ဗိႆႏုိးေခတ္ႏွင့္ယေန႔အျမင္ (ေမာင္လႊမ္းမုိး)

AdóEkd;acwf

ESifh

,aeYtjrif

armifvTrf;rkd;

       acwfudk orkdif;u ajymvdrfhrnf[laom aqmifyk'ft& tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm; tvTmtoD;oD;\tkyfcsKyfrIenf;pepfwkdYudk avhvmí xdkacwfxkdtcgor,u t aumif;tqkd; tusKd;tjypfwkdYukd orkdif;avhvmolrsm;uom owfrSwfEkdifayonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif urÇmOD;wnfprS rsufarSmufacwftxd xkdausmufacwf? av;ESifhjr§m; acwf? owåKacwf? orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfacwf? ajr&Sifay'o&mZfacwf? t&if;&Sifacwf ?qkd&S,fvpfacwf ponfjzifh orkdif;uom owfrSwfac:wGifcJhayonf/ xkdYtwl jref rmjynfwGif at'D 1-&mpkrS 5-&mpktxd ay:aygufvmaom AdóEkd;acwfudkvnf; orkdif;tjrifjzifh waphwapmif; avhvmí owfrSwf&ayrnf/

       AdóEkd;jrdKUa[mif;onf at'D 1-&mpkavmufrS pwifay:aygufvmaomjrdKUEkdif iH (City State) jzpfonf[k wGufq&onf/ at'D 1-&mpkrS 5-&mpktxd AdóEkd;jrdKU onf wnfwHhjyD;? acwfjydKifEkdifiHjzpfaom oa&acwå&mESifhppfrufjzpfyGm;jyD;aemuf ysufokOf;oGm;cJh&onf/ xkdAdóEkd;jrdKUa[mif;onf ajrmuftHom(20H)? ta&SUtHom (95H)^23tDMum;wGif wnf&SdjyD;? wESpfvQif rkd;a&csdefvufr 35-vufr rS 40-vufr txd ysrf;rQ&Gmaom awmifwGif;MuD;jrdKUESifhjrdKUopfjrdKUrsm; wnf&Sd&m jrefrmjynftv,f ydkif;rkd;acgifa&&Sm; &yf0ef;taemufawmifpGef;a'o? ,if;acsmif;vGifjyifESifh&efy,f acsmif;wkdYonf AdóEkd;jrdKUa[mif;wnf&Sd&ma'o jzpfonf/

       AdóEkd;jrdKUonf yifv,fa&jyifrS ay 330-cefYjrifhaom ,if;acsmif;jrpf0Srf; vGifjyifwGif wnfxm;\/ jrdKUwnf&ma'oonf jyefYjyL;nDnmjcif;r&SdbJ awmifukef; tedrfhtjrifh tenf;i,f&Sdonf/ ydkrkdívnf; ajcmufaoGU\/ opfMuD;0g;MuD; rayguf bJ opfi,f0g;i,f jcKHaygif;wkdYom aygufa&mufonf/ ,if;acsmif;vGifjyifukd jzpfay: apaom ,if;acsmif;onf ykyÜg;awmif\awmifbuf&Sd a&a0awmifwef;wGif jrpfzsm; cHí awmifbufokdY pD;qif;vmjyD;aemuf tvsm; 8-rkdif teH 4-rkdifus,faom jrpf 0Srf;ajrjyefYwckudk jzpfay:aponf/ xkdYaemuf awmifukef;jrifhrsm;udk jzwfoef;pD;qif; jyD; jrifuGef;jrdKUtxuf 5-rkdifcefYtuGmwGif {&m0wDjrpfwGif;odkY pD;0ifonf/ xkdokdYr 0ifa&mufrD jzwfoef;cJh&aom awmifukef;awmifwef;onf awmifajrmufwef;ae\/ awmifbufwGif ay 750 jrifhí ajrmufbufwGif ay 450jrifh\/ þawmifwef; onf AdóEkd;jrdKUESifh{&m0wDjrpfaMumif;udk cGJjcm;xm;aom t&HwHwkdif;ESifhwlae\/

       þ,if;acsmif;vGifjyifonf EkH;ajrEkrsm;ESifhtwefajrMoZm aumif;aomvGif jyifjzpf\/ ,if;acsmif;ESifh¤if;\jrpfvufwufwkdYrSa&rsm;udk qnfajrmif;rsm;jzifh oG,f ,lí vlwkdYpdkufysKd;vsuf&dSMu\/ AdóEkd;acwf vlwkdYonfvnf; tvm;wlyif pkdufysKd; vkyfukdifcJhMuonf[k cefYrSef;&onf/ pyg;rStp rkd;acgifa&&Sm; &yf0ef;oD;ESHwkdYpkdufysKd; vkyfudkifEkdifojzifh þajrjyefYonf vlOD;a& tawmfrsm;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;axmufyHh auR;arG;Ekdifaom ausmaxmufaemufcHa'o jzpf\/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;rIudk tajccH aom vlaerIpHepfwGif v,f,mvkyfukdifEkdifcGifhonf t"duta&;MuD;onfjzpf&m xkd v,fajrudk csKyfudkifcJhaom AdóEkd;jrdKUtwGuf þ,if;vGifjyifajrjyefYonf ta&;t MuD;qkH;aom tajccHpD;yGm;a&;e,fvnf; jzpfcJhayonf/

       urÇmOD;wGif vlwkdYay:aygufvmjyD;aemuf ukefxkwfvufeuf ypönf;trsKd;t pm;ukdvkdufí acwftqufquf ac:wGifcJhMuonf/ ausmufacwfopfv,f,mpdkuf ysKd;rIudk tajccHaom ukefxkwfqufqHa&;pHepf ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ xkdacwfudk orkdif;OD;bkHajrpHepf[k ac:onf/ ¤if;umvwGif jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmiftm&S wGif awmifydkif;tEG,fMuD;ac: MopMwpftEG,fMuD;0if(Austric Family)bmompum; ukd ajymMuonfh a&S;vlwkdYonf aexkdifcJhMuayonf/

       AdóEkd;\orkdif;pOfudk avhvmaomtcg at'D 1-&mpkwGif pwifwnfaxmif cJhonf[k wl;az:&&SdaomrD;aoG;udk (Radio Carbontest)vkyfMunfh&mrS od&SdcJh&onf/ AdóEkd;xuf a&S;usaom jrdKUr&Sdao;aMumif; okawoejyKcsuft& od&\/ AdóEkd; jrdKU\orkdif;pOfudk wdusaom oufaotaxmuftxm;wkdYjzifh rif;tpOftquftkyf pdk;aMumif;udk rawGU&Sd&ao;ay/ yg;pyf&mZ0ift& waumif;jynfrS rif;om;r[m orÇ0ESifhplVmorÇ0rsufrjrifnDaemifwkdYudk r,fawmfu azmifjzifh {&m0wDjrpftwkdif; rodk;xrif; rokd;[if;rsm;jzifh arQmvkdufavonf/ vrf;c&D;wGif pE´rkcdbDvl;ronf tpm;taomufudk ckd;pm;&mrS rdoGm;jyD; rsufpdESpfuGif;tvif;&atmif ukoay;yg rnf[k uwdjyKí rowfbJ rif;om;wkdY\rsufpdudk ukoap\/ rif;om;wkdYvnf; rsufpdESpfuGif;tvif;&í azmifjzifh c&D;qufcJh&m OD;&D;awmf&Sdaom&aohjrdKUodkYa&muf &SdjyD; r[morÇ0ESifhaA'g&DwkdYvufqufum &aohjrdKUwGif eef;pHonf/ r[morÇ0eef; pHESpf 6-ESpfMumjyD; aoqkH;í plVorÇ0eef;qufcH\/ aA'g&Dukdyif rdzk&m;ajr§mufí vufquf\/ ¤if;wkdYrS 'Gwåabmifrif;om; arG;zGm;vmjyD;aemuf 'GwåabmifrSm &aoh jrdKUudk oa&acwå&m[k orkwfí eef;pHav\/

       xkdpOf pE´rkcdbDvl;ronf plVorÇ0ESifhudk,f0ef&SdjyD;aemuf vlrdef;uav; arG; zGm;av\/

       plVorÇ0onf aA'g&DESifhvufqufíeef;wufpOf pE´mrkcdbDvl;ronf uav; udkydkufaxG;vsuf xGufajy;vm\/ awmifwGif;MuD;jrdKUrS 10-rkdifuGmwGif oDwif;okH;ae aom&aohonf pE´rkcdbDvl;rudkjrifvQif uav;ckd;vmonftxifESifhvk,ljyD;uav; udkarG;pm;xm;av\/ xkdrdef;uav;t&G,fa&mufaomf &aohonf ol\ w&m;usifh pOfysufjym;rnfpkd;í rdef;uav;tm; rzkwfaomtkd;jzifh a&o,f,lap\/ tdk;rSmr zkwf&ao;ojzifh a&xdwkdif; uGJí a&rjynfhjzpf&\/ aeYpOf þtvkyfukd vkyfae&o jzifh rdef;uav;onf Mumaomf pdwfnpfjyD; ikda<u;aeckduf ,ifcifb0u rdcifjzpfcJh bl;aom AdóEkd;ewforD;onf udk,fxifjyjyD;vQif olr\tcuftcJudk ulnDajz&Sif; ay;vkduf\/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom zkwfjyD;tkd;rsm;udkyg zefqif;ay;\/ (KKG2.) rSwl;az:&&Sdaom tkd; 200ausmfcefY) ¤if;jyifcefYnm;x,f0gaom jrdKUMuD;wjrdKUudkzef qif;ay;jyD; eef;pHap\/ xkdtcgrSpí ¤if;rdef;uav;onf yefxGmrif;orD;wGifí emrnfMuD;avonf/

       xkdowif;udk Mum;aom 'Gwåabmifrif;onf AdóEkd;jrdKUodkY csDwufwkdufckduf &m yefxGmrif;orD;wGif&Sdaom ewfpnfudk wD;vkdufaomaMumifh 'Gwåabmif\wyf rsm; ysufpD;&ukef\/ aemufqkH;wGif 'Gwåabmifrif;onf vl,kHawmfudk &[ef;a,mif aqmifapí yefxGmrif;orD;udk t,kHoGif;ap\/ ¤if;aemuf ,if;ewfpnfukd zsufqD; jyD;rS AdóEkd;okYd csDwufvkyfMuH&m atmifjrifavonf/ yefxGmrif;orD;udk odrf;ydkuf jyD; AdóEkd;jrdKUudk zsufqD;ypfav\/ yefxGmrif;orD;vnf; pdwfnpfí aemufqkH;wGif aoqkH;oGm;\/

       tjcm;t&yfa'owGif xGef;um;aom a&S;acwfa[mif; ,Ofaus;rItwkdif; Ad óEkd;\pD;yGm;a&;onf pdkufysKd;udk tajccH\/ pkdufysKd;oD;ESHrS qefpyg;udk t"duxm; pdkufysKd;aMumif;od&\/ (AdóEkd;jrdKUa[mif;tkwfwkdYrS pyg;cGHxnfhí zkwfvkyfxm;jcif; udk axmufí pyg;udk t"duxm;pdkufysKd;aMumif; od&\/)pdkufysKd;a&;pHepfrS odyft qifhrjrifhao;aomfvnf; rkd;acgifa&&Sm;&yf0ef;wGif wnf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh rkd;a&ukdt rSDrjyKEkdifbJ ,if;acsmif; &efy,facsmif;wdkYrSa&udk qnfajrmif;rsm;azmufvkyfjyD; pkduf ysKd;aMumif; od&SdEkdif\/ xdkacwftcgu (Barter System) ac:ukefcsif;vJvS,fonfh pD;yGm;a&;pepfr[kwfawmhbJ aiGaMu;jzifh a&mif;0,fonfhpHepfokdY wkd;wufaeaMumif; od&\/ AdóEkd;ukef;trSwf 3(KKG 3.) wl;az:pOfu a<uaphrsm; AdóEkd;'*Fg;rsm; udk awGU&ojzifh aiGaMu;pHepfjzifh a&mif;0,faejyDjzpfaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ aiGaMu;pH epfukd tokH;jyKojzifh aiGaMu;vnfywfrIrsm;jym;jyD; pD;yGm;a&;aumif;onfukd vG,ful pGm cefYrSef;Edkifayonf/ oGef;vkyfaom '*Fg;rsm;rSm aumif;pGmraooyfaomfvnf; vkdtyfaomykHrsm;ukd xif&Sm;pGm xnfhoGif;oGef;vkyfxm;ykHukd axmufí '*Fg;oGef;vkyf olwkdY rnfrQtwwf<u,faMumif; odEkdif\/

       EkdifiHwEkdifiH\pD;yGm;a&; vnfywfzGHYjzdK;EkdifrI twGufpDpOfxm;Ekdifjcif;rSm pD;yGm; a&;wGif rnfrQt"duxm;aMumif; txl;ajymbG,f rvkday/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfukdifolvl wef;pm;ukd AdóEkd;acwfudk okawoejyKjcif;jzifh odEkdifayonf/ yxrvlwef;pm;rSm tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm; jzpf\/ 'kwd,vlwef;pm;rSm v,f,mvkyfukdifolvlwef;pm; jzpf\/ wwd,vlwef;pm;rSm vufrIynmvkyfukdifol vlwef;pm;[lí jzpf\/ jrdKU0if ayguf(wl;uGuftrSwf (KKG 13, 15) wkdYwGif trSwf 13 jrdKU0ifaygufonf ay20 us,fonfudk¤if;? jrdKU0ifayguf 15onf 15ayus,fonfudk¤if; axmufí jrdKUwGif; vlt0iftxGuf rsm;onf[k cefYrSef;Ekdif\/ jrdKUwGif;t0iftxGufrsm;ojzifh vlpnf um;í pD;yGm;a&;aumif;onf[k qkdEkdifayonf/

       jrdKUwHcg;rsm;udk 6-vufrxlaom uRef;wHcg;rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfí tjrJwef;tzGifh tydwf &Sd\/ wHcg;apmifhwkdYjzifh wif;usyfpGm xm;onfukd avhvmí aiG&SifaMu;&Sif wkdY Opömypönf;vk,ufcH&rnfpkd;ojzifh tapmifhta&Smuf wif;usyfpGm xm;onf[k cefYrSef;&onf/ jrdKU0ifaygufudk wawmifqpfcsKd; rcsKd;bJ puf0kdif;\t0kdif;i,fobG,f auGU0kdufcsKd;xm;ojzifh ,mOf&xm;wkdY tvG,fwul 0ifxGufEkdif&ef¤if;? tjrefokH; ,mOf&xm;wkdY t&SdefrowfbJ 0ifxGufEkdif&ef¤if; &nf&G,fxm;[ef wlayonf/ xkd acwftcgwGif jrif;&xm;rsm;udk tokH;jyKonf[k cefYrSef;&\/ odkYaomf wd&pämefESifh ywfoufonfht&dk;pkrsm;udk rawGU&ojzifh wdusckdifrmpGm rajymomay/

       pkdufysKd;a&;tajccHaom pD;yGm;a&;jzpfaomaMumifh pdkufysKd;a&;t"duusaom ae&mrsm;rSm ajr,mykdifqkdifrIay:rlwnfjyD; tmPm&Sd? tmPmrJhrsm; ay:aygufonf [k cefYrSef;&onf/ wl;az:&&Sdaom AdóEkd;jrdKUa[mif;rSm tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;wkdY pkd; pHaomeef;awmf&mESifhjrdKUEkdifiHjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ajr,mydkifqkdifrIwGif tkyfcsKyfolu ajr,mtm;vkH;udk ydkifqkdifjyD; jrdKUoljrdKUom;wkdYu tcGefay;quf&onfhoabmjzifh ajr ,mukd vkyfudkifMu&onf[k cefYrSef;&\/ jrdKUYoljrdKUom;wkdY aexkdifaom taqmuft ODrsm;rSm tkwfjzifh tckdiftrm aqmufvkyfaexkdifykHudk vkH;0rawGU&ojzifh tvG,fw ul &&SdEkdifaom opf0g;wkdYjzifh aqmufvkyfaexkdifMuayrnf/ xkdYaMumifh jrdKUoljrdKUom; wdkYonf qif;&Jom;vlwef;pm;wGif &Sdayonf/ tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;ESifhtkyfcsKyfcHvl wef;pm;wkdY tqifhuGmjcm;ykHudk tuJcyfodomEkdifayonf/ AdóEkd;jrdKUonf tkwfwkdY jzifh tckdiftcHh aqmufxm;onfukd awGU&\/ jrdKU&kd;udkvnf; pwk&ef;ykHrusaomav; a'gifhykHjzifh wnfaqmufxm;\/ taemufbufrS wyg; usefokH;bufukd qefYMunfh vQif 5-rkdifausmf &Snfonfukd awGU&\/ tus,ft0ef;tm;jzifh (3.3)rkdif&Sdayrnf/ þrQus,faom jrdKU&kd;wHwkdif;wkdYudk aqmufvkyf&mrSm aiGaMu;jynfhpkHol tmPm&dSvl wef;pm;wkdYom vkyfudkifEkdifjcif;? wenf;tm;jzifh tmPmudk okH;jyD; tmPmrJhtkyfcsKyf cHvlwef;pm;wkdYtm; ckdif;apjyKvkyfEkdifonf[k wGufq&onf/

       AdóEkd;om;wkdYonf Ak'¨bmomukd vufcHukd;uG,fMu\/ odkYaomf &kyfyGm;awmf udk udk;uG,fjcif;r&Sdaom tE´&a'owGif xGef;um;aom tmy&r[m0deaovd, *kdPf;ESifhr[momou*kdPf;wkdYrS yk*¾KdvfwkdYu omoemjyKcJhaomaMumifh AdóEkd;&Sd vl wkdYonf &kyfxkudk udk;uG,fjcif;rjyKMuay\/ xkdYaMumifh awGU&Sd&aom AdóEkd;omoe taqmufttkHwdkYwGif omoeduypönf;rsm; rawGU&jcif;yifjzpf\/ odkYaomf wl;az:& aom xlyg&kHrsm;onf tdE´d,EkdifiH tr&m0DwDESifhem*g&fZkeaum@wkdYü awGU&aom tE´&ykHrsKd;jzpf\/ awGU&aom xlyg&kHwkdYonf tdEd´,awmifykdif;wGif awGU&aomxlyg&kH wkdUuJhodkY vSnf;bD;ykHoP²mefrsKd;jzpf\/ (AdóEkd;ukef;trSwf? auau*sD 6-14-18) odkY aomf AdóEkd;vlrsKd;wkdYonf aoolukd rD;j*Kd[fí vSypGmcs,foxm;aom t&kd;tkd;wGif jr§KyfESHjyD; xlyg&kHwdkYü tjrwfwEkd; odrf;qnf;xm;onfudk awGU&\/ ¤if;t,ltqrSm tdE´d,awmifydkif;rS jA[®Pt,l0g'ü usifhokH;onfukd awGU&avonf/ odkYaomf tdE´d ,xlyg&kHwkdYü t&kd;tkd;rsm;udk jr§KyfESHjcif; r&Sday/

       AdóEkd;wGifrl t&dk;tkd;rsm;udk xlyg&kHESifhuyfvsuf jr§Kyfxm;Mu\/ 0d[m& ausmif;[kac:aom pwk*HykH taqmufttkHwdkYwGifvnf; tjyifywfvnfwGifomru twGif;üyif t&kd;tkd;rsm;udk awGU&\/ ¤if;udkaxmufjcif;tm;jzifh AdóEkd;vlrsKd;wkdY onf Ak'¨bmomudkvufcHjyD;? rdrdwkdY\&kd;&mtpOftvmudk omoemusihfrIESifhyl;aygif; umaqmif&Gufonf[k ,lq&ef&Sdonf/ aool\t&kd;jymudk tkd;wGifxnfhjyD; xlyg&kHü  pepfwusxm;jcif;onf aoolwkdYudk tjrJtrSwf&ae&eftwGuf¤if;? wrvGefb0udk ,kHMunfí¤if; (tD*spfjynfrSmuJhodkY aoolukd yd&rpfwGif pHepfwusodrf;qnf;xm; jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf[k ,kHMunf&\/) xkdokdYt&dk;tkd;rsm;udk xlyg&kHwGif aqGpOfrsKd;quft vkdufxm;onfudk awGU&\/ (auau*sD 14wGif t&kd;tkd;aygif; 120udkawGU&í aqG pOfrsKd;quf rsm;jym;aMumif; od&\/) AdóEkd;wGif tdrfaxmifpkaygif; wodef;ausmf&Sd \/ omoemudk aqmif&Gufaom &[ef;rsm; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sdí omoema&; taqmufttkHrsm; wnfaqmufxm;Muonfukdvnf; cefYrSef;&\/

       at'D 1-&mpku AdóEkd;okdYa&muf&Sdvmaom omoemrSm acwfjydKiftaxmuf txm;udk taMumif;jyKí a&S;tusqkH;jzpfonf[k qkdEkdif\/ xkdodkYomoemyifa&muf vifhupm; AdóEkd;ü pmayxGef;um;jcif; r&Sd[k qkd&ayrnf/ a&muf&Sdvmaom pmay onf tE´&EkdifiHwGif at'D 200-cefYu jA[®&tu©&mjzifh a&;om;aomygVdpmayjzpf bG,f&m&SdonfrSwyg; xkdacwfu pmaya&;om;rIudk rawGU&ay/

       AdóEkd;vlwkdYonf at'D 1-&mpkrS 3-&mpktwGif;wGif aexkdifolrsm;jzpfMu\/ AdóEkd;udk avhvm&mü auau*sD 15wGif awGU&aom ajrmufjrdKU&kd; wHcg;udkwl;az: pOfu r,feac: oHrsm;tcsdef 80-ausmfudkawGU&jcif;ESifhwHcg;udk oH,ufrrsm; wyf xm;jcif;? eef;awmfukef;(auau*sD 8)udk wl;az:pOfu aMu;vufpGyfudkawGU&jcif;? (auau*sD 2)wl;az:pOfu vlaotavmif;ESifhaMu;vufpGyf 3uGif;udk awGU&jcif;udk axmuf&Ií AdóEkd;acwfonf aMu;acwf oHacwfodkYyif a&muf&SdaejyDjzpfonf/ xkdY aMumifh AdóEkd;om;wkdYonf tawmf,Ofaus;rItqifhodkY a&muf&SdaeMujyDjzpfonf/ a&TaiGvuf0wfwefqmrsm;ESifhtEÅ&m,fuif; '*Fg;rsm;udkvnf;  0wfqifonfudk axmufí¤if;? a&mifpkHcs,fxm;aom ajrykwD;rsm;qGJonfudkaxmufí¤if; vSypGm cs,frIH;0wfqifwwfayjyD/ aexkdif&m taqmuftODwkdYudk pepfwuswnfaqmufjyD; aexkdifjcif;? taqmuftODwGif oD;oefYtcef;rsm;jzifh vGwfvyfpGm aexkdifjcif;? usef; rma&;twGuf tvif;a&mifrSm ta&;MuD;ojzifh taqmuftODwkYdwGif wHcg;ayguf us,fMuD;rsm; rsm;pGmazmufvkyfxm;jcif;udk axmufí usef;rma&; txl;*&kxm; aMumif;awGU&onf/ odkYaomf ¤if;taqmuftODwkdYwGif rD;zkdrsm;? tdrfomrsm;ESifh r aumif;aoma&rsm;udk xkwfonfh a&xkwf>yefrsm;? a&ajrmif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfxm;jcif; r&SdaMumif; awGU&\/ ppfa&;ppf&mwGif uRrf;usifavonf/ jrdKU&kd;rsm;udk tcdkiftrm jyKvkyfxm;jcif;? jrdKUwHcg;rsm;udk tzGifhtydwfxm;jyD; ol&Jckdrsm;wyfxm;jcif;? jrdKUta&SU bufwjcrf;udk v,f,mpkdufysKd;&ef xm;&Sdjcif;wkdYrSm &efolrsm;0dkif;&Hxm;ygu jrdKUwGif; üyif pkdufysKd;pm;aomufEkdif&eftwGuf tMuHtpnf MuD;rm;pGSmxm;&SdaMumif; awG&\/ aomufawmfuefrsm; oD;oefYxm;jcif;udk Munfjcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkY,Ofaus;rIrSm t awmftqifhjrifhaeayjyD/ AdóEkd;om;wkdYonf v,f,mpkdufysKd;jcif;? ul;oef;a&mif; 0,fjcif;ESifhvufrIynmrsm;udk vkyfudkifí toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKcJhMuonf[kqkd Ekdif\/ a<uaphrsm;udk awGU&Sd&í a&mif;0,f&mwGif tokH;jyKcJhaMumif;ESifhAdóEkd;'*Fg; rsm;ukd awGU&Sd&jcif;onf ta&mif;t0,fudpöwGif rnfrQyg;eyfuRrf;usifaejyDjzpf aMumif; odomEkdifavonf/ &kyfvkH;az:&mwGif¤if;? t&kd;tkd;rsm;wGif xl;jcm;vSypGm yef;&kdufykHaz:xm;jcif;rSm ,Ofaus;rItqifhtvGefyif jrifhrm;aeayjyD/ eef;awmfukef; (auau*sD 14)wl;az:pOfu 24vufr_10vufr&Sdaom ewf&kyf\ajczsm;udk oJ ausmufjzifh xkvkyfxm;aMumif; awGU&\/ tay:ykdif;ykHoP²mefudk rod&Sd&aomfvnf; awGU&Sd&aom ajzzsm;ykHMuD;rm;onfudk Munfhí ausmufqpf&kyfonf rnfrQMuD;rm; aMumif;udk awG;qí ausmufqpfynmü wwfuRrf;aMumif;udk  odomayonf/ Ad óEkd;om;wkdYonf vlrIqufqHa&;wGif &dkaoav;pm;xkdufoludk &kdaoav;pm;onfh *g&0w&m; vufudkifxm;Muonfh vl,Ofaus;rsm; jzpfonf[k qkd&ayrnf/

       vlwkdYonf urÇmOD;acwftpuyif tEkynmudk jrwfEkd;Muolrsm;jzpf\/ Adó Ekd;onf at'D 1-&mpkrS 3-&mpkwGif ay:aygufí aMu;acwf? oHacwfodkYyif a&muf aejyDjzpf&m AdóEkd;\tEkynmvuf&mrsm;rSm tHhbG,f&myifjzpf\/ AdóEkd;om;wkdY onf xkdacwfxdktcguyif yef; 10-rsKd;udk wwfuRrf;aeMujyDjzpfayonf/ txl;o jzifh AdokumynmESifhtkd;xdef;twwfynmrSm txl;uRrf;usifaMumif;udk az:jyae\/ AdóEkd;jrdKUonf awmifajrmufwnfhwnfh aqmufxm;jcif;r&SdbJ taemufajrmufodkY 13Hwdrf;apmif;í aqmufxm;onfudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh awmifajrmufwef;aeaom jrefrmjynfivsifaMumudk 13Hwdrf;apmif;jyD; csKyfudkifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh t aqmuftODwkdYonf ivsift&Sdefjzifh &kwfw&uf jydKysufroGm;Ekdifay/ odyÜHynmrwkd; wufao;aom xkdacwfxdktcguyif þt,ltqrsKd;&SdaeykHrSm rnfrQAdokumt wwfudk uRrf;usifaMumif; az:jy&ma&mufaeayonf/ taqmuftODrsm;rSm av; a'gifhykHusjcif; (Balance)ykHnDjcif;puf0kdif;ykH 0ef;0dkif;pGm aqmufxm;jcif;wkdYrSm ao oyfvS\/ odkYaomf (Underground foundation) rod&Sdao;bJ ajray:üom wifí tkwfpDaqmufxm;ojzifh¤if;? tkwfrsm;udk wpyfwnf;pDxm;ojzifh¤if;? eH&HxlxJpGm jyKvkyf&jcif;? axmufwkdifrsm; jyKvkyfay;&jcif; ponfhcsKdU,Gif;rIudkawGU&\/ tkwfzkwf ynmrSmvnf; uRrf;usifaMumif;udk od&Sd&\/ tkwfrsm;rSm 20vufr? 10vufr? 3 vufrtkwfrsm;jzpfojzifh tvG,fwul usufap&ef pyg;cGHxnfhzkwfjcif;wkdYrSm tkwf zkwfjcif;twwfü tuRrf;w0if&Sdonfudk odomayonf? AdóEkd;\xl;jcm;aom tEk ynmvuf&mrSm tkd;xdef;twwfyif jzpfonf/ AdóEkd;udk wl;az:pOfu ae&mwkdif;ü yif tkd;uGJrsm;udk awGU&Sd&\/ tkdrsm;udk 4-rsKd; 4-pm;awGU&Sd&\/

1/ tpm;taomufESifhywfoufonfh tkd;trsKd;tpm;

2/ odkavSmifonfhtkd;trsKd;tpm;rsm; (qD? a&? t&kd;)

3/ tarT;tMudKif a&pifzsef;tkd;rsm;

4/ rD;xGef;&ef qDrD;cGuftkd;rsm; ponfwkdYjzpfonf/

       tkd;rsm;udk jyKvkyf&mwGif vufjzifh acG&pfjyKvkyfjcif;? vufjzifh ykH&kdufjcif;? tkd; xdef;pufjzifh jyKvkyfjcif; ponfhenf;wkdYjzifh jyKvkyfEkdifay&m AdóEkd;wGif awGU&Sd&aom tkd;rsm;rSm 90&mckdifEIef;onf tkd;xdef;pufjzifh jyKvkyfxm;onfukd awGU&Sd&avonf/ tdk;rsm;\txl? tyg;? tacsm? tuspfESifhtkd;zkwfjcif;wkdYrSmvnf; rsm;pGm tHhMobG,f &mawGU&\/ odkavSmiftkd;jzpfaom t&dk;tkd;rsm;udk vSyqef;Mu,faom ykHqef;rsm;jzifh jyKvkyfxm;\/ tm;vkH;awGU&Sd&aom tkd;rsm;wGif txl;jcm;qkH;ESifhtvStyqkH;jzpf\/ (auau*sD 12wGif t&kd;tkd;aygif; 120ausmfudk awGU&\/)aooludk cspfcifav;pm; í tkd;ykHvSyqef;Mu,fpGmjyKvkyfjyD; t&kd;jymudk odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ a&tkd;? qDtkd;wkdYrSm ykHrqef;aomfvnf; odyfonf;rI Tacher aumif;rGef\/ ,ckwkdif tvG,f wulcGJíruGJjcif;? yg;vSyfpGm jyKvkyfxm;jcif;? rD;nDpGm zkwfxm;jcif;wkdYrSm twk,l bG,fjzpf\/ rD;zkdokH;jzpfaom xrif;tkd; [if;tkd;wkdYrSmvnf; pdwful;aumif;pGmjzifh jyK vkyfxm;\/ tkd;\tv,fwGif tay:odkYrD;r[yfEkdif&efESifhvufudkif&ef tem;az: xm;onfukd awGU&Sd&\/

       tarT;txkHxnfhtkd;rsm;jzpfaom uefawmhuav;rsm;? u,m;uav;rsm;ukd vnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;awGU&\/ qDrD;cGufykHqef;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&Sd&\/ tkd;uGJrsm; udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh udk;uG,frIqkdif&m oD&d0päet&kyfuav;rsm;? uvomudwådrkc tpm;MuL;onfhbDvl;&kyfrsm;? a,musfm;rdef;r&kyfwdkY twlaexkdifykHudk ykHaz:xm;onfh twkdif; awGU&Sd&\/ txl;jcm;qkH;rSm (Rouletted) ac:'vdrfhwkH;jzifh ykHaz:onfh (System) yifjzpfonf/ ¤if;twwfynmrSm 1-&mpkwGif a&mrü pwiftokH;jyKaom twwfynmjzpf&m ¤if;udk tD*spfrSwqifh tdE´d,EkdifiH *sdz&eft&yfrSwqifh AdóEkd; odkYa&muf&SdvmykH&onf/ yef;xdrftwwfynmudkvnf; awGU&\/ '*Fg;oGef;vkyfjcif; ESifh '*Fg;ay:odkY ykHaz:jcif;twwf? vufpGyfrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;ponfh yef;xdrftwwfrsm; udk wwfajrmufaMumif; awGU&\/ (auau*sD 14udk)wl;az:pOfu ewf&kyf\ 24 vufr_10vufr&Sd ewf&kyf\ajczsm;udk oJausmufwGif xGif;xkxm;onfudk Munfhí ¤if;ewf&kyf\tjrifhESifhykHoP²mefudk cefYrSef;EkdifjyD; ausmufqpfynmukd wwfajrmuf aMumif;udkvnf; od&\/ r,feac:oHrIdrsm; tcsdef 80ausmfESifhoH,ufrrsm;? oHjr§m; oGm;rsm;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; yef;bJtwwfynmudk wwfajrmufaMumif;od& \/ yef;wOf;twwfrSm eef;awmfukef;wGif tokH;jyKaom uRef;axmufwkdifMuD;rsm; rD; avmifysufpD;oGm;íom ¤if;twwfynmudk cefYrSef;wGufqí r&&Sdjcif;jzpfayonf/

       xkdYaMumifhyif a&S;a[mif;&kyf<uif;rsm;onf acwfopf\orkdif;okawoejyK jcif;wGif rnfrQtokH;0ift&ma&mufaMumif;udk avhvmtuJcyfEkdifojzifh a&S;a[mif;  tokH;taqmif ypönf;rsm;ukd raysmufrysuf rcsKdU,Gif;&atmif xdef;odrf;apmifh a&Smufxm;oifhayonf/

ကုိးကားေသာက်မ္းမ်ား

(1) AdóEkd;jrdKUa[mif;(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmif twGJ 1? tydkif; 2? *Ref 1966)OD;atmifaomf/

(2) awmifwGif;MuD; &kyfvkH;az:orkdif;(awmifwGif;vSaz)/

(3) AdóEkd;jrdKUa[mif;ESifhorkdif;tjrif(wuúokdvfynmya'ompmapmif twGJ 1? tykdif; 3? pufwifbm 1966)AkdvfrSL;b&Sif/

(4) a&S;a[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if(a'gufwmoef;xGef;)/

(5) aemufwkd;ysLrsm;(okawoepmapmif twGJ 1? tydkif; 1)OD;atmifaomf/

(6) pmaywHaqmif(ygarmu©OD;csrf;jr)/

(7) Excaration at Beik Thano by U Aung Thaw.

armifvTrf;rkd;

rSwfcsuf/    /1969-70 ckESpfxkwf? rEÅav; 0dZÆmodyÜHwuúokdvfESpfvnf pmapmif r*¾Zif;? pmrsufESm(79 rS 84xd)üvm&Sdaomaqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ jyefvnf &kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/