clef.vldnf;
oef:rldif:wh:_oef:cldof:wh:
cgyf;clyf, 65 yD<
ykdef<pmefwh:(clef.wSrf;)
20:03 (umef:)07_02_2012(p.v-4)
]]clef.vldnf;oef:cdlof:wh:(oef:rldif:wh:)cgyf;clyf, 65 yD<}}
oef:cldof:wh: trf,eef
oef:rldif:wh:eh. wD;aw.ref: oef:eh.yAefoef:rldof;wgif:rhmvgif;oef:xD;qAwf:?
vldefxlef;Ogif 'Syf,yGK,ID, yD< 1947 eD; wD;ymifvlif
ygif,vSif:rldif:wh:ygwf:qmef:? tefzl;wmifwlofqkrf:wh:? wif:cmif? wif:cBmif:
tefqldof:yAefqmof: cldof:sw:Nwf;Oefvghcof vh;vlif:vhm:rkdof:zgrf.q[uef
wK,Nrf;Mrf:tofvgwf;vSof:Oof:acK wD;ckeftdif:uvAwf;cofeef.tldof;/
ugyf; - 7.2.1947
yAefoef:vmuf,vhm:vlifoef:eldif;e[:ykdef:wh:ymefr[,?
- yAefoef:wif;vuf:xmefOmuf;aO
tefqSif;sevh;oK; wh:yAefqldof.cldof:vliftefeldif;
tefN.ygif,vgif;umefrldif:qdlof.qmwf;?
- yAefoef:yldif:seoK; wh:rD:qldof.rD:cldof:? rD:rmef;rD:rldif:?
yAefqldof.cldof:arKzgrf.Nrf;tefwif;sw,vh;qkdif;rldif:? rD:vlifygifqkdif;? rD:wkif:qldof.qmwf;qgrfydofqkdif;rldif:?
rD:zAif:uGmrf:qgrfydofxlif:qldof.qmwf;acKacK tefwlof;wef:qSif;seoK;
yAefcldof:vgwf;vSof:
teftrf,q[;cD;cK;w[;rkdof:z[?
- yAefoef:wSyf:wwf:Okef,wmif:zgef:ymif;vgif;vDvgif;qK.
wK,ykdef:wh:rK:oef:eldif;?
- yAefoef:teftrf,vDvlifvDvkdrf:ySwf;aO
yAefoef:xkuf,vDtofbkdif;b[,wK,xmwf;q[qldof.cldof:bl,wK,aOeef.oef:eldif;?
- yAefoef:ulef:rldif:cldof:wh:?
cldof:ulef:qldof.qmwf;qkdif;wh:wif:vhm ul;vhmvhmcldof:
vh;q[zgrf.Nrf;uefyAeferf.eldif;q[vAofrK:eef.
oef:eldif;?
- yAefoef:qof;ch,'K.qkdif;wh:wif:vhm
Nrf;yK:ulef:rldif:wh:ywf:ykdef.wif:OAif;arKzgrf.Nrf;vh;q[uef
wK,auK,wif;yAefvkrf:vlif
wSef:zgif:rldif:wh:sv;
vlduf;tofvh;qkrf:ygifumefwmifwlofrldif:wh:(vlifygifqkdif;wh:wlof;wef:)oh.xK;eef.auK;q[;?
- yAefoef:tefruf:ref;vh;vgif;zgrf.Nrf;wK,auK,wif;rkuf.qkrf:zgrf.Nrf;cldof:sw:Nwf;Oefvgheef.auK;q[;?
- yAefoef:wrf:ref;vh;q[zgrf.Nrf;
wK,qif;q[tofvgwf;vSof:Oof:acK ykef;qldof.qmwf;auK;q[;bof./
7.2.1947
tefrD:wmif:vmuf,vhm:eif,eheh. pkdifuGK,vh;cgyf;clyf, 65 yD<bof./ ygif,oK;ulef:auK.uldwf,pefeK;oef:eef.
e[:yD< eef.eh. ayK:wuf:wif;wlofwif;q[rD:Omuf;yAefulef:bl,eh
ref:awzSofoh.e[:qlof;ymefyl,yldef;? cdif:yldef;? tguf,yldef;? ehm:yldef;? ayK;
xof;sr;xof;yldef;bof./ ygif,oK;zSofrK:e[:qlof;clyf,qlof;ymefulef:
cmof:vSwf,wKoef:uhm,Nofvghbof./ trf,pkdifOif awvh;vyf:egef:vkdof; qlof;qmwf;
qmwf;eldif;bof./ ayK:trf,Okdyf,awK.wh,ch;aeuefoh.ayK:eh ykdef:vrf,vgif;vlifeh.
awqmif<phmuGK,tldof;/ awqmif;oof:ogwf; uGK,? ySuf,yldif;uGK,tldof;/
urf;erfykdef:wh:eh. Nrf;oK:yAefwlofwh:uK;rK:bl,aw.auK;?
ugyf;yAefulef:wmif,cldof:cofwSrf;rhmeef.ulnf: tofyAef b[,oh.sv;
Ohmwmif:ykdef:eef. qmif;tofySuf,yldif;uGK, Ndif;wmif:ykdef:yAefaw.uGK,tldof;/
ulef:egif;ulef:vkdef:vifcof qmif;pefzdwf:pef yldif;qgrf:uGK,tldof;/
7.2.1947
eh.yAefoef:ukduf:ykdef:rK:aw.tldof;/ yAefoef:vrf,vgif;wK,qldof.qmwf;aw.tldof;/
ulnf:uK; ugyf;vgif;wmif:ul;vgif; vgif;aO Ohmihmiif:vhm:ul;yhm:yhm:aO
wmif:pefxkdifeldofoef:vlifeh.
acK;Mif.awK,oef:vrf,vgif;vlifwK,qldof.qmwf;tefeldif;eh. tof
vSuf;vhm;ySuf,yldif;rK:? bK.vl.uofcof:rK:e[:Nofq[ulef:cldof:wh:wif:vhmrK:sv;
rmifqldof:eh ayK:trf,c[;N.qgrf: vgif;oef:eh.rK:ehauK;erf bof./ xmwf;q[eif,eheh.
awyAefzgef:vDse,? zgef:phm.qK.uGK,se,eh
vDolef.uefckdef:ckduf.ckduf.vkduf.vkduf.bl,bof./
7.2.1947
eh.vh;rD:rK:vhmqkdof;qgrf:ykdef:bmrf:cmof:wmif:ref:rK:bof./
rldof;ugef,sw,rK:Mif.oK;oef:wh:? oef:cldof:wh:ehrK:/ ohm: rK:Orf.(ohm:
1947)P;Mif.oK; oef:rldif:wh:(oef:cldof:wh:rldif:wh:)? ohm:vifrK:Orf.P;Mif.oK;
oef:aq<rldif:rldif:wh:ehbof./ c[;Mif.qldif.pkdof Mif.
vgef.rgef:yldifyAefoef:eh.sw. wuf:N.vh;yAeftefvAofulnf:bof./ ykdef:oef:vif
vgif;qldof.qmwf;eh.sw. cldof:eldif;wif:cldof: eldif;trf,rldefuefaO/
eif,rmef;cofrhmykdef:cof
sw,tofrldif:wK;ugifrK:awK,xkdifvh;wluf:Okrf:rldof;awK,Ol;wif:eK;zlduf,tdif:uvAwf;cof
Okduf:vlifOmrfzof,aO qif,yAefrK:ykdef:ymefr[,eef.? cldof:wh:ehauK;
rD:ykdef:bmof:vlifwK,wmif,ch<aeuefbl,/ rldof;pSif:tlef; vh;Nyf.
awK,vgif;Okrf:umef.aO rldof;ckdef:cgef;wkrf;vh;tAefpSif:qldof.qmwf;eef.
ykdef:rldif:vh;ckdef:Ndif:aO yAefb[,rK:vgef.vgef.bof./ ykdef:bmof:vlifcldof:wh: tefsw,rK:qArfrldof;yD
4700 vldof? qArfrldof;auK,wif;vh;ykdef:rldif:vlif<? rldif:yK? rldif:Ol;?
rldif:ab:vmifqldof:eh.rK: awK,umyf;ymefrldif:Oldof? rldif:thm;vmof:?
rldif:OD(rldif:egifsO-vmef.qof;)cmof:pkdif 600 yD/ rldif:wkdif:acK(764-952
cmof:pkdif 188 yD)/ rldif:OSefaO<(957-1311 cmof:pkdif 354 yD)/
rldif:rguf,cmofrmof:vlifaq<vmef.(1311-1405 cmof:pdkif 94 yD)/ rldif: 12
apKOkdif, qkdif;uAif:oDaq<tl(1405-1752 cmof:pkdif 347 yD)/
umyf;ymefrldif:ehm:(1752-1887 cmof:pkdif 135 yD)qldof:eh.rK: awK,ymefpof:cof
e[:qlof;Nofymuf,yDxlef; 21 eD;eheh.
wh:urf;erferfbif:trf,N.vgif;wh:rD:Olduf;rD:ykdef:? rD:qkdif;rD:rldif:?
rD:qof;rD:ckef? rD:zgif:rD:yldif, rK:tefoK;eef.bof./ eif,pof:rD:vgif;wluf:Okrf:
rldof;eK;vh;vAuf.wKvh;wrf,rK:auK;rD:eef. vgif;rldof;tgif,ay.rK:
rD:vgif;ckdef;b[,pkdof; Ndif:yldef:O[ tlthmckdof.rK:auK;awK;rD:rK:bl,/
eif,e[:ykdef:vh;rD:rK:zl;pwf:pmefzl;vDqof;sw,qkdif;sw,rldif:yef
eif,qof;awK,crf:(uAif: pkif;)? qof;OldofNrf,'K.(qof;Odlofzlduf,vlif)?
qof;OD,el.vlof,? qof;zlif:uK:bD: qldof:eef.? e[:ykdef:rldif:rmof:vlifauK; vh:rD:qof;sw,
rldif: qof;ckefvl:ckefvhm:? ckefwkdif:crf:? qof;Odlofcmef,'K.? qof;Omrfvlif'K.?
qof;OldofuK;'K. cofqldof:eh.aOulnf:trf,uK: e[:ykdef: rldif:OSefoDehauK;
vh;rD:rK:qof;vlifwhm,cmef,? qof;OldofbAyf,'K.? qof;crf:wSwf;'K.?
qof;crf:uhm,'K. cofqldof:eh.rK:aOulnf:trf,uK:?
e[:wgef;pmifykdef:rldif:OSefoDeh. qof;ckefwh: tefsevh;wmif:pwf:pmef
vgif;puf.qldof.qmwf;ulef:rldif:oh.yAefb[,aO tgefNofulef: Okduf:ulef:rldif:
vkuf.zkdef.ylwf:ygnf,yefqldof.qmwf;eif, qof;ckefOmif,phm.?
qof;ckefOmif,wlef;Nif:cofauK; rD:rK:qgrf:ul;Odkyf,Okdyf,ul;
ymefymefawK,xkdifpmef. qif,eh.bl,trf,pmif.bof./ e[:ykdef:wh:ymefr[,ehauK;
qof;'K.tkif,qdif, yAefauK.tgefOkduf:ulef:rldif:aO
vkuf.zdkef.ySwf;Okduf:qK,ymef,tgefwmif:aO ylof,yK.xl:sv;
tgif,Omef:cofugef,tldof;/ bmrf:vAofwK,tofqldof.qmwf;qkdif;wh:pof:cof tgefpAwf:Omif;rK:tgefwmif:bl,bof./
ykdef:qAwf:Ogifoef:eldif;(7.2.1947)eh.auK;
yAefykdef:rAof:qldof:qldif.eif,ehbof./
wK,N.vh;vgif;ildef;ykdef:oef:vif
tefurf.befyef wK,P;yAefrK:oef:cldof:wh:eh.qrf: wD;uSyf;ref:rD:eif,eh-
rldof;qlof;eK;yD 1882
qldof:eef. qof;'K.wh: ckefOmif,wlef;Nif:
toftAefpSif:zgrf.Nrf;cldof:ulef:rldif:wh:wif:vhm Nrf;yK:qof; 'K.OD,ayK.aO
ayK:wef:vkuf.zkdef.ySwf;Okduf:qof;'K.OSifaeK,'K.sv; Odkuf:ckefapKcrf:rmef;
qldof:ckdef;rK:bK.rldif:wh:eef.ay.vh; ySwf;bof./ urf:vkdef:vmrf:wkduf:ySwf;qof;'K.aeK,rldif:wD;vK;OAof;?
rldif:ymwf,? wmif.bmef:sv;rldif:bhqldof:eh.aO tgif,ay.vh;tofrldif:
wh:ylwf:yhg,vgwf;vSof:rK:vh;bl,bof./ ulnf:uK;
ohm:vifrK:Okduf:tdif:uvAwf;cofOrf. ckdef;zSofrK:rldif:wh:aO
rldif:wh:qif,ckdef:vh;zSofw[; tdif:uvAwf;uGK,bof./ rldif:uAif:wkifeh. 1890
rK:wif,wluf:cof;e[:tdif:uvAwf;uGK,bof./
yhm:tkyf.yldif,zgif:irf:rldif:wh:bmrf:eef.qrf: vh;
pefrD:eif,qef.xmef;qldof:wD;w[;eh.aO vSuf;vhm;rK:vhmvhmqef.sv;
awK,ayK:zSofrK:oef:7.2.1947 eh.bof./ ugyf;eh 7.2.1947 eh.bl,vhmvhmaOyAefrK:rD:rK:trf,q[;/
yAefoef:rD:bgef.rD:wgef;e[:ydkef:wh:vkuf.zdkef.wK,auK,wif;vh;umefqldof.qmwf;tefeldif;auK;
q[;bof./ oK;vh;bl,bof./
1. 1888 awK, 1897
e[:cmof:wmif: 10 yD/ coftofvduf;vhm:cmef:yAefqof;'K.(Sanad)aO tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:rK:qgrf: eif,rhmrD;
tefyefOkef,q[qof;'K.tkyf.ydlif,ygif<w[;yldifrD;cof;yAefumefe[:qkdif;wh:(The Shan State Act)eef.rK:?
wif:vhm:qSuf,sz
rldif:wh:yAef 48
wgef;rldif:aObof. tofvhm:su,? umif.? pAif? Okdif,? rldif:? xrlifqldof:eh.aO
tkyf.ygif<bof./
2. 1897 awK, 1922 e[:cmof:wmif:
25 yDOrf.tofrldif:wh:cof;Mrf:wif:rldif:rmef;aO
yefP;uSrfckefzgif:qkdif;vlifauK.eldif;tkyf.
yldif,rK:wif:
qkrf:ugif,Ovf,uSrfckefzgif:qkdif;vlif(Lieutenant
Government's Council)eh.ygifumefrK:bof./
ugyf;eh rmef;
cofqif,rD:wmif:pefrK:oK;
rldif:wh:eh.yAefygwf:wgef;rldif:rmef;eh.rK:eef.bof./
3. 1922 awK, 1935 cmof:wmif:
13 yDeh.Orf. ckdef:sr:P;rldif:qof;ch,'K.wh:qldof:eh. rK:cgef;Nrf;wkrfuefckdef:
yAef 33 rldif:
aO yefqkdof;oK;
rldif:Nrf;wkrfqof;ch,'K.qkdif;wh:(Federated Shan State)ehsv; vh;oK;yAefymef rldif:wh:Nrf;wkrfueftef
tofqkrf:ygifumef
qof;'K.cofaO tkyf.ygif<rldif:w[;tdif:uvAwf;eef.bof./ e[:ymefeh.bof.
tefvh;uldwf,yAefrK:oef:cldof:
wh:urf:tgefwmif:Okwf:
rldof; 7.9.1930 eD;eef./
4. 1935 awK, 1942
e[:cmof:wmif: 7 yDOrf.tofqkrf:auKqkuf:ref; tefyAefqkrf:ygifumefwlof;wef:(Standing Commit -tee) aO tkyf.yldif,rldif:wh:rK:/
ygif,oK;yAefymefrldif:wh:qkuf:ref;pif:acKw[;zgif:irf:tdif:uvAwf;eef.bof./
5. 1942 awK, 1945
cmif:wmif:OmrfyD? yAefzgif:umyf;qK,ymef,cofrK:tkyf.ydlif,rldif:? coftofvSefvdefrldif:wh:
vdefqof;'K.uAif:
wkifwif:vdefqof;'K.rldif:yef,
uSofP;e[:rldif:ckefxh:yldif,uGK,urf:eldif;bl,bof./
6. ohm:Okduf:vkrf;'K.urf:xlef;Ogif
1945 awK, 1947 e[:cmof:wmif:OmrfyD?
rldif:wh:vh;rD:rK:rkuf.qkrf:qlif.wkdef,umefyhm:rldif:vhmvhm
qkrf:aO cwf:q[wK,rlef.tguf,vh;w[;iof:irf:tdif:uvAwf;rK:bl,bof./
qldof:cofqrf:yAef-
- qkrf:ylwf:ygh,ulef:rldif:qkdif;wh:(I.y.v)?
- qkrf:vgwf;vSof:qldof.cldof:ulef:rldif:wh:wif:OAif;(I.v.v.z)?
- qkrf:ekrf,cldof:rldif:at:OD:b[:(at<ohm<)
- qkrf:qof;ph<qof;eK:rldif:wh:(I.w.v.z)
- qkrf:zgrf.Nrf;qof;'K.rldif:wh:(I.v.u.q)
- qkrf:zgrf.Nrf;ulef:rldif:pmof:Oefvgh(I.w.q.n.z)qldof:eh.bof./
zgif:eef.
zl;vDOif,vgif;yhm:tkyf.yldif,qkdif;wh:Orf.yAef rdOf.w[,qgef,vhm,wSef,bof./
ugyf;xmwf;q[qldof.cldof:omef;rldif:wkdef;Omef;rK:sv;
vh;pefe[:rldif:wh: rD:rK:ymifwkrfvlifvhmvhmyguf;bof./
31.1.1946 ymifwkrfvlifrldif:ukdif
- tkyf,ukrfvgif;yluf:ygif? uK. chm? yhm:rmuf;rD:? sv;
vgif;umifq[ulef:rldif:ulef:rldif:wh:/
20 awK, 28.3.1946 pAwf:ymifwkrfvlif ymifvlifwD;vdefqof;'K.vhm:cK;
urf:tgefxD;eldif;/ wldif,ymif,vgif;iof:vhm:ul;vgif;vgif;/
3 awK, 7.2.1947 pAwf:ymifwkrfvlif ymifvlifurf:xD;Ogif
tefuldwf,tguf,yAefrK:oef:cldof:wh:(7.2.1947)/ wSyf:wwf: wK,tofvgwf;
vSof:wif:pmif;pSef:vgif;yldif'mifqkdif;rldif:?
auK,wif;rkuf.qkrf:zgrf.Nrf;cldof:pmif:Oefvgh/ rD:eif,ehbof./
oef:cldof:wh: urf:xD;eldif;? rldof;yD 1930 eD;/ (7.9.1930)
oef:cldof:wh:
urf:xD;eldif;eh.vh;sw,rK:rldof; 7.9.1930 eef.bof./ ohm:aO
ckefeK;zlduf,cofauK,wif;yef rkuf.qkrf:qof;ch, 'K.qkdif;wh: rldof; 1922 eef.aO
qof;'K.rldif:wh:wif:vhmvh;yAefrK: 33 qof;/
cofeh.vh;wmif:Nyf.xlyf:Ol;rkdwf;qrfq[uefrK:/ Orf.
c[;rlef.sr:yluf:ygifauK,Omif;wif;vgif;qldof.qmwf;qkdif;wh:
P;vh;ckdef;b[,rK:eef.bl,tldof;/ ulnf:eK, tdif:uvAwf;cof trf,yefOkef,wluf,
vmwf;OifrK:sv; vh:rD:rK:e[:umifq[rlrf,ySif:oh.eef.ulnf:bof./ zSofrK:e[:yD 1930
eD;vldefxlef;uof;(OSyf,wSrf:y[:)vh; 7 oef:eef. qof;'K.vlifOmrfqof;(rldif:rdwf;?
OD,ayK.? OSefoD)qif,wmifwlofqof;'K.rldif:wh:aO
uGK,wkuf:bgef:Okef,vh;wD;rldif:tdif:uvAwf;bof./ trf,vh;Okef,OifrK:aOwK.
q[qldof.qmwf;tefarKzgrf.Nrf;uefaO wluf,vmwf;wK,wif:cldof:wif:rldif:wh:eef.
vh;bef,pmuf;'ifySif; rK: vh;sw,rD:rK:/ sw,yAefrK:bof.sv;
oef:tefwh:sw,uGK,cwf:q[wK,vh;Okef,umefrldif:P;wldof:wgef:rK:eef.
qif,vh;ruf:ref;rK: P;yAefoef:cldof:wh:urf:tgefwmif:Okwf:yldef;bof./ pAwf:ehaO
e[:qkdif;wh:rD:rK:xmwf;q[ qldof.qmwf;omef;rldif:wK,vkuf;vmefildef;cldof:
qof;ch,'K.cof ckdef;pAef:eef. wD;oAif:wgif,uBD:bl,bof./ Nif:pAef:eh.
ohm:rK:vh;yAefNif:pAef:rlnf:(auK:vAuf.)urf,ayK:qrK:eef.bof./
oef:cldof:wh:rldof;yD 1947 (7.2.1947)
ymifukrfyDeh. yAefurf:xlef;Ogif
tefpAwf:wD;oAif:ymifvlifygif,vSif:? vdefrldif:qof;'K.vhm:cK;/
bgef.ugyf;yAefwD;wluf:umifsu; rldif:wh:ygwf:Mif,ygwf:qmef:sv;
vh;uGK,rK:Oif,xkuf,wK, wif:OAif;eef./
ckdifP;yAefymifwkrfvlifcldof:qldof:sw:Nwf;Oefvghtefcof;yK:qmof:
cldof:cBmif:cof? qmof:cldof:cmifcofsv; qmof:cldof:e[:rldif:wh:wif:OAif;?
sw,tofcldof:yvgif;wtmif:? cldof:wh:xek? cldof:ytlof:wgif,Ol,? cldof:
wh:egif(tmif:OK:)? wh:ygwf:Mif,qmef:wif:OAif;bof.
qof;'K.ul;rldif:rldif:tdufzl;wmifwlofulef:rldif:e[:ykdef.wD;ul;wmif:wmif:ul;vSefvSef
cofauK; rK:ckdef;Nwf;xkdifbof./ ymifukrfvlifOmrfoef:(3 awK, 7.2.1947)eh
wSyf:wwf:wrf;rhmvh;acK;vrf,vgif;vlifwK,vgif;vDvgif;
qK.tefawyAefykdef:ref;uSef,vlifuGK,wK,cldof:pof:rldif:pof:rK:tldof;/
vkuf.wD;ymifukrfvlifeh.aO wSyf:wwf:wK,auK,Omif;rkuf.qkrf:zgrf.Nrf;cldof:rldif:qldof:sw:Nwf;Oefvgh/
vh;q[uefawK,zgrf.Nrf;aO awwkuf:bgef:tofvgwf;vSof:ckdef;b[,uGK,wif:yldifz[ref:/
vh;q[wK, yluf:wif;rldif:wD,rlof,uaI,qD,wif:vgif;rD:Okef,vh;zAif,yAif:/
wK,vh;rD:vgif;Okef,ykdefsevh; yldifrD;zdif;rldif:pif:acK e[:rldif:wlofuof,z[
ref:qldof:eh.bl,bof./ vuf:xmefOmuf;aO qmof:cldof:rldif:vghqldof:vh;q[
vlif:vhm:rkdof:zgrf.qgrf:wh:qrf:-
'hm,qmof:cldof:cmifyAef 1.OrK:wl,oK,Odef,oK:egif, (aq<wgef<rdwf.uBD:eK:_oAif:aq<eK:)
2.wl,oK,qmof,Idyf. (aq<wgef<rdwf.uBD:eK:_oAif:aq<eK:)
3.tl:wdif,Iwef, (aq<wgef<rdwf.uBD:eK:_oAif:aq<eK:)
4.qmof,vK. (aq<wgef<rmef;rlof,)
5.qmof,vgef: (aq<wgef<rmef;rlof,)
6.vymef,uIgif, (aq<wgef;rmef;rlof,)cofqldof:eh.bof./
'hm,qmof:cldof:cBmif:yAef 1.tl:vGK,rlif: ('vrf:)
2.tl:wgif,qK,cyf. (wD:wdrf,)
3.tl:uAof<rmef: (pK:cK:)cofqldof:eh.bof./
wgef;wK,rldif:wh:ehauK;
zl;wmifwlofulef:rldif:wh:wD;ul;wgef;wgef;cof?
Nrf;yK:wif:qof;ch,'K.rldif:rldif:wh: 33 qof;cofehauK; vh;wmif:zgrf.Nrf;uef
wK,bgef,bgrf:yefpSif:ygif(tK,eK,)yldif,irf:qof;'K.cofaO
qof;cK;ulef:rldif:wif:vhm vh;q[uefwK,Nrf;Mrf:uef
yluf:ygifrldif:wh:uGK,rldof:eK;bof./ ugyf;eh qif,vh;q[uef
wK,wif;yAefvkrf:vlifwSef:zgif:rldif:wh: tefcof;yK:qof;'K. 33 qof;? Nrf;yK:
zl;wmifwlofulef:rldif: 33 auK.cofzAif,yAif:uefaO 66 qof;Nrf;Mrf:eh.yAef
wSef:zgif:wmifwlofrldif:qkdif;wh:ywf:ykdef. wD;vkrf:vlif
wSef:zgif:(OzK:-Nrf;wkrfvlif)eef.rK: urf:tgefwmif:Okwf:yldef;bof./
vkuf.wD;ymifwkrfvlifvkrf:vlifwSef:zgif:eh.aO qif,Okdyf,
vlduf;tguf,xSif;wmifwlof'hm,qof;'K.sv; e[:ulef:rldif:ab; 7 auK.yAif:uefbof./
zl;wmifwlof'hm, qof;'K.cof 7 qof;qrf:yAef-
1. ckefymef:qdif, (qof;'K.vlifrldif:vghvliferf.Oef,?
cldof:yvgif;)
2. qof;crf:Olduf; (qof;'K.vlifrldif:bgif;Nnf,?
cldof:wh:egif)
3. qof;Nrf,'K. (qof;'K.vlifrldif:OSefoD?
cldof:wh:)
4. qof;ekrf, (qof;'K.vlifrldif:vhm:cK;?
cldof:wh:)
5. qof;qmrfxkef: (qof;'K.vlifrldif:ygef?
cldof:wh:)
6. qof;xkef:at: (qof;'K.vlifrldif:OK,rldif:crf:?
cldof:wh:xel.)
7. tl:zdof, (cldof:ytlof:?
zl;wmifwlofqof;'K.rldif:OD,OSif,)
zl;wmifwlof'hm,ulef:rldif: 7 qof;qrf:yAef-
1. ckefzlif: (zl;wmifwlofwgef<ulwf.chm?
cldof:cmif)
2. vkif:wdef,at: (zl;wmifwlofwgef<rldif:egifphm:bK;?
cldof:wh:egif)
3. vkif:xkef:rBdef. (zl;wmifwlofwgef<rldif:rguf,rh,vmif:cldof:?
cldof:wh:)
4. ckefuBK,yl. (zl;wmifwlofwgef<rldif:OD,ayK.?
cldof:wh:)
5. vkif:ckefaqK: (zl;wmifwlofwgef<ymif:wIK.?
cldof:wh:xel.)
6. vkif:ckefxD: (zl;wmifwlofwgef<ymifvlif?
cldof:wh:)
7. qof;bAyf,'K. (zl;wmifwlofwgef<OSefoD?
cldof:wh:)cofqldof:eh.bof./
cofqof; 14 qof;eh.
qif,vlduf;abK:P;qof;ckefymef:qdif,(qof;'K.rldif:vghvlif)P;ckdef;yAefNofyof;vlifaObof.
tefukdwf: qldof:eef.Orf. P;yAefzl;cof;qkrf:ref:bof./
zl;pmyf,umefemrf:e[:ref:Orf. P;yAefqof;'K.rldif:ygefqof;qmrfxkef:sv; vkif:ckef
uBK,yl. OD,ayK.cof pAwf:ygifbof./ qkrf:eh.pduf;qkdof;oK;
ugif,Ovf,rldif:qkdif;wh:(Shan State Council)aObof.? yAefqkrf:ygifumefzl;wmif
wlofrldif:wh:bof./ ygif,oK;yAefqkrf:vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh:
tefyK:umifq[ulef:rldif:eef. urf:tgefwmif:Okwf:yldef;ehauK; oK;vh;bof./ eh.
ygif,oK; wh:bmrf;rD:rK:zl;wmifwlof tefawtkyf.rldif:wh:uGK,eK;?
tefvlifygifqkdif;(tqlof:b)rldif:wh:rK:eh. qArfrldof;yD 1947 eD; rldof; oef:
7.2.1947 ehsv;e[:umefykdef:yhm:rldif:rldif:wh:eh.
yAefoef:vrf,vgif;vliftefxkuf,vDN.uefoh.eef. oef:eldif;ehbof./ bgef.
ugyf;vh;rD:rK: vlifygifqkdif;bof.sv; eif,pkdofyldif'mifqkdif;rldif:ayK:awwArfxlef;qkrf,ul;eef.
xkuf,vh;rD:yK:xlif:qldof.qmwf;trf,eef rduf;rhmqgrfydofwmifcldof:rldif:bl,/ wK,tlthmqldof.cdlof:eef.auK;
xkuf,rD:uGmrf:wmif,xlif:qldof.qmwf;bl,ehsv;
tdiftoftefvkif:ckefyK.nmef,rdlif:OD,ayK.vh;wSrf;rK:oh.eef.
qif,wmifsexkdifymifukrfvlifaO wif:vhmqif,tgefuefukdef.pkdef,qkdef,urf.aO
tgefuefvh; q[wSyf:wwf:yefrK: zAif:uGmrf:wmif,qgrfydofqldof.qmwf;eh.
P;yAefuGmrf:wh:tefrD:acK;sw,oK; cldof:wh:cldof:IqK,eef.rK:bof./ wK,xlif:
qldof.qmwf;eef.auK; tgefuefwSyf:wwf:ruf:ref;yef P;yAefwkif:qgrfydof tefODOmrfpmof:
vldif cAof vSif zAif,uefwif:olif:vkuf; vdlefrlef:ODcmof bl,umifeef.rK:bl,bof./
wmif:bmof:P;rD: 5 xwf:? wmif:uGmif;rD: 3 xwf:/
vkuf;vldefrlef:ODcmofe[:umifref:eef. P;rD:wmif:uGmif;vwf:umifeldif;Oguf,wif;(18
ySuf.)wArfwArfehaO tgefsw,q[.wkdof:uefrK:eh. awK,rldof;eh.bof./ (rldof;oef:xD;
12.2. 1947 eD;umife[eef.
bgef.xlif:qgrfydofrldif:zgrf.Nrf;rldif:rmef;bif:yh,rD:sv;
vh;tofqgrfydofwh:vldifcAofvSifyK:vkuf;vldefrlef:eh. yluf;zSefckdef;uGK,aO
sw,tofylof,cBLuf,tgif,Omef: vh;sw,wuf.brfqgrfydofwh: oef: 7.2.1947
eh.rK:tgefwmif:tgef,bof.)
ugyf;eh oef:wh:eh.
yAefoef:qmof:cldof:ulef:rldif:wh:pof:cK;wif:OAif;
vh;q[zgrf.Nrf;uefwK,vgif;umefvAofe[:wgef;yhm:rldif:
vgwf;vSof:ugef:acKauK;q[;bof./ yAefoef:vkuf.wD; teftrf,arKzgrf.uefeef.aO
sw,arKzgrf.uefrK: yAefoef:erf.eldif;q[vAof auK;q[;bof./
yAefoef:vkuf.wD;teftrf,N.trf,rD:aO vh;wSyf:wwf:pAwf:P;rD:rK:oef:qldof.qmwf;?
xlif:qgrfydofwmifwlofqldof.qmwf; omef;rldif:sv; zAif:uGmrf:wmifwlofrldif:rK:/
ulef:rldif:wh:tgefuefvh;q[zgrf.Nrf;Mif.uGmrf:zAif:wmif,qgrfydofwh:rK:wif:OAif;
wif:zgrf.zAif, qlrf:Oldof:bof./ ygif,oK;rldof;eef.sw. ulef:rldif:wh:wif:vhm
tgefuefqlrf:zgrf. Mif.uGmrf:wh:vh;tdlof;/ trf,rD:wmif:qSuf,szvldwf;oK; yAefwh:?
yAefvhg? yAefytlof:OifsO;/ rD;q[qrfq[uef
Nrf;yAefcldof:vAofvh;ehauK;q[;bof.oK;vh;bof./
yAefoef:wh:tefvlduf;tguf,vh;zl;tgefNof
qldof.qmwf;wK,emrf:Omif;yAefvlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh:zgrf.Nrf;auK;q[;sv; z[auK.v[
awpwf:oK;vh; oef:eh.trf,rD:uK;cefOif e[:ykdef:ehvh;/ ayK:N.ayK:arKtofauK;
rD:uK;cefb[,vlifaw.avK,/
ulnf:uK;
ohm:aOrldif:vh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKbof.auK; vgif;umefrldif:? umefOkduf:?
umefcldof:e[:rldif:wh:cSef:pmif;phm.rK:tldof;/ tdif
eldofvgif;sc,zlduf,cof;rldif:aO Odkuf:sc,vSifauK;qgrf:cof;rldif:rK:/
Okduf:rmef;cofauK;vh;ckdef;rK:zSofe[:rldif:wh:aO wif;wyf.oh. trf,cdkef:
xghrldof:bof./ tdifvlnf;bmif:cofvkuf.zkdef.aO cldof:ytlof:cofauK;
vkuf.pkdef,rK:e[:vSefrldif:wh:ygwf:qmef:aevgif;oK;cgrf;cwf:qof;'K.cofehaO
yefyAefcAefawK,ulef:rldif:wh:cldof:wh:rK:ehauK; awK,xkdifqif,eh.bof./
ohm:aOqgrfOdkuf:ae,odef: ouf.tofpSif:ygifrmef; rldif:bof.auK; rD:vgif;wAuf:wAifvldofrK:?
rkuf.qkrf:trf,yefwif;? vduf;vhm:wh:trf,yefOgef/ yhm:olef.tefoK;rldif:wh:eh.
ugyf;trf,q[;cldof: vAofulnf:bl,Oof:sv; ayK:oef:udkuf:ykdef:vlifeh.
awMif.oK;yAefoef:wh:? oef:cldof:wh:ulnf:eh
vSyf;wK,ulef:cldof:wmifqldof:coftrf,yK:oh. ref:trf,ygif,qSif;vD/ ugyf;eh
vDvh;Mif.oK;oef:rldif:wh:ehqif,awyK:wK,ulef:e[:rldif:eh.wif:OAif;tldof;eh
tofvgif;vSefvdefoh. yAefb[,aO vgif;zgrf.Nrf;uGK,aObof./
chm.vhm;bAyf,brfyAwf;qkdof;oef:iof;ykdif: tefyAefoef:cldof:wh:eef.
ySwf;rK:bl,bof./ 'hm,eldif; auK;
bgif;yefcldof:qldof:tgef,e[:rldif:wh:qldof:eef.
P;bSif;sb:ySefOkifwSuf;NofrK,awK,wh:rK:? P;OAwf;uK;cef cwf:cefawK,wh:rK:eh.
zSofe[:vSefNif:pAef:qef.qgrfv[ugef,bof./ phm.rK:uK;pkdofeh
awK;qgrfydofvldifcAofvSifeh. yAefODwmifwlofrldif:wh:aw.bl,eh P;uGK,tof vduf;vhm:urf.xSrfrK:ehv[ugef,tldof;/
ulnf:oK;pkdofauK; ykdef:aw.aw.eh.trf,phm/ ulef:urf;erfauK; xmrfrK:oK;
rldif:wh:eh. ulnf:qif,rD:rK: rldof; 1947 cdif:ae,odef:uldwf,yeftrf,q[;/
rldif:wh:eh. rD:rK:pkdifeK,eK,bof./ pkdifvldofqlof;Omuf;rldif:rmef;vl:ugef,tldof;/
ugyf;eh acK; Mif.eh.zdwf:tldof;/ awoK;P;rD:vgif;zAif,yAif:uefeef.
uGK,rD:wD;v[bof./ ugyf;eh oef:wh:eh. oef:wh:ulnf:bof./ z[awrK:tofacK; Mif.aO
bK.ykdef:ySwf;vh;vK, ehauK;rD:rK:bof./
ohm:vifrK:
ugyf;ulef:wh:auK;tgefueftAef;vduf;tAef;vhm:rK:bof.sv; qldof:ykdwf,wD;ygif,oef:cldof:wh:oef:rldif:wh:eh.
P;wldof: omwf;uGmif;uGK,xSif;oK; oef:qldof.qmwf;qkdif;wh:ehauK; rD:rK:bl,bof./
wD;aw.ref: c[;Mif.acK;v[Mif. xmwf;q[ykdef.iof; tefpyf.pefoh. eldofacK; tefoK;
]]wh:}}eh.sw. trf,yK:trf,vh; wuf:N.uK;vh;yK:qgrf:bl,wduf:wduf:bof./
yldifvlifref: tefpof:cofvDvh;ygif,q[oh.eh.sw.
ugyf;rD:oh.qldof:trf,Noftrf,pmifsv; qif,vh;yAefulnf:bof./
Oifulef:vlifrldif:ul;auK.auK. tgefuefrD:q[vD q[puf.omef;puf.rldif:aw.
rD:q[zAif,yAif:awK,ulef:rldif:wif:vhmaw.bl,eh acK;uGmrf:qldof:eh.
trf,wyf;vh;uldwf,tguf,yAefrK:xSif;bof./ 'hm,eldif;auK; ugyf;
wlofuof,cldof:wh:eef. pSif:bgrf:oh.sv; qif,vh;yAefulnf:bof./ ugyf;eh
ref:trf,q[;oef:tefwh:zgrf.uefwK,yAefcD;cK;ehauK; vDvh;
vlif.vSif:ygif,q[qgrf:uGK,bl,/ qldof:pAwf:ayK:pAwf:rK:bof./ qldof:zgrf.auK;
zgrf.rK:aw.bof. cofqof;ul;wlefwleftrf,rD:wmif:zdwf:wK, wh:? ayK:rD:awK,rD:
qldof:ySwf.qldof:vSefeef.ulnf:tldof;/ rD:wmif:zdwf:
xkuf,rmyf,ugifO[,e[:qlof;ymefcof eif,iof:vhm:cofaO cofpAwf:
yefrK:eif,cofygifyAefvh;bof./ ykef;zgef:cof cofpmyf,rK:bof./ umef;wgef;cof
cofpmrfpmyf,rK:bof.bof;/ urf:eh.sw. zSofrK:e[:umyf; ymefpof:cof
wif;wlofwif;q[oh./ pof:awOkdyf,pmyf,ykef;zgef:qldof.qmwf;vhm:v[qldof.pkdof
qldif.pkdof/ awuK;qgrf:OAifph,rgif:OSif:yldef;
wgnf,yldef;wmef:yldef;omef;yefeef.ulnf:pkdof/ trf,eef qgrf:vhm:xofqldif:ugifwh:tofwSrf,wSrf,sv;tldnf:eef.se,/
eh.rD:edlofwmif: wSyf:wwf:Okef,wlofz[ref:bof./
uK;cefvliftefeldif;
tefpof:cofxkuf,vlif.vSif:oh.sw.
rldif:vliftefpof:coftgefuefbl,Oof:qgrf:uefbl,eh. ref:yAefwh: pof:sw,?
wh:pof:wif;rK:tldof;/ zifNuf.sp,wD; ymifvlifygif,vSif:rldif:wh:tldof;/
ayK:trf,rD:rK:oef:cldof:wh:? oef:rldif:zgrf.Nrf;auK;trf,rD: vh;/
ugyf;rD:rK:vduf;Nrf;rhmymifvlif wif:acK:udef,acK;ref;uSef,wD;uefsv;
rldif:qif,eh.qif,rD:rK:/ awK;eh.auK; ulef:yhm:rldif:rldif:rmef; urf;erferf
pmrf.c[;wif:rlwf:? Nrf;yK:ulef:ekrf,rldif:pof:pmrf.c[;wif:OAif;eh.
tdiftoftefcofvh;pAef:tlrfOlyf:eef.rK:aO xmif,oK;- ymifwkrfvlifymifvlif yD 1947
eh. xmif,oK;rmef;cof ylof,cBLuf.tgif,Omef:tgefpAwf:rK:eheh. zdwf:oK;zdwf:bof./
tofeh.uGK,eK; pof: coful;auK.xkuf,N.oh. vgif;oK;ymifwkrfvlifymifvlifeh.
ref:yAefurf:xlef;Ogif? yAefqof;'K.wh:pof:cof tgefzgrf.uefpAwf:Omif; vlduf;
pAwf:wD;e[:vdefrldif:qof;'K.vhm:cK;
tefwluf:rSef;e[:wgef;ugef;umifrldif:wh:eef.bof./ ylof,cBLuf.tgif,Omef:eh.
yAefulef:auK.rK: qgefOkef,cof;ygh:ymifwkrfvlifymifvlif tefqof;'K.wh:cof
pAwf:eef.ehauK; vDN.vDwmif,zkdefrhmckdef:P;wSwf;eSwf;oh.bl,/
O[,urf:eh.
ckdef:tAef;wlnf:wmif:clef.vhm:olef.aOzgif;vl:/ Oifoef:wh:trf,rD:rK:
oef:rldif:zgrf.Nrf;auK; awtrf,rD:ehvK;/ ayK:eef
rldif:wh:cldof:wh:awtgefuefyAefpkdofoh. awOkdyf,yAefcD;cK;eK;zdluf,bl,se,?
trf,eef awvgwf;vSof:oh.bof.se,/ trf, eef awOkdyf,yAefpkdofoh./
ayK:vgwf;vSof:awyAefoh.qldif.pkdof/ xmef;v[/ ayK:yAefcD;cK;awyAefpkdofoh.
Orf.awyAefcD;cK;z[bl,/ wh: Orf.awyAefoh. awOkdyf,pAwf:pkdofuGK,? qldof:eh. qldof:eh.
J/
urf:eh.Orf. rD:oef:wh:bof.
rD:oef:rldif:zgrf.Nrf;bof.? rD:oef:vgwf;vSof:rK:aw.bof.?
eh.auK;yAefykdef:rK:aw.bof./ rldif: wh:ulef:wh:yAefpkdofoh.bl,/
qef.xmef;ykdef.N.? yhm:bl,vD? yhm:vlif.vSef,rD:Oifvhmvhm/
vgif;xmif,pmif;yAefpkdof? wmif:pyf.pefwh:tef rD:awK,vgif;zgrf.Nrf;Orf.
yAefpkdofoh./ cofpAwf:pkdofbl,sv; cofcwf:q[wif:vhm:q[oh./ qldof:eh. qldof:eh.
auK;Orf.vDvh;clef.N.pef qgrf:bl,eif,uof,/
iof;ykdef.vgif;xmif,pmif;wK,cldof:vlifeldif;cdlof:eef.
cofyldif,rD:oh.xmef;v[bof./ wmif:pyf.yof;sv; Okef,vh;cofrD;oh.uK;pkdof/
iof:vhm:cldof:cofeh. seoh.yldifOmif,pmif;iof:ckdef;b[,oh.se, trf,eef
blyf;bgrf:qgyf;phmoh.? qldof:eh. qldof:eh.auK; vlof,vh;xmrf bl,/ ulnf:uK;
vgwf;xmrfbof./ qgif,wh:arKqlof:q[? rmwf,q[qAyf:q[/
vgif;ydef,ohm,vSuf;vhm;cofrD:Oifvhmvhm/ wh:rldof;eh.bl,e[:iof:egef: zefoh.se,?
trf,eef rD:Ohmq[wkdef,wlofN.cdif:oh.bl,pkdof:/
rD:xmwf;c[;bl,ihm;tgnf,rgnf;oh.se, trf,eef wkdef,vSwf:? oK;pdkofyAef pkdofoh./
qldof:eh. qldof:eh.auK; qgif,trf,vDvh;yefP;cldof:tgef,wh:pof:cof N.qgrf:se,/
z[awpAwf:? z[awch;? z[awtgefsv; z[ awOgefyefcofvK,JvK,JvK,J/
awK,rldof;eh.sw.
pof:cofbl,qgrf:uef bl,Omif,zgrf.uefrK:eh. rD:rK: 65 yDbof./ ugyf;eh eif,ydkef:
95 yDeh. vrf,vgif;eef. ykdef:cmof:bmof:vlif 4700 yDauK; vrf,vgif;bl,tldof;
vDN.peftldof;? vDOgefpAef:uefbl,tldof;/ ayK:tofykdef:ygwf:yAefckduf. Orf.trf,
arKoh.ykdef:bmof:O[,vkduf.ehauK; oef:cldof:wh:eh.
awc[;yAefoef:OifauK;yAefuGK,vh;bl,/ vgef.rgef:ref z[awukrf:yef/ ayK:ukrf,omef
qgrf:ykdef:bmof:vlif qldof:rldof;ylef.aOoh. rofrmifawK,ykdef:ygwf:tgef,qlof;eh.
ySwf;auK;zgef:vDzgef:qK.awqmif;rD:OifuGK, xkuf,
xwf:pefwif:yldifqkdof;q[;yAefaw.bl,eef.aO ckdifOmif;uGK,xSif;ugef,tldof;/
oef:cldof:wh:rldof;eef.sw. N.yAefrK:rD:rK:aw.bof./
wK,rldof;eh.auK;
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wh:uGK,xSif;cldof:cldof:b[:b[:eef. ulef:qldof:rldof;eh.
xkuf,pAwf:OifyefwK,cdlof:wK,qldof.qmwf; tefoK;eef.ulnf:vrf,vgif;aOyldef;eh
pefxkdifeif,eh/ eif,rldof; 1947 uldwf,yAwfrK: oef:cldof:wh:bof. zSofrK: 1947
Orf.P;oef:eh.yAefoef:rldif:wh:? qldof:ohm:vifOrf. ydef,tofwD;ygif,oK;
oef:qldof.qmwf;qkdif;wh:eef. pof:cofehauK; vDvh;tofq[oef:cldof:wh:Oldof,iof;?
tofoef:rldif:wh:qgrf,umif? tof oef:qldof.qmwf;qkdif;wh:wmif,eK;rK:aO
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vh;yluf:wif;wD;ymifwkrfvlifymifvlifwK,ulef:rldif:wif:vhm vh;ykdif;tdif
rkefiof:aO tgefuefwuf.brfeyf.xkdifrK:eef.
qgrfydofvldifcAofvSifwif:vkuf;vldefrlef:eh. rldof;eh.ehauK;
Okdyf,yluf:aOwuf.brfuGK, sv;/ rldof:eK;xK,yhmrK:ehauK; P;Okdyf,yluf:ref;vh;aO
tgefcldof:pof:wuf.brfuGK,xSif;sv;/ iof:erf:wh:teftofrK:rldof;oef:eef.sw.
yAefolif:vldefrlef:wArftldof;/ trf,q[;vldefrmif;vldefzmuf,?
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uGK,aOurf:sv;/
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rkif;rgif:bkdef:xkdifyefsw. oef:cldof:wh:? oef:rldif:wh:eh. yldifvlifref: yAef
vgif;aewmif:puf.Mrftgrf,vgrf; qldof.qmwf;qkdif;wh:eh c[;oK;eif,ehvh;bl,auK;
ref:trf,uK:ulnf:yAefvgif;vDwK,wh:? ref:yAefoef:
vgif;vDwK,ulef:rldif:wh:wif:OAif; yK:ul;qmof:cldof:bof./ eh.ulnf:trf,uK:
yK:zgrf.wK,qmof:cldof:ulef:rldif:vghOAif;OAif;auK;oK;vh;bof./ ugyf; rD:oef:wh:zgrf.uefvh;sv;
qif,vh;rD:rK:oef:cldof:pmof:Oefvghbof./ bgef.rD:eif,ehrK:sv; ohm:rK:Orf.
vh;rD:rK:xSif;oef:rldif:zgrf. Nrf;vlifbof./ ugyf;eh oef:cldof:wh:
oef:rldif:wh:eh. ayK:tofuGmrf:ukif,ukef:rkefaOoK;eh
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ugyf;vgif;qldof:eh.aO ulef:qldof:e[:rldif:oef:rldof;eh.wif:OAif;eh.
trf,vlduf;szoK; wh:? oK;rmef;? oK;IcSif,? rkef,? bmif:OifaO
wuf:awvh;arKNrfqlrf: tofukif,rkefbkuf.bgif;yefpSif: oef:cldof:wh:eh.uGK,ugef, qif,aw
yAefulef:vuf:vSrf ulef:N.ykdef: ulef:puf.rldif:vlifaw.eef.bof./
P;ulef:rldif:cldof:vlifpof:cofwif:vhm
ul;qmof:cldof: P;arKpuf.Mrftgrf;ySif:uef y[.yK:wmif:zgrf.Nrf;uGK,vh;vDimrf:
wif:wmif:zAif,yAif: aOurf:/ P;arKpAwf:auK.uefvDimrf:aO tgefauK,wif;vh;rldif:iSrf:bAef
tefrD:vgif;Okef,vh;zAifyAif:? tefrD:vgif;ykdef;sevh; yldif
rD;zdif;rldif:pif:z[ref:vh;eif,uefuGK,aOurf:/ P;tgefuefzgrf.Nrf;
auK,Omif;vh;qkdif;rldif:ckdef;b[,r[,Okif rmuf,rD:vDyAef wldof:wgef:uGK,
eK;vh;aOurf:/ vkuf.oef:cldof:wh: oef:rldif:wh:cgyf;clyf, 65 yDeh.aO
P;bkdef:bmof:uGK,vh;awK,rkdef,eD;OSefyDaOurf: ....
ykdef<pmefwh:
(auK.c[;pefr[,OkifyAefrK:vh;e[:qlof;ymefeK;eh.)
20:03(umef:)07_02_2012(p.v-4)
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