သမုိင္းမတင္မီ၊ သမုိင္းႀကိဳႏွင့္သမုိင္း ဟူေသာေ၀ါဟာရမ်ား

orkdif;rwifrDç orkdif;MudKESifhorkdif;[laom a0g[m&rsm; OD;jrifhatmif

       tMudKorkdif;qkdaoma0g[m&ukd ,cif rEÅav;wuúokdvforkdif;ygarmu©(,ck *syefEkdifiHa&muf {nfhygarmu©)a'gufwmoef;xGef;u pwif okH;pGJcJhonfudk awGU&Sd& onf/ a'gufwmoef;xGef;onf uefompdrf;vJhtzGJU 18-ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfyGJudk &efukefwuúokdvfe,fajr tr&aqmifü usif;yaomtcg ]]ArmtMudKorkdif;}}acgif; pOfjzifh ausmufacwf,Ofaus;rIrsm;taMumif; pmwrf;wapmifudk 26-9-71-aeYu zwfMum;wifoGif;cJhonf/ ,if;onfhaemuf wuúokdvforkdif;q&mrsm;u ]]tMudK orkdif;}}qkdaoma0g[m&ukd qufvufokH;pGJchJMu\/ orkdif;enf;jyq&mOD;ausmfonf jy'g;vif;*ltaMumif; okH;oyfcsufaqmif;yg;wapmifudk wuúokdvfynmya'ompm apmif? twGJ 13? tykdif; 2? 1979? rwfvxkwftwGuf a&;om;&mwGif aqmif;yg; acgif;pOfudk ]]jrefrmhtMudKorkdif;ESifhjy'g;vif;*l}}[k wyfcJhonf/

       þodkYjzifh tMudKorkdif;a0g[m&tokH;tEIef;ESifhywfoufí pdwf0ifpm;rdonf ESifhtrQ ueOD; okH;pGJol q&moef;xGef;tm; ar;jref;Munfhrdonf/ q&mu Prewar qkdaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;ukd jrefrmwkdYu ]]ppfMudKacwf}}[k jyefqkdokH;pGJcJhMuaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh orkdif;rwkdifrD ausmufacwf"avhrsm;taMumif; az:jy&mwGif Prehistory (0g)orkdif;udk MudKí jzpfyGm;cJhonfh jzpfpOfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom pum;vkH;ukd tMudK orkdiff;[lonfhteuft"dyÜg,fjzifh okH;pGJaMumif; pma&;oltm; &Sif;jyzl;ygonf/ Prewar ukd ppfMudKacwf[k okH;pGJonfrSmrSefygonf/ odkYaomf Prehistory qkdaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;udk tMudKorkdif;[k qkdvkdufvQif vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf t"dyÜg,fr& wwfao;onfukd awG;rd\/

       xkdodkY rvGwfuRwfonfhtcsufrSm tjcm;r[kwf/ t*Fvdyfa0g[m&e,fy,fü Prohistory qkdaompum;vkH;wvkH; &Sdaeao;aomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ t*Fvdyftbd "mefrsm;wGif Prehistory qkdaompum;vkH;\t"dyÜg,fudk ]]a&;rSwfxm;onfh rSwfwrf; rsm; ray:aygufrDu urÇmajrjyifESifvlom;wkdY\qifhuJ ajymif;vJrIjzpfpOfZmwfvrf;}} [lonhfteuft"dyÜg,f ay;xm;onf/ þwGif Prohistory rS Proto qdkaompum;vkH; \t"dyÜg,fudk &SmazGMunfhrdjyefonf/ Proto onf vufwifbmom a&SUqufpum; (Prefix) jzpfí t"dyÜg,frSm for (twGuf) fore (ta&SU) before (rwkdifrD) forward (a&SUodkY)qkdaom t"dyÜg,frsm; &&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/

       bmoma0g[m&taejzifh ay;xm;aom t"dyÜg,frsm;t& Prehistory qkdaom a0g[m&ESifh Prohistory qkdaoma0g[m&onf wckESifhwck t"dyÜg,fxif&Sm; uGJjym; Muonf[k qkdEkdif&efcufcJayonf/ odkYaomf þpum;vkH;rsm;udk a&S;a[mif;ESifhorkdif; okawoee,fy,frsm;wGif okH;pGJMuaomaMumifh orkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh,SOfwGJt"dyÜg,f az:xkwf&ef vkdtyfvmonf/

       Prehistory qkdaompum;vkH;udk yxrqkH; pwifokH;pGJcJholonf 'ifeD,,f0Dv qif (Daniel Wilson) jzpfí 1851-ckESpfwGif okH;pGJcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ola&;aompm tkyf paumhwvefjynf\a&S;a[mif;okawoeESifhorkdif;rwkdifrDjzpf&yfrsm; (The Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotloand) ac:pmtkyfwGifpwifokH;pGJjcif; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh þpum;vkH;onf 1851-ckESpfrSpí t*Fvdyfbmompum;e,f y,fwGif;odkY csOf;eif;a&muf&SdoGm;cJh\/ þpum;vkH;ESifhoHwlaMumif;wl pum;vkH;rsm; udk jyifopfwkdYu Prehistoric [lívnf;aumif;? tDwvDwkdYu Prehistoria [lí vnf;aumif;? *smrefwkdYu Vorgreschichte [lívnf;aumif;? 'def;wdkYu Oldtid[lí vnf;aumif; ac:a0:okH;pGJcJhMuonf/

       þwGif t*FvefEkdifiH uif;A&pfwuúodkvfa&S;a[mif;okawoeynmuxdu a'gufwm*vif;'ifeD,,fu ol\orkdif;rwifrDacwf avhvma&;ynm&yft,ltq (The Idea of Prehistory)  qkdaompmtkyf pmrsufESm (10)wGif-

       ]] (History) orkdif;bmom&yf[k qkdvdkufvQif pmzwfol trsm;pktaejzifh orkdif;ukd pmjzifha&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;[k oabmaygufem;vnfMuaMumif; uREkfyf awG;xifrdonf/

       ,ck uREkfyfwkdYtaejzifh Prehistory [kajymvkdufaomtcg pmjzifha&;om;rSwf wrf;wifaomacwfrwkdifrDu vlUwkd;wufrIrsm;taMumif; avhvmonfhynm&yfyif jzpfonf/}}

[k&Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf/ xkdYxufydkí 'ifeD,,fu &Sif;jyjyef&mwGif yxr t csuftaejzifh a&S;OD;vlom;\pma&;rxm;onfh <uif;usef&pfaom vufokH;ud&d,m rsm;? vufeufypönf;rsm;? tkd;tdrf bk&m;ausmif;uef? eH&Haq;a&;? ocsKØif;*l? v,f uGif;? cHwyfESifha&&[yfrsm;udk avhvmonfhynm&yf[lívnf;aumif;? 'kwd,t csuftaejzifh a&S;acwfvlom;\ywf0ef;usifjzpfcJhaom toD;? tyif? ausmufjzpft &kd;rsm;udk avhvmaomynm&yf[lívnf;aumif; xyfrH&Sif;vif;az:jyxm;onf/

       vef'efwuúokdvf a&S;a[mif;okawoeAdrmefywf0ef;usif a&S;a[mif;okaw oeynm ygarmu©a'gufwmZGKdif;em;uvnf; ol\tdE´d,jynf orkdif;rwifrDacwf avhvma&;ynm (Prehistory in India) pmtkyfwGif

       ]]tdE´Kjrpf0Srf; ,Ofaus;rIonf ESpfaygif; 4500-cefYMumjrifh a[mif;EGrf;cJhjyDjzpf onf/ þokdYqkdojzifh acwfMuD;wacwftjzpf xifrSwfp&m&Sd\/ þacwfMuD;xuf apmaom ESpfaxmifaomif;csDonfh acwfMuD;wacwfvnf; &SdcJhzl;ao;onf/ ,if; acwfMuD;wGif vlom;onf owåKudk rokH;? tpm;tpmudk &SmazG&aomb0ü aecJh& \/ þacwfudk ausmufacwf[k ac:onf/ þausmufacwftaMumif; uREkfyfwkdY avhvm,if;jzifh orkdif;wifa&S;a[mif;okawoee,fy,frS Prehistoy ac:orkdif; rwif a&S;a[mif;okawoe e,fy,fodkYa&muf&SdoGm;cJhMuonf/}}

[lí a&;om;um 'ifeD,,fudk axmufcHxm;ayonf/

       xkdYaMumifh 'ifeD,,f\oabmt& Prehistoy onf orkdif;udk pmjzifha&;om; rSwfwrf;wifonfhacwf rwkdifrDu vlUorkdif;taMumif; avhvmaomynm&yf[k qkd vkd&ma&mufayonf/ ,if;udk tMudKorkdif;[k ac:jcif;xuf ]]orkdif;rwifacwf avh vma&;ynm}}[k ac:vQif ydkrkdavsmfuefrnf xifygonf/

       a'gufwmoef;xGef; okH;pGJaom tMudKorkdif;qkdonfh a0g[m&onf Protohistoy qkdaom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;ESifhykdrkdoufqkdifonf[k ,laomf oifhrnfxif ygonf/ þodkYxif&onfrSm tbd"mefvm t"dyÜg,faMumifh r[kwfyg/ orkdif;avhvm rIt&jzpfonf/ Proto qkdaomvufwifbmom a&SUqufpum;vkH;udk ]]tMudK}}[k jref rmbmomjzifh teufzGifhvkdygonf/ urÇmhordkif;wGif ausmufacwfac:orkdif;udk pm jzifh a&;om;rSwfwrf;rwifonfh acwfukefqkH;cJaomtcg? tD*spfEkdifiHü t&kyfpm t a&;tom;ESifhtdE´d,EkdifiH tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;ü t&kyfpmtajcjyKpdwful;ÓPfjyta&;tom; (Ideographs) rsm;jzpfay:wkd;wufvmcJhMuonf/ þacwfrsm;wGif &kyfykdif;ESifhpdwfydkif; ,Ofaus;rIbufrsm;üvnf; vGefpGmzGUHNzdK;wkd;wufcJh\/ tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rI wenf; tm;jzifh [m&yÜ,Ofaus;rIonf tdE´d,EkdifiHMuD;tm; tjcm;urÇmha&S;a[mif;EkdifiHMuD; rsm;ESifh&ifaygifwef;apcJhonf/ þ[m&yÜ,Ofaus;rI xGef;um;cJhaom bDpD 5000-cefY rS 2500-cefYumvESifhbDpD 600-txuf a0'acwfumvudk tdE´d,a&S;a[mif;ok awoeynm&Sif a'gufwmqefuvd,u Protohistory  [laom a0g[m&e,fy,f wGif xnfhoGif;oifhonf[k qkdrdefYzl;onf/

H.D Sankalia Indian Archaeology To-day, Bombay Asia Publishing  House (1962. p.27).

qefuvd,u qufvufa&;om;&mwGif-

       ]][m&yÜacwfudk wnfaxmifcJholrsm;onf pma&;om;wwfuRrf;Mu\/ olwkdY \t&kyfpmta&;tom;rsm;udk uREkfyfwkdY pdwfauseyfG,f t"dyÜg,fraz:xkwfEkdifao; jcif;onf olwkdY\tjypfr[kwfygacs/ þpmta&;tom;udk zwfEkdifvmonfESifh wjydKifeuf tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;,Ofaus;rIonf tD*spfESifhqlrm;&D;,ef;rsm;uJhodkY  Protohisto-ric (orkdif;MudKacwf) odkYr[kwf Prehistoric (orkdif;rwifrDacwf)e,fy,frS Historic (orkdif;acwf)e,fy,fodkY ul;ajymif;a&muf&SdoGm;rnffom jzpfawmhonf/

[lía&;om;xm;onf/

       uREkfyfwkdY EkdifiHorkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;udk MunfhvQif tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;enf;wl a&S;tus qkH; umvu ausmufacwfrsm; xGef;um;cJhzl;onfudk awGUMu&\/ ,if;wkdYteuf t apmqkH;aomacwfudk tnmom;,Ofaus;rI (Anyathian Culture) xGef;um;onfh acwf[k ac:qkdcJhMuonf/ þacwfonf vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 1-odef;ywf0ef;usif wGifjzpfonf/ þausmufacwfonf ausmufMurf;acwfvnf; jzpfonf/ ,if;aemuf ausmufacsmacwf xGef;um;cJhaom taxmuftxm;rsm;udk EkdifiHtEHYSwGif awGU&Sd& onf/ aMu;acwfwacwfvnf; xGef;um;cJhao;[ef wlonf/ taMumif;rl aMu;rkd; MudK;oGm;ac: aMu;ykqdefoGm;tcsKdUudk awGU&Sd&aomaMumifhyif jzpf\/ jrefrmhausmuf acwfrsm;wGif pmayta&;tom; ray:aygufao;ojzifh orkdif;tjcif;t&mjzpfpOf rsm;udk pmjzifha&;om; rSwfwrf;wifEkdifjcif; r&SdcJhacs/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmhausmufacwf udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh Prehistoric Age  odkYr[kwf orkdif;rwifrDacwf[kac:vQif ykdrkd qDavsmfrnfjzpfonf/

       ausmufacwf vGefajrmufí jrefrmEkdifiHw0ef;odkY rGef*kdEG,f0ifrsm; 0ifvm a&muf&Sd tajcpkdufMujyD;aemuf ysLwkdY\NrdKUjyEkdifiHrsm; jzpfay:wkd;wufvmMuaomt cg ysLpmta&;tom;udk awGUvmMu&onf/ ysLwkdY\ydokum? tEkynm? EkdifiHa&; ponfwkYdonf aemufydkif; wkd;wufrIrsm;udk aumif;pGmaphaqmfcJh\/ xdkYaMumifh ausmufacwfrsm;xufydkí aemufydkif;wkd;wufrIrsm;udk vrf;cif;ay;cJhonf[kqkdvQif rrSm;wef&macs/ odkYaomf ysLwkdYa&;om;cJhMuaom ysLpmrsm;udkum; uG,fvGefol a'gufwmpDtkdAvif'ifESifhq&mMuD;OD;omjrwfwkdYrSwyg; rnfolrQ xdxda&mufa&muf rzwfEkdifao;acs/ xkdYaMumifh pma&;oltaejzifh ysLacwfudk Protohistoric Age wenf;tm;jzifh orkdif;MudKacwf (a'gufwmoef;xGef; pum;jzifh]]tMudKorkdif;}}acwf) [kac:a0:vkdayonf/

       ysLacwfvGefajrmufí jrefrmppfppf ay:xGef;vmaomtcg orkdif;jzpf&yfrsm; udk ausmufpmwGif rSwfwrf;wifaomyk*HacwfOD;odkY qkdufa&muf\/ xkdacwfudk Historic Age  odkYr[kwf orkdif;acwf[k ac:&rnfjzpfygonf/

       þodkYvQif orkdif;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifhwkdufqkdifn§dEIdif;í acwftoD;oD;udk trnfay; EkdifrnfjzpfayEdkifrnf xifonf/ urÇmhtapmqkH;,Ofaus;rIrsm; xGef;um;&mEkdifiHMuD; tcsKdU\orkdif;jzpfpOfwkd;wufrIrsm;ESifh,SOfMunfhvQif jrefrmhorkdif;rwifrDacwfonf aemufrusvSaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ orkdif;MudKESifhorkdif;acwfrsm;rSmrl aemufuswef oavmuf aemufusaeao;onfhtcsufudk t&Sdtwkdif;awGUMu&rnfvnf;jzpf\/

       rnfokdYyifjzpfap Prehistoy  udk orkdif;rwifrD Protohistoy  udk orkdif;MudKESifh histoy udk orkdif;acwfavhvmrIynm&yfrsm;[k ac:a0:okH;pGJMuvQif a&S;a[mif;ESifh EkdifiHorkdif;okawoeudpörsm;ü wlnDaoma0g[m&toHk;tEIef;rsm; jzpfvmEkdifp&m taMumif;&Sdygonf/ rzwfwwfao;aomysLpmrsm;udk zwfwwfvmonfESifhtrQ ysL wkdY\tMuKdorkdif;onf ysLorkdif;tjzpfodkY ajymif;vJoGm;rnfom jzpfygonf/

OD;jrifhatmif

rSwfcsuf/    /pmayvkyfom;r*¾Zif;? 1985-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv? pmrsufESm 106 rS 108xd üvm&Sdaomaqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdbJ &kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/