ0ifpum; &Sdonfr[kwfygavm/ trSefum; w&kwf[laom a0g[m&onf yk*Hacwf aESmif;rS ay:vmonfh a0g[m&jzpfonf/ yk*Hom; odkYr[kwf yk*Hacwf jrefrmwkdYodaom w&kwfonf uREkfyfwkdY ,ckem;vnfaom w&kwfr[kwfyJ ,ckw&kwfEkdifiHtaemufajrmuf buf pifusefjynfe,frS 0D*l;Vigur om;wkdYom jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYonf wl&uDrsKd;EG,fpk jzpf onf/ w&kwf[laom a0g[m &onf wdAufbmom Darug rSvmaom pum;jzpfonf/ w&uf*lum; refusL;udk &nfnTef;onf/ Man Chu ukd refcsL;[k jrefrmbmomtoH rvS,f oifhay/ &mZ0ifu w&kwfw&ufonf uREkfyfwkdY ,ckem;vnfaom w&kwf r[kwf? yk*Hom; wkdY em;vnfaom w&kwfr[kwf? anmif&rf;acwfaemufydkif; jrefrmwkdY odaom w&kwfvnf; r[kwfay/ eefapmudkom &nfnTef;onfukd orkdif;okawoDrsm; txl;owdjyKoifhonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf xkdpOftcgü w&kwf\MoZmtmPmonf ,leefe,fodkYtxd rxdk;azmufEkdifao;ay/ ysLESifhw&kwf(uREkfyfwkYd ,ckem;vnfaom w&kwf)EkdifiHtMum;wGif eefapm &SdaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

       c&pfESpf 762-3 ckESpfu eefapmwkdY ppfqifrIaMumifh rJacgifjrpftaemufbuf urf;wGif&Sdaom a&S;OD;jrefrm Proto Bueman wpfpkonf oHvGifjrpfESifh{&m0wDjrpf tMum;odkY a&mufvmonf/ c&pfESpf 794-ckESpfwGif eefapmwkdYu ppfqifrIwpf&yf  xyfqifh jyKvkyfvkdufojzifh {&m0wDjrpfnmykdif;odkY a&mufaeaom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf {&m0wDjrpf aMumif;twkdif; qif;vmcJhjyD; ,ckwaumif;[k ac:aomae&modkYa&mufvmonf/ ysLacwf wGif waumif;[laom trnfr&Sdao;onfukd txl;owdjyKoifhonf/ ysLwkdYu ,if;ae&m udk ouFó[kac:onf/ jrefrmwkdY 0ifa&mufvmjyD;aemuf ,if;a'oukd oif;wGJ[k trnf ay;vkdufonf/ ouFó odkYr[kwf oif;wGJodkYa&muf vmaom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf jrefrm EkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY qif;vmjyD;aemuf &ckdif? oHwGJbufokdY ajymif;a&TUoGm;onf[k awG;xif zG,f &Sdonf/ oif;wGJESifhoHwGJudk EIdif;,SOf Munfhoifhonf/

       eefapmwkdYonf c&pfESpf 794-ckESpfu ppfqifrIaMumifh ,leefe,ftaemufydkif;(wenf;tm;jzifh rJacgifESifhoHvGifjrpftMum;)&Sdaeaom wkdif; odkYr[kwf &Srf;wkdYonf tpk vkduf tjyKHvkduf oHvGifjrpfESifh{&m0wDjrpftMum;odkY 0ifa&mufvmawmhonf/ xdktpkonf txl;ojzifh wydefjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmufESifh a&TvDjrpfnmwpfavQmuf ysHUESHYaexkdifvmMuonf/ a&TvDjrpfnmudk wkdif;wkdYu erfhr0f Nam Mao [kac:onf/ xkda'owGif aexkdifolwkdYu rdrdudk,fudk Tai Mao [kac:onf/ tcsKdUaomwkdif;wkdYonf {&mjrpfnmbufokdY a&mufvm ygawmhonf/ xkdYaemuf {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;twkdif; wa&GUa&GU pkefqif;vm&m jrefrmwkdYu oif;wGJ[k ac:aomae&modkY a&mufvmonf/ xkdae&mudk wmaumif;(waumif;) odkYr[kwf pnful;wkdY [ktrnf ay;cJhonf/

       wkdif;wkdYonf ouFó odkYr[kwf oif;wGJodkY a&mufvmaomtcsdeftcgü oif; wGJodkYa&mufvmaomtcsdeftcgü oif;wGJwGif aexkdifcJhzl;aom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdY {&m0wDjrpf 0Srf;tv,fydkif;odkY a&mufaejyDjzpfonf/ oif;wGJrS {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;tv,fydkif;odkY a&S;OD; jrefrmwpfpka&mufaecsdefwGif ,leefe,ftaemufbuf&Sd ,kefcsefrS oa&acwå&mokdY ayguf aom ukef;vrf;ukefoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif; wpfavQmufwGif &Sdaom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf vnf; ,if;ukef;vrf;twdkif; jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY OD;wnfvsuf a&GUajymif;vmMujyD jzpf onf/ ,if;tpkESpfpkonf aemufqkH;ü jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fykdif;wGif aygif;qkHrdjyefonf/ odkY&m wGif ,kefcsef-oa&acwå&mukef;vrf; ukefoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;wpfavQmufwGif a&S;OD; jrefrm tpkvkduftjyKHvkduf aexkdifcJhonfh taxmuftxm;&Sdojzifh ukef;vrf;twkdif; qif; vmaoma&S;OD;jrefrmtpk\ vlOD;a&onf oif;wGJrS qif;vmaom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYxuf ydkí rsm;jym;rnf[k ,lq&onf/

       ]]jrefrmwkdY wkdif;jynfjzpfaom waumif;jynfMuD;}}[laom &mZ0ifpum;udk ayghwef pGm ry,foihf[k uRefawmfxifygonf/ ,kefcsefrS oa&acwå&modkYtxdaygufaom ukef; vrf;wpfavQmufwGif c&pfESpf 9-&mpkOD;ydkif;odkY a&mufvmonfhwkdifatmif a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdY tpkvkduftjyKHvkduf &Sdaeao;onf[laom taxmuftxm;vnf; &Sdojzifh ,kefcsefrS qif; vmaom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf ausmufqnfe,fwGif tajccsaexkdifcJhonf[laom tqkdukd vnf; vufcHoifhonf[k uRefawmfxifygonf/ trSefrSm tqkdESpfckpvkH;ukd axmufcHaom taxmuftxm;&Sdonf/

       uRefawmfavhvmawGU&SdorQudk wifjy&vQif a&S;OD;jrefrm tpkwpfpkonf {&m0wD jrpfpOftwkdif; qif;vmjyD;aemuf oif;wGJ(aemiftcg waumif;)wGif tajcpdkuf aexkdifcJh onf/ wpfzef ,kefcsefrS qif;vmaom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYrsm;vnf; ausmufqnfe,fokdY tajcpkdufaexkdifcJhonf[k ,kHMunfonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf  ausmufqnfe,fonf ,kefcsefrS oa&acwå&modkYaygufaom vrf;rMuD;ay:wGif wnf&SdaomaMumifhwnf;/ xkdYaMumifh ouFó (oif;wGJ)ausmufqnf a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdY tajcpkdufaexkdifcJhzl;aomt&yf [k uRefawmf,kHMunfonf/ txufwGif wifjycJhouJhodkY oif;wGJrS qif;vmaom a&S;OD; jrefrmwkdYonf aemufqkH;ü ausmufqnfe,fwGif tajcpkdufcJhaom a&S;OD;jrefrmtpkwdkYESifh {&m0wDjrpf0Srf; tv,fydkif;wGif qkHpnf;Muonf/

       eefapmwkdYonf c&pfESpf 762-3 ckESpfESifh 794-ckESpfwGif oHvGifjrpfESifhtaemuf bufodkY ppfqifcJhaMumif; txufwGif qkdcJhjyD;jzpfonf/ ,if;ppfqifrIaMumifh wydefjrpf0Srf; ESifha&TvDjrpfnmydkif;&Sd wkdif;wkdYonf {&m0wDjrpfpOftwkdif; qif;vmcJhaMumif;udkvnf; qkdcJhjyD; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fykdif;wGif-

       waumif;? wbGifhpaom ae&mtrnfrsm;/

       pukdif;? puk? pav? pvif; paomae&mtrnfrsm;/

       pOfhul;? pOf;ul;? pOfhudkifpaomae&mtrnfrsm; ay:vmawmhonf/ ,if;trnfwkdY onf jrefrmtrnf r[kwf? wkdif;trnf jzpfaMumif;udk bmomaA'&IaxmifhrS avhvmaomf odomygrnf/

       taemf&xmrif;vufxuf a&mufvmaomtcgürlum; a&TvDjrpfnmESifhwydef jrpf0Srf;&Sd wkdif;wkdYonf {&m0wDjrpftwkdif; qufvufrqif;awmhyJ {&m0wDjrpfnmESifh csif;wGif;jrpfnmydkif;odkYom ysHUESHYaexkdifMuonf/ xkdrSwpfqifh ,ckxd tdE´d,EkdifiH tmoHe,f odkY a&GUajymif;ysHUESHYoGm;awmhonf/ þokdYjzifh tmoHe,fwGif t[kHEkdifiHay: aygufvmonf/

       waumif;[laom ae&mtrnfonf c&pfESpf 9-&mpkxuf rapmEkdif/ 10-&mpkcefY avmufu ay:aygufvmaom trnfjzpfwef&monf/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap taemf&xmrif; vufxufwGif waumif;[laom ae&mtrnf&SdaejyD[k pdwfcspGm ajymEkdif onf/

       ,leefe,ftaemufydkif;(wenf;tm;jzifh wydefjrpf0Srf;ESifha&TvDjrpfnm armjrpf0Srf;)rS wkdif;wkdYonf ,ckjrefrmEkdifiHajrmufykdif;udk ausmfjzwfí tmoHe,fodkY 0ifa&mufvmaom tcg tmoHe,fwkdif;&if;om;wkdYu xkdolwdkYudk tor(jydKifzufuif;rJhol)[k uifyGef;wyfcJh onf/ trSefrSmvnf; wkdif;wkdYonf jydKifzufuif;rJhpGm tmoHe,fodkY0ifa&mufum t[kHEkdifiH wnfaxmifEkdifcJhonf/ xkdtrnfrS toQrf? toQmrf? oQmrf? &Srf;[laomtrnfjzpfvm onf/

       wkdif;wkdYonf tmoHe,fodkY0ifa&mufvmojzifh rlvtcgü [l;aumif;awmifMum;ESifh O&kacsmif;jrpfzsm;cH&mtxdysHUESHYaexkdifaom uEÅL(u'l;)wkdYonfvnf; atmufydkif;odkYqif; vmawmhonf/ xkdYaemuf c&pfESpf 12-13 &mpka&mufvmaomtcg waumif;onf uEÅL (u'l;)wkdY\tcsuftcsm jzpfvmygawmhonf/

       uEÅLudk uEÅLiem;MuD;[kvnf; ac:ygonf/ ,if;iem;MuD;trnfudk w&kwfwkdYu c&pfESpf 9-&mpkwGifvnf; odonf/ c&pfESpf 9-&mpkwGif w&kwfwkdYodaom em;MuD; rsKd;EG,fpkonf [l;aumif;awmifMum;ESifhO&kacsmif;jrpfzsm;cH&m t&yfwpf0kdufwGif aexkdif aom uEÅL(u'l;)omjzpfonf/ tvsOf;oifhíajymvkdonfrSm ZrÁL'DyOaqmif;usrf;wGif em; wbufazmuf? cg;wbufwkdY [laomrsKd;EG,fpkudk az:jyxm;onfukd awGU&onf/ em; wbufazmuf [laomrsKd;EG,fpkonf w&kwfwkdYu c&pfESpf 100-&mpktcgü odcJhaom em;azgufrsKd;EG,fpkrsm;jzpfí uE´L;rsm;yifjzpfayrnf/ ZrÁL'DyOaqmif;usrf;vm cg;wbufwkdY [lonf t"dyÜg,fr&Sdyg/ yg;wbufxkd; omt"dyÜg,f &Sdonf/ w&kwfwkdYonf jrefrmwkdYuJhodkY rsKd;EG,fpkwpfpk\0wfpm; qif,ifrIudk Munfh jyD; trnfay;wwfonf/ yg;wbufwkdY [lonf c&pfESpf 9-&mpkwGif w&kwfwkdYodcJhaom yg;&Jxkd;rsKd;EG,fpkESifhxyfwl jzpfayvdrfhrnf/

       txufwGif az:jycJhaom taMumif;rSm tcsKyftm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf/

(u) waumif;udk ysLacwfu ouFó[kac:onf/ jrefrmwpfpk a&mufvmaomtcgü ,if;ae&mukd oif;wGJ [ktrnfay;cJhonf/

(c)  waumif;onf c&pfESpf 9-&mpk 10-&mpkrS ay:vmaomtrnf jzpfonf/ ysLacwf wGif waumif;[laom trnfr&Sdao;/

(*)  waumif;udk jrefrmwkdYu oif;wGJ[k ac:cJhonf/ jrefrmwkdYu ysL&yf ysL&Gm jzpfaom ouFóudk oif;wGJ[k trnfay;cJhonf/ ,if;oif;wGJt&yfonf {&m0wDjrpf pOftwkdif; qif;vmaom a&S;OD;jrefrmtpkwkdYom tajccsaexkdifcJhzl;onf/

(C) waumif;onf uEÅL(u'l;)wkdY\ tcsuftcsm jzpfvm&jcif;um; tmoHe,fokdY wkdif;rsm; 0ifa&mufcJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/

&nfpdef

rSwfcsuf/    / 1980-ckESpfxkwf &wemrGef"r®r*¾Zif; pmrsufESm (21 rS 23xd) vm&Sdaom aqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ rl&if;twkdif; &kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/