ပ်ဴတုိ႔သည္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံတြင္းသို႔ မည္သို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာခဲ့သနည္း

 ပ်ဴတုိ႔သည္ ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံတြင္းသို႔ မည္သို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာခဲ့သနည္း

&nfpdef

ပ်ဴေခတ္မွ ေရွးေဟာင္းအဖုိးတန္းပစၥည္းမ်ားကို မၾကာခဏဆုိသလုိ

တူးေဖာ္ေတြ႔ရွိေနၾကသည္။ ေရွးေဟာင္းျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံတြင္ 

ထင္ရွားခဲ့ေသာ မ်ဳိးႏြယ္စုအျဖစ္...

(1)

       ysLwkdYonf a&S;a[mif; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xif&Sm;cJhaom rsKd;EG,fpkjzpfonf/ ol wkdYaexkdifcJhaom tcsuftcsma'owGif jrdKUMuD;rsm; wnfaxmifcJhonf/ &yf&Gmaygif; rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/ olwkdYaexkdifcJhaom &yf&Gm? wnfaxmifcJhaom jrdKUMuD;wpfckjyD;wpfck awGU&SdvmjyDjzpfonf/ ysLwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odkYrnfodkY0ifa&mufvmygoenf;/

(2)

       ysLwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okdY rnfodkY0ifa&mufvmonfudk raqG;aEG;rD ol wkdYu rnfokdYaom rsKd;EG,fpk jzpfaMumif;udk a&S;OD;pGm wifjyvdkygonf/ urÇmay:wGif &Sd vlrsKd;rsm;udk tom;rnf;vlrsKd;? tom;jzLvlrsKd;ESifhtom;0gvlrsKd;[lí rsKd;EG,fpkMuD; 3-ck&Sdonf/ tom;rnf;rsKd;EG,fpkMuD;udk eD;uvGKduf Neroid [lívnf;aumif;? t om;jzLrsKd;EG,fpkMuD;udk ,l&k(yf)yGKduf Europoid[lívnf;aumif;? tom;0grsKd;EG,fpk MuD;udk Mongoloid[lívnf;aumif;ac:Muonf/

       tmz&duwkduf&SdvlrsKd;tm;vkH;vkdvkd tom;rnf;rsKd;EG,fpkMuD;wGif yg0ifonf/ tom;jzLrsKd;EG,fpkMuD;onf trsm;tm;jzifh Oa&mywkdufwGif aexkdifMuonf/ tom; 0grsKd;EG,fpkMuD;rlum; trsm;tm;jzifh tm&Swkdufta&SUydkif;ü aexkdifMuonfudk awGU& onf/ tar&duwkdufwGifvnf; aexkdifMuonf/ rGef*kdvGKduf ESifh rGef*kdvf[laom a0g [m&ESpfvkH;udk  ra&maxG;oifhacs/ vGefcJhaomtcgü &mZ0ifzwfpmtcsKdUwGifvnf; aumif;? yx0D0ifzwfpmtcsKdUwGifvnf;aumif;? ]]jrefrmwkdYonf armif;*GwfvlrsKd;rS qif;oufvmonf}}[k rSm;,Gif;pGmaz:jyxm;onfukd awGUcJh&bl;onf/ rGef*kdvfvGKduf onf tom;0grsKd;EG,fpktm;vkH;udk jcKHíac:aom trnfjzpfonf/ ,if;txJü rGef *kdvfvnf;yg0ifonf/ tar&duwkduf&Sd Red Indian rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/

       uRefawmfonf rGef*kdvGKduf[laom t*FvdyftoHvS,ftrnfudk rokH;yJ tom; 0grsKd;EG,fMuD;[laom trnfukdom okH;csifonf/ ysLonf tom;0grsKd;EG,fpkMuD;rS wd Auf-jrefrmrsKd;EG,fwGif yg0ifaom tpkwpfpkjzpfonf/ ysLtpkonf jrefrmtpkESifhESD; EG,fonf/ jrefrmtpk txJwGif jrefrm? &ckdif? vZD;? ZD;? zGef;? tmcsef(ac:)rkdif;om; ponfwkdY yg0ifonf/ ysLtpkudk jrefrmtpkxJ xnfhoGif;aygif;pkvkdvQif aygif;pkEkdif onf/ ,if;odkYaygif;pkvkdufaomtpkudk ysLjrefrmtpk Pyu-Burman Group[k ac: wGifEkdifrnfxifonf/ odkYr[kwf oD;oefYtrnfrwGifawmhyJ ysLudk jrefrmtpktxJokdY xnfhoGif;vkdufjyD; jrefrmtpkxJwGif ysLtpki,fyg0ifaMumif; az:jyvQifvnf; jyD; ajrmufonf/

       uRefawmhftjrifudkajym&vQif ysLtpkudk  jrefrmtpkxJodkY xnfhoGif;vkdonf/ wzef ysLwkdYyg0ifaom jrefrmtpkukd avmfavmftpkESifh aygif;pkEkdifao;onf/ t aMumif;rlum; avmfavmftpkwkdY ajymaompum;rsm;onf jrefrmtpkwkdY ajymaom pum;rsm;ESifhtajccHtm;jzifh ESD;EG,faomaMumifh jzpfonf/

(3)

       ysLonf wdAuf-jrefrmrsKd;EG,fpkxJü tpkwpfpkjzpfaMumif;? jrefrmtpkESifhESD;EG,f aMumif; ynm&Siftrsm;wdkYu ,kHMunfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh ysLwdkYbkd;ab;rsm;ESihfjrefrm tpkxJrS tjcm;rsKd;wlpkwkdY\bkd;ab;rsm;onf a&S;tcgü wae&mwGif twlaexkdifcJh aMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ odkYr[kwfygu olwkdY\bmompum;rsm;onf ESD;EG,fMurnf r[kwfay/ wdAuf-jrefrm[k qkdvkdufaomtcg wdAuf-jrefrmrsKd;EG,fpkrSeforQonf wdAufukef;jyifjrifhrS qif;vmMuonf[k tcsKdUaomolwkdYu ,lqwwfonf/ vGefcJh aomtcg pmtkyftcsKdUrsm;wGif þokdYqkdxm;onfudkvnf; awGUzl;onf/ trSefrlum;  wdAuf-jreffrmjzpfwkdif; wdAufukef;jyifjrifhrS qif;vmonfr[kwfay/ wdAuf[laom a0g[m&ygonfudkMunfh&kHrQjzifh wdAuf-jrefrmrSeforQonf wdAufukef;jyifjrifhrSqif; vmMuonfh rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqvQifrSm;ayrnf/ wdAuf-jrefrm[laoma0g [m& jzpfvmykHum; þokdYwnf;/ w&kwfEkdifiHtaemufajrmufydkif; aumfaumfaemf&f KoKo Nor (yifv,fjym)rS jrefrmEkdifiHtxd&Sdaom rsKd;EG,fpkwdkY\bmompum;ukd avhvmokH;oyfaomtcg xkdrsKd;EG,fpkwdkY\bmompum;rsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh ESD; EG,faMumif;udk ynm&SifwkdYu awGUodxm;ojzifh xkdrsKd;EG,fpktm;vkH;udk jcKHí ac:wGif aomtrnfwpfckudk ynm&SifwkdY &SmMuH&m ,cktcg vlOD;a&vnf;trsm;qkH;? orkdif; wpfavQmufüvnf; xif&Sm;aom vlrsKd;jzpfcJhaom wdAufom;ESifhjrefrmwkdYudk awGU aomaMumifh ,if;vlrsKd;EG,fpktm;vkH;twGuf wdAuf-jrefrm[k uifyGef;wyfvkdufjcif; jzpfonf/ ac:qkd&mü vG,fulatmif trnfwpfckay;vkdufjcif;om jzpfygonf/ rGef- cr,f [laoma0g[m&rSmvnf; rGefcr,frsKd;EG,fpktm;vkH;udk jcHKíac:aom trnf jzpfygonf/

(4)

       rnfonfhvlrsKd;\tpudkrQ uREkfyfwkdY rodEkdifawmhay/ odkY&mwGif tcsKdUaomrsKd; EG,fpkwdkY a&S;tcgaexdkifcJhzl;aom ae&yfukdrlum; a&S;a[mif;pmaytaxmuftxm; udkavhvmjcif;tm;jzifh az:xkwfEkdifygonf/ od&oavmuf wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYaexkdif cJhzl;aoma&S;a[mif;ae&yfonf ,ckw&kwfEdkifiHjrpf0gjrpftnmykdif;jzpfonf/ (w&kwf wkdYrlum; jrpf0gjrpftv,fydkif; ajr0gukef;jyifjrifhwGif aexkdifcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh a&S; a[mif;wdAuf-jrefrmpum; txl;ojzifh a&S;a[mif;jrefrmpum;tcsKdUonf a&S; a[mif;w&kwfpum;tcsKdUESifhxyfwljzpfaMumif;udk avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/)bDpD 11-&m pk(q,hfwpf)cefYwGif wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYonf tkyfpkMuD;ESpfpk uGJvmcJhjyDjzpfonf/ tkyfpk MuD;wpfpkonf aumfaumfaemf&f KoKo Nor (yifv,fjymtkdifMuD;)\taemufbuf odkYvnf;aumif;? taemufawmifbufodkYvnf;aumif; ysHUESHYaexkdifí tjcm;tkyfpkMuD;  wpfpkrlum; ,ckw&kwfEkdifiH pDcRrfe,fodkY ysHUESHYvmonf/ w&kwfEkdifiHuefpke,frS pDcRrf e,fodkY ysHUESHYaexkdifaom tkyfpkMuD;udk ta&SUbufwdAuf-jrefrm[lívnf;aumif;? uefpke,frS aumfaumfaemf&ftkdifMuD;\taemufbufESifh taemufawmifbufodkYysHUESHY aexkdifoGm;aom tkyfpkMuD;udk taemufbufwdAuf-jrefrm[lívnf;aumif; ac:Ekdif onf/ ta&SUbufwdAuf-jrefrmtkyfpkMuD;wGif avmfavmftpk? jrefrmtpk ponfwkdYyg 0ifí taemufbufwdAuf-jrefrmtkyfpkMuD;wGif wdAuftpk pDzeftpk ponfwkdYyg0if onf/ pDcRrfe,fodkY qif;vmaom wdAuf-jrefrmrsm;onf pDcRrfe,ftaemufydkif;wGif omysHUESYHaexkdifEkdifonf/ taMumif;rlum; wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYonf pDcRrfe,fysHUESHYvmae pOftcg wkdif; Tai(&Srf;)rsKd;EG,fpkxJrS wpfpkonf pDcRrfe,fta&SUydkif;wGif ysHUESHYaexkdif vmjyDjzpfonf/ pDcRrfe,ftaemufydkif;odkY qif;vmaom wdAuf-jrefrmrsKd;EG,fpkwpfpk onf ,efpDjrpftnmykdif;jzpfaom a&ToJjrpfGold Sand Riverudk jzwfausmfjyD; ,leefe,fta&SUydkif;odkY a&mufvmonf/ ,leefe,fta&SUykdif;odkY a&mufvmaom xdk tpkonf avmfavmf Lo-Lo Group jzpfonf/ jrefrmtpkrlum; pDcRrfe,ft aemufydkif;wGif wefYaeonf/

(5)

       jrefrmtpkxJrS a&S;OD;jrefrm(wpfenf;tm;jzifh ,ck jrefrm? &ckdifwkdY\bkd;ab; rsm;)onf bDpD 4-&mpkwGif pDcRrfe,ftaemufydkif;wGif &Sdaeao;aMumif; taxmuf txm; tckdiftvkH&Sdonf/ a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf jrpf0gjrpfnmydkif;ü aexkdifcJhpOfu wd&pämefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;vkyfudkifcJhaom rsKd;EG,fpkjzpfaomfvnf; pDcRrfe,ftaemuf ykdif;odkYa&mufvmaomtcg pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifvmawmhonf/ csnfrQif ydk;arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;onf txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfonf/ avmfavmftpkonf ,leefe,ft a&SUydkif;wGif ysHUESHYvmjyDjzpfojzifh jrefrmtpkonf ,leefe,ftaemufydkif;odkY wa&GUa&GU wjznf;jznf; ysHUESHYvmawmhonf/ a&S;OD;pGm cGJxGufvmaom tpkwpfpkonf ysLtpk jzpfonf/

       ysLwkdYonf bDpD 4-&mpkaemufydkif;cefYwGif ,leefe,f taemufydkif;odkYpwif0if vmonf[k awG;xifzG,f&Sd\/ ysLwkdYonf ,leefe,ftaemufydkif; rJacgifjrpftnm ydkif;ESifhoHvGifjrpftnmydkif;Mum;&Sd a'ookdY qif;vmonfh tcsdefumvwGif tjcm;rsKd; EG,fpkwpfpk a&TUajymif;vIyf&Sm;rIESifhMuKHMudKufonf/ [EGKdifvGifjyifwGif&Sd rGef-cr,frsKd; EG,fpkwpfpkonf jrpfeD Red River twkdif; qefwufvmjyD;vQif jrpfeDjrpfzsm;cH&m a'ojzpfaom wmvDa'ookdY 0ifa&mufvmonf/ xkdrSwpfqifh rJacgifjrpfESifhoHvGif jrpfMum;&Sda'oodkY a&mufvmonf/ ,if;rGef-cr,frsKd;EG,fpkonf ajrmufydkif;rGefcr,f jzpfí zlref? 0? yavmif? &d? tmefwkdY yg0ifonf/

       ysLwkdYonf rJacgifjrpfESifhoHvGifjrpfMum;odkY qif;vmcsdefwGif pDcRrfe,fta&SU ykdif;rS wkdif;Tai(&Srf;)tpkwpfpk txl;ojzifha&ToJjrpfurf;&Sd wkdif;(&Srf;)tpkwpfpkonf a&ToJjrpfudkausmfjzwfí ,leefe,fajrmufydkif;tpGefqkH;jzpfaomvDusefa'oodkYa&muf vmonf/ wkdif;(&Srf;)wkdYonf wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYysHUESHYaexkdif&mjzpfaom pDcRrfe,ft aemufydkif;ESifh,leefe,fta&SUydkif;okdY rxkd;azmufEkdifaomfvnf; obm0vrf;aMumif; jzpfaom a&ToJjrpfukdrl wdAuf-jrefrmwkdYu rydwfqkdYEkdifacs/ xkdYaMumifh wkdif;(&Srf;)wkdY u vDusefa'obufodYk ul;vmEkdifonf/ ,leefe,fta&SUydkif;ESifhtaemufykdif;wGif wdAuf-jrefrm ysHUESHYvmaejyDjzpfojzifh wdkif;(&Srf;)wdkYonf wdAuf-jrefrmrsm;wkdYtMum; [maeonfhae&yfjzpfaom ,efyDjrpfudk  xkd;azmufjyD; awmifbufodkYqif;vm&m rJ acgifjrpfta&SUbufurf;odkY a&mufvmonf/ ,if;odkY aAGaqmfOD;,leefa'ookdYqif; vmaom wkdif;(&Srf;)tpkonf rJacgifjrpftaemufbufurf;ESifhoHvGifjrpftMum; &Sd aeaom ysLrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;í rJacgifjrpfta&SUbufurf;wGif ysHUESHYaepOf ta&SUbuf rS a&TUajymif;vIyf&Sm;vmaom rGefcr,fESifhwkd;rdjyefonf/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdYonf wmh vDa'oodkY vSnfh0ifoGm;onf/ vSnfh0ifrdojzifh rGefcr,frsKd;EG,fpkESifhwdAuf-jrefrmrsKd; EG,fpkwkdY t0kdif;cHrdonf/ xkdYaMumifh aAGaqmfOD;qif;vmí wmhvDa'oodkY0ifrdaom wkdif;(&Srf;)wpfpkonf aemiftcg rJacgifjrpfurf;odkYa&mufvmaom wkdif;(&Srf;)ESifht qufjywfoGm;awmhonf/ bDpD 2-&mpkü wmhvDa'o&SdrsKd;EG,fpkonf wkdif;(&Srf;)jzpf aMumif; oufaotaxmuftxm; &Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdtpkonf rGef-cr,fpk? wd Auf-jrefrmtpkwdkY\vTrf;rkd;rIudkvnf; cH&onfhtjyif w&kwfwkdY\xkd;azmufrIudkvnf; cHvm&ojzifh ,cktcgü xkdtpkwkdYajymaompum;onf bmompum;trsKd;rsKd; a&m >yrf;aejyD; wdAuf-jrefrmvnf;r[kwf? rGefcr,fvnf; r[kwf? wkdif;(&Srf;)vnf;r[kwf aomrsKd;EG,fpkwpfpk jzpfvmavjyD/ ,if;rsKd;EG,fpkudk ykdifrsKd;EG,f[kac:Muonf/ rif usm[kvnf;ac:onf/

(6)

       ajrmufydkif; rGefcr,ftpkwkdY\a&TUajymif;vIyf&Sm;rIonf pDcRrfe,ftaemufydkif; rS ,leefe,ftaemufydkif;odkY qif;vmaomjrefrmtpkukd jzwfawmufvkdufonf[k awG;xifzG,f&Sd\/ xkdtcsdefwGif ysLtpkonf ,leefe,ftaemufydkif; atmufbufodkY a&mufaeavjyD/ jrefrmtpkwGifyg0ifaom tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkwdkYonf ysLwkdYaemufodkY vkdufygcJhygaomfvnf; rGefcr,frsKd;EG,fpkwkdY a&TUajymif;jzwfoef;rIaMumifh wefYae& onf/ xkdtcsdefrSpí ysLtpkonf nDtpfudkwpf0rf;uGJrsm; jzpfMuaom jrefrm? &ckdif? ZD;? tZD;? zGef;? tmcsef(rkdif;om)wdkYESifhtqufjywfoGm;awmhonf/

       ,leefe,ftaemufydkif;odkYa&mufaeaomysLonf jrefrmEkdifiHodkYa&vrf;ESifhukef; vrf;jzifh 0ifa&mufvmawmh\/ tpkwpfpkonf Aef;armfrS {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;t wkdif; qif;vmonf/ tjcm;wpfpkonf ukef;vrf;jzifh0ifvmonf/ a&vrf;rS0ifvm aomysLtpkonf {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmuf tysHUtESHY aexkdifvmjyD; ukef;vrf;odkY 0ifvmaom ysLtpkonfvnf; &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;rS jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY ysHUESHU vmonf/ aemufqkH;ü ukef;vrf;rS 0ifvmaomtpkonf a&vrf;rS0ifvmaomtpk ESifhjrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;wGif aygif;qkHrdonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdvQif ,leefe,f taemufydkif;ü uGJcJhaom ysLwdkY\om;ajr;rsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fykdif;ü jyefvnf qkHqnf;rdonf/

       ysLwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmjyD;aemuf EkdifiHopfwpfckwnf axmifvmonf/ tdE´d,wkdif;om;rsm;ESifhawGUxdrdojzifh rdrdyifukd ,Ofaus;rItcsKdUukd pGefYvTwfjyD; ,Ofaus;rItopfudk vufcHvmonf/ pmayta&;tom;&Sdvmonf/ tdE´d,ykHpH0ifaomEkdifiHwpfEkdifiH Indianized State jzpfvmonf/ tjcm;jrefrmt pkrS rsKd;EG,fpkESihfpmvQif wkd;wufonf[k qkd&ayrnf/ ysLEkdifiHwpfEkdifiH wnf&Sdonfht aMumif;udk bDpD128-ckESpfwGif bufMwd,odkYa&mufcJhaom w&kwfoHtrwfusefcsdtJef vnf;odonf/ xkdYaMumifh ysLwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHodkY 0ifa&mufvmaom tcsdefonf bDpD 3-&mpkcefY jzpfrnf[k a,bk,stm;jzifh owfrSwfEkdifrnfxifonf/ odkYr[kwfyg u usefcsdtJefonf bDpD 128-ckESpfwGif olwdkYtaMumif;udk Mum;odcJhrnfr[kwfay/

&nfpdef

rSwfcsuf/    /1980-ckESpfxkwf? Ekd0ifbmv &wemrGef"r®r*¾Zif; pmrsufESm(48 rS 51xd)vm&Sdaom aqmif;yg;udk jyefvnf&kdufESdyfygonf/