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      jrapwDausmufpmac: &mZukrm&fausmufpmudk a'gufwm pD-tkd-Av*f'if az:xkwfzwf&IcJhpOf 1911-ckESpfavmufuyif ,if;ausmufpmwGif a&;xkd;cJhonfh bmompum; 4-rsKd;teuf wrsdK;onf ]]ysL}}bmompum;jzpfonf[k az:xkwfEkdifcJh ayonf/ xkdokdY az:xkwf&mü Av*f'ifu-

       ]]tqkdyg bmompum;udk ]]ysL}}[lí trnfay;&mü jrefrmwkdY\&kd;&morkdif;t pOftvm tjrifrS &Iygaomf rjzpfEkdifp&m taMumif;r&Sdacs}}[k qkdcJhzl;onf/ (jrefrm jynfausmufpm pmapmif (Epigrahip Birmanica) twGJ 1? tydkif; 1? jyefvnf ykHESdyfjcif;/ 1972? pm 61)

       c&pf&mpkESpf tapmydkif;umv jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;ESifhtv,fydkif;a'orsm; wGif ysLwkdY tysHUtESHYaexkdifcJhMu[efwlonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf ysLwkdY\NrdKUjy EkdifiHNrdKU&kd;NrdKUwm t<uif;tusefrsm;? ausmufpmrsm;? t&kd;tkd;rsm;? jrefrmESifhw&kwf orkdif;pmayrsm;u az:jyaeMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/ ukef;abmifacwf bkd;awmf bk&m;vufxufwGif rkHa&T;aZw0efq&mawmf jyKpkcJhaom usrf;wqljzpfonfh apwD ,uxmusrf;ESifhZrÁLUuGefjcmusrf;wkdYwGif tv,fydkif; jrefrmEkdifiHa'otESHYü ysLwkdY aexdkifcJhMuaMumif; az:xkwfa&;om;xm;Muonf/

       ysLbmompum;? ysLvlrsKd;taMumif;ESifhywfoufí a&S;OD;okawoejyKcJhMuol a'gufwmAvuf'ifESifhausmufpm0ef awmfpdefckdwkdY tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef a&;om; qufoG,fcJhMuaom pmrsm;(awmfpdefckd\ 1904-ckESpftpD&ifcHpm pmrsufESm 5)t& &rnf;oif;e,f anmifvGefYwGif AOac: vlrsKd;pk wpk&SdcJhzl;aMumif;? ,if;wkdYonf rsufarSmufacwf awmifolvlrsKd;wkdYESifhwlonf[k qkd&rnfjzpfaMumif;? oxkHe,frS awmifolwkdYonf olwkdYudk,fukd olwkdY ztkd odkYr[kwf a&S;a[mif;zcifrsm;[k ac:qkd cJhMuaMumif; od&SdcJh&onf/

       ysLwkdYudk w&kwfwdkYu ]]azsmuf}}[k ac:cJhMuonf/ ,if;wkdYonf wdAuf-jrefrm tEG,f0ifrsm; jzpfMujyD; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY 0ifrvmMurD w&kwfjrefrm e,fpyfjzpf aom ,kefcsef\taemufawmift&yfwGif c&pfESpfOD;u pí umv&SnfMumpGm ae xkdifcJhMuaMumif; az:xkwfxm;jyD; jzpf\(a'gufwmoef;xGef; acwfa[mif;jrefrm&m Z0if? 1964? pm 39)yk*Hrif;quf usefppfom;rif;\eef;wnfausmufpmwGif ysLwkdY udk rGefwkdYu ]]wDpkvf}}[k ac:cJhMu\/ þonfudk ygarmu© *sD-tdyfcsf-vkpf u wdpkvf onf ysLvlrsKd;jzpfaMumif; qufpyfay;EkdifcJhonf/ (G.H.Luce "The Ancient Pyu" BRSFAP No.2,1960, P-309) vkpfuyif qufvufí ysLwkdYonf olwkdYudk,f olwkdY ]]xk-avm-usL}}ac:cJhjyD; *smAm;om;wkdYu ]]xk-vD-csL}}[k ac:cJhonf[k qkdonf/

       ysLvlrsKd;rsm;taMumif; okawoejyK&mwGif jAdwdoQtpdk;&vufxuf rdw¬Dvm  wkdif;rif;MuD;wOD;u 12-3-1903 &ufpGJyg ay;pmtrSwf 29 pDjzifh &rnf;oif;pD&if pk anmifukdif;&Gm? anmifukdif;acsmif;twGif; tkwftaqmufttkHrsm; ay:aygufcJh aMumif;? ,if;wkdYonf ysLtkwf*lrsm;jzpfonf[k a'ocHrsm; ajymqkdrSwfom;xm;Mu aMumif;? wae&mwGif vl&kd;rsm;ukdvnf; awGU&aMumif; awmfpdefckdxH a&;om;az:jy í taMumif;Mum;cJhzl;onf/

       odkYaomf xkdpOfu awmfpdefckdonf tqkdyg anmifukdif;&GmbufodkY c&D;qufEkdif cJh[ef rwlacs/ taMumif;rl anmifudkif;&Gm ysLtkwf*lrsm;taMumif; aemufxyfwpkH w&m az:jyxm;onfukd awmfpdefckd\rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif rawGU&aomaMumifhjzpf\/ odkYaomf ysLbmompum;ESifhywfoufírl a&S;a[mif;okawoe&kH;(,cif ausmuf pm&kH;)zkdifeHygwf 30? a*s-at? 1911-ckwGif a'gufwmAv*f'ifxHrS 14-7-1911 &ufpGJygpmü ysLbmompum;udk rGefcr,fbmompum;pkwGif rxnfhoGif;EkdifaMumif;? jrapwDausmufpm ysLrsufESmyg pum;vkH; a0g[m&rsm;wGif jrefrmbmomESifheD;pyf aom pum;vkH;tawmfrsm;rsm; awGU&aomfvnf; rGefESifheD;pyfonfhpum;vkH; wvkH; wnf;om awGU&aMumif;? ysLonf jrefrmESifhbmompum;wGif tvSrf;a0;onfhnDtpf ukdawmfpyfaMumif; az:jyyg&Sdonf/ wqufwnf;rSmyif &ckdifESifhjrefrme,fpyfawmif wef;rsm;ay:&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wkdY\ bmompum;rsm;ukd avhvmjcif;jzifh ysLbm ompum; jyóemtay: rD;armif;xkd;jyEkdifrnf[k tMuHjyKxm;cJhonf/

       yk*HacwfESifhacwfNydKif rGef*kdvf&mZ0if ,GJif-&Sdu jrefrmwkdYukd rd-tJef(jref)[k od &SdrSwfwrf;wifcJhaomfvnf;? jrefrmEkdifiHudkrl ysLEkdifiH (P'iao-Kuo) [kac:cJhaMumif;? w&kwfynm&Sif OD;&nfpdef a&;om;cJhzll;onf/ (OD;&nfpdef ]]jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odkY wkdif odkY (&Srf;)rsm;0ifa&mufvmykH}}pmwrf;? ykHrESdyf? pm 36)/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif &ckdifrif; vusfmrif;eefudk tiftm;wodef;&Sdaom ysLwyfESifhtvm;wltiftm;&Sdaom  rGefwyf zGJUrsm; tultnDjzifh c&pf 1103-ckESpfwGif yk*Hrif;quf tavmif;pnfolrif;u &ckdifxD;eef;ü jyefvnfwifxm;ay;cJhzl;onfudk taMumif;jyKí vusfmrif;eeftm; ]]ysLwodef;rif;}}[k ac:qkdtrnfwGifcJhaMumif; &ckdifa&S;a[mif;okawoD OD;pHa&Tbk a&;om;cJhzl;onf/ (U San Shwe Bu "The story of Mahamuni" Journal of Burma Research Society, Vol.VI 1916, pp.227-9) þtcsufESifhpyfvsOf;í awmfpdefckdu ]]ysLwodef;rif;}}tac:ta0:onf vusfmrif;eeftm; xD;eef;wifay;ol tavmif; pnfoludk ac:aomtrnf emr jzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;cJhzl;jyD;jzpf\/ (Taw Sein Ko "Burmese Inscription at Bodhgaya" Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XI, Pt.iii, pp.118).

       rnfodkYyifjzpfap yk*H&mZ0ifwGif jrefrm[lonfum; ]]jyLom;jyLajr;}}[lívnf; aumif;? oa&acwå&m ysufqJtcg ]]vsifoefjrefrmoljyLtcsif;csif; jrefrmaom jyL}} ac:onf[lívnf;aumif; az:jycJhzl;onf/ (yk*H0efaxmufrif; OD;wif – jrefrmrif; tkyfcsKyfykH pmwrf;? 'kwd,ydkif;? &efukef A[kdykHESdyfwkduf? 1965? pm 29)ykH*H orkwd&mZf rif;rSonf taemf&xmrif;vufxufwkdifatmif ysLESifhjrefrmwkdY a&mpyfaexkdifonfh tajctaerSm ysLvnf; jrefrm? jrefrmvnf; ysL [kac:qkdEkdifaomtajctaeodkY a&mufaejyD[k qufpyfaz:jyaom q&mMuD;OD;omjrwf(rGefjrefrm tu©&morkdif;? &ef ukef? pm 8)ESifhyk*HNrdKUonfyifvQif rqGü ysLwkdY\NrdKUawmfjzpfí aemifrSomvQif jref rmwkdYu ysLwkdYudk qufcHodrf;ydkufcJhonf[k ,lqcJhaomq&mMuD;OD;zkd;vwf(yk*H&uf owåywf a[majymcsufrsm; &efukef? tpkd;&ykHESdyfwkduf? 1961? pm 19)wkdY\t,lt qrsm;t& ysLESifhjrefrmwkdYonf oa&acwå&mtysuf yk*HacwfOD;uyif cGJjcm;ír& atmif wom;wnf;jzpfcJhMu[efwlonf/

       þtcsufudk yk*Hacwfxdk; ausmufpmtcsKdUu oG,f0kdufaxmufcHaeonfudk vnf; awGU&onf/ ouú&mZf 604-ckESpfxkd; anmif&rf;MuD;orD;ausmufpm? awmif bufausmufcsyf? aMumif;a& 23-wGif

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qkdaomtrnfudk awGU&onf/ tkdYjynfoif[laom trnfonf yk*Hacwf trsKd;orD; trnfwck jzpfí ysLarmif;rwOD;u tkdYjynfhoif[laom jrefrmtrnfcHvkdufykHudk þ ausmufpmjzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; awGU&Sd&jcif;yif jzpfonf/ tvm;wlyif ouú&mZf 634-ckESpfxkd; opfrxD;ausmufpm rsufESmbuf aMumif;a& 16-wGif

       ]]uGefajymufapmtFaomy’iJixG,f1}}qkdonfh ta&;tom;udkvnf; awGU&\/ þta&;tom;udk ,ckacwfta&;jzifh zvS,fvQif ]]uGef;ajymufapmifhaom ajymh i,fixG,f1}}[k &ygrnf/ ,if;\t"dyÜg,fonf tajymuftrTrf;rsm; jc,fvS,fxm; &Sdonfh eef;awmf odkYr[kwf tdrfawmfudk apmifh&onfh rif;rIxrf; ajymhvlrsKd; ixG,f [k&ayrnf/

       þwGif ysLESifhajymhonf twlwl jzpfMuoavm[laom tar;ykpäm ay:vm onf/ þtar;udk rajzrD ysLtrnfukd vlrsKd;ü ,SOfwGJokH;pJGaMumif; tif;0acwfwkdif atmif taxmuftxm;awGU&onfudk ueOD;az:jyvkdygonf/ ouú&mZf 872-ckESpf xkd; a&Teef;ausmh&Sif e&ywd\eef;wnftcrf;tem; ausmufpm? aMumif;a& 70-wGif

       ]]ykHPmo®D? ysLo®Dwdk0f 0tFaom w&moQpfrsif}}[lí awGU&onf/ þtcsufudk axmufvQif tif;0acwfwkdifatmif ysLvlrsKd;wkdY &Sdaeao;aMumif; od&\/

       ysLESifhajymhonf twlwl jzpf rjzpf þodkY ajzvkdygonf/ u&iftrsKd;om;wdkY onf jrefrmwkdYudk ya,m [kac:Mu\/ ya,mwGif yü ,ukdyifhvkdufvQif aysmjzpf rnf/ aysmonf aysmhESifhtoHtjyif;tayghom jcm;em;onf/ xkdYaMumifh ajym[k pm vkH;aygif;rnfhtpm; aysmh[k aygif;oifhaMumif; OD;&nfpdefu ol\txufygpmwrf; wGif tqkdjyKxm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/

       yk*Hacwf ukefqkH;vkeD;aomtcg &Srf;nDaemif tocF,m&mZoBuøESifhoD[ol wkdY\zcif odcFAkdvfonf bdEéuNrdKUu xGufcGmvmjyD; jrefrmEkdifiH ajymhwkdYae&m jrif pkdif;odkYa&mufcJhonf[k rSefeef;&mZ0if(y-wGJ? pm 397)u qkdcJhonf/ aemifwGif þ rif;nDaemifokH;yg;onf yk*Hrif;ausmfpGmudk xD;eef;rS cscJhMu\/ þonfudk tZm*&k ykPÖm;u (ZmwmawmfykH&mZ0if? &efukef? a&S;a[mif;okawoeXme? 1960? pm 42 wGif

       jrifpdkif;wGifum; ajymhodcFAkdvfom; rif;okH;yg;onf ouú&mZf 662-ckwGif yk*H rif;&kd;om;ausmfpGmudk eef;rS csí rif;oD;jyKukef\/

[lí rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ tZm*&kykPÖm;\tvkdt& odcFAdkvfESifhom;okH;yg;onf ajymhvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuonf[k ,l&rnfuJhodkY &Sdonf/ odkYaomf odcFAkdvfwkYd a&mufvm aom ae&ma'oudkom ajymhwkdYae&m wenf;tm;jzifh ysLwkdYae&m jrefrmEkdifiH[kqkdvkd &if; jzpfaMumif;? odcFAkdvfwkdYudk udk,fEIdufu ajymhvlrsKd;rsm; jzpfonf[k t"dyÜg,f r ay:vGifaMumif; txufu udk;um;cJhonfh rSefeef;&mZ0if\ta&;tom;wGif odom xif&Sm;jyDjzpf\/

       þtcsufukd orkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifhcsdefxdk;MunhfEkdifayao;onf/ oa&acwå&m jynf okynmem*&qdEérif;vufxuf ighpaum ppfaMumifh jynfysufcJh&mwGif ysL? urf;,H? jrefrm[lí okH;pkuGJcJhMujyD; ysLwkdYonf awmifndK? rif;wkef;ESifhaemufqkH; yk*H teD;tem; w0dkufwGif cqyOö udef;0if ouú&mZf 29-ckESpfü tajccscJhonf[k OD; ukvm;r[m&mZ0ifMuD;(yxrwGJ? &efuke? [Hom0wD? 1960? pm 134)wGif az:jyyg &Sdonf/ xkdYtjyif ysLapmxD;rif; i,fpOfb0u ajrcJwGif;&Gmol ysLtkdvifr,m;u arG;pm;cJhonfhtrSwftom;w&yfvnf; &SdcJhonf/

       þonfwkdYtjyif tjcm;ysLausmufpm? a&S;a[mif;NrdKUjyt<uif;tusefrsm;udk axmufaomf odcFAkdvfwkdYudk,fEIdufu ysLvlrsKd;rsm;r[kwfEkdifyJ jrifpdkif;a'owGif&SdESifh jyD;jzpfonfh a'ocHwkdYuom ajymh odkYr[kwf aysmhvlrsKd; wenf;tm;jzifh ysLvlrsKd;rsm; jzpfEkdifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

       xdkYaMumifh ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;t& yk*Hacwf ouú&mZf 634-ckESpfu pí ajymhtokH;udk vlrsKd;ESifh,SOfwGJíokH;pGJaMumif; pwifawGU&jyD;? ,if;onfvnf; uGef;ajymufudkapmifh&ol eef;wGif;rif;rIxrf;wOD;jzpfaMumif; odcJh&jyDjzpfonf/ tif;0 acwf rif;crf;riff;em;rsm;taMumif;udk ukef;abmifacwfOD; tavmif;rif;w&m;MuD; vufxufawmfwGif a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifcJhonfh tif&kH0efMuD;OZem\avmuAsL[m tif&kHpmwrf; (&efukef? ,Ofaus;rI0efMuD;Xme? 1958? pm 114)wGif-

       ]]bk&ifOuifawmfzGifh tcrf;tem;wGif ajymhMuD;rSL;vnf; tvSLawmfausmuf pm ,Gef;aygif yk&ykdufESifhae&mu OD;csí ajreef;awmf prkwfaqmif ESma,mifcef;a&SU awmifESifhwl&lwGif ykqpfwkyfí tvSLawmfpm zwfavQmufonf}}

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       þonfudkaxmufvQif yk*Hacwfuyif a&Ttdrfa&Teef;ESifheD;pyfcJhaom ajymhrif; rIxrf;udk tif;0acwfwGif ]]ajymhMuD;rSL;}}trnfjzifh ta&;ygaom rif;crf;rif;em;ü qufvufawGU&Sd&jcif;yif jzpfonf/

       ajymhvlrsKd;? ajymhMuD;rSL; tokH;rsm;ESifhywfoufí ukef;abmifacwfaemufydkif; wGif ydkrkd&Sif;vif;pGm avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/ ajreef;prkwfOD; ta&SUrif;wufavSum; \tqif;ajrjyifwGif um&Hxm;onfh a&T&mZrwfwHcg;vuf0J vuf,mu ajymhom; xk&ifom;wkdYudk wbufpDMudrfpGJvsuf jrDo&D[kac:aom uwåDygeufOD;xkyftzsm;ü uGif;wyfaponfukdaqmif;í? tusÐvufus,fESihfcpm;&onf/ ,if;wkdYudk MuD;rSL;&ol udk ajymhrSL;MuD;[k ac:a0:aMumif; OD;armifarmifwifu a&Teef;okH;a0g[m&tbd"mef (vufESdyfpufrl? trSwfpOf 57)wGif &Sif;vif;az:jyxm;onf/ ajymhvlrsKd;wkdYudk cefY xm;aomaMumifh ajymhtpkac:aMumif;vnf; OD;wifu (jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfykHpmwrf;? yOörykdif;? &efukef? ,Ofaus;rIAdrmef? 1983? pm 138)wGif &Sif;jyxm;\/ ajymhtpk onf vTwfawmft&m&Sdrsm;wGif tygt0if jzpfonf/

       ajymhonf vlrsKd;wrsKd;jzpfjyD; ajymhvlrsKd;rif;rIxrf;rsm;wGif aqmif;&aomaAmif; wrm&GufcRefü aMumhuGif;wyf&onfh taMumif;&if;rSm þodkYjzpfonf/ ysLapmxD; onf aerif;ESifhewffe*g;orD;wkdY oifh&mwGif zGm;jrifol[ktqkd&Sdonf/ ysLapmxD;rif; jzpfvmaomtcg r,fawmfewfe*g;rif;orD;u om;awmfxH e*g;trwf &Spfa,muf apvTwfí tapmifhxm;onf/ ,if;e*g;trwfrsm;onf *VKeftEÅ&m,fudk pkd;aESmifh ojzifh ,if;wkdY\aAmif;wGif aMumhuGif;wyfíaqmif;Muonf/ þonfudk tpGJjyKí aAmif;wrm&GufcRefü aMumhuGif;wyf&onfhtpOftvm jzpfay:cJhonf(a&Teef;okH; a0g[m&tbd"mef? trSwfpOf 57)

       e*g;trSwfwkdYESifhysLapmxD;rdbrsKd;&kd;onf '@m&DqefvSonf[k qkdaomf qkd Ekdifonf/ okdYaomf ukef;abmifacwf ajymh tpkom;wkdYrSmrl aMumhuGif;wyf aAmif;udk aqmif;&onfhtcsufaMumifh ysLapmxD;rif;ESifhqufpyfaz:xkwfcGifh&ayonf/ ysLapm xD;onf ysLwkdY\tMuD;tuJrif;jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh ysLonfyifvQif ajymh okdYr[kwf aysmh[k qufpyfay:vGifvmonf/

       tcsKyfudk qkd&vQif ysLvlrsKd;wkdYonf yk*Hacwf rwkdifrDuyif jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYü aexkdifMuD;yGm; wkd;wufcJhMujyD;aemuf jrefrmwkdYESifhcGJr&atmif wom;wnf;&SdcJhMu onf/

       yk*HacwfwGifrl ysLarmif;rtrnfjzifh eef;wGif;ü wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhMuaom ysLtrsKd;orD;rsm;&SdouJhodkY ajymhtrnfjzifh trIxrf;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhMu\/

       ysLESifhajymhtokH;onf yk*Hacwfuwnf;uyif &if;jrpfwl toGifuGJ jzpfcJh[efwl onf/

       yk*Hacwftukef jrifpkdif; yif;,acwf ta&mufwGif ajymhukd ausmufqnfNrdKUt eD;&Sd a'owckü aexkdifMuolrsm;tjzpf az:jyawGU&Sd&jyD; tif;0acwfwGifrl ysLtrsKd; orD;rsm;&SdcJhaMumif; ausmufpmu oufaocHae\/ xkdtif;0acwfrSmyifvQif yk*H acwfu pwifawGU&SdcJh&aom ajymheef;wGif; trIxrf;udk rif;crf;rif;em;rsm;wGif ydkrkd ta&;ygaomae&mü wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf &SdcJhaMumif; awGU&\/

       ukef;abmifacwfwGifrl tif;0acwfuuJhodkY qufvuf ta&;ygvsuf&Sdao; onf/ wenf;tm;jzifhqkd&vQif yk*HacwfrwkdifrDupí ysLwkdYonf jrefrmwkYdESifhwaoG; wnf; wom;wnf; a&m>yrf;aexkdifcJhMujyD;aemuf tif;0acwfwGif ysLa0g[m&udk vl rsKd;trnftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ukef;abmifacwf aemufydkif;wGif ysLtquftEG,f eef;wGif;ajymhtrIxrf;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? aumif;pGm qufvuf xdef;odrf;EkdifcJh aMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/

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