သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ

လမ္းꨓ္ꨮး

          လြင္ꨳလူꨉ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းပုိꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨀဝ္ꨁဳꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳလူꨁ္ꨮꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲမဳး ꨅꨱမ္လ္ꨮꨅꨱမ္ꨀြꨓ္ꨲꨟုိင္ ꨓꨤꨓ္းꨓဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨓင္ꨲꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳလူလꨯꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲမဳး ပꨱꨓ္ပြတ္းပꨱꨓ္တြꨓ္ꨳ ꨓ္ꨮးလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး ꨡꨓ္ꨅꨯꨤး မ်ဳꨵသဳꨲ၊ ꨁုꨓ္မ်ꨤတ္းသဳꨲ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳယꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵသꨰꨓ္ဝီ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨯꨤမူိင္း မင္းရꨯꨤး၊ w.w.Cochrane ꨁဝ္ တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳသင္၊ ꨓင္ꨲꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳထြမ္ꨲလꨯꨳငိꨓ္းတီꨳ ꨕူꨳꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨁဝ္လဝ္ꨳꨬꨓ ꨅူိဝ္း ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳသင္၊ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨡိမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮ တူိꨀ္းꨅ္ꨮလꨯꨳေသပြꨀ္ꨳ။

ယြꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ေသ ယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳတုိꨀ္းသူꨓ္း တီꨳေမဳလိꨀ္ꨳေမဳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨁဝ္မဳးတင္းꨓမ္ ꨟꨮ္ꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳ ꨟြင္ꨵဝꨤꨀ္ꨲ လြင္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းပိုꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ပꨯꨲꨟꨓ္ꨕ္ꨮတုိꨓ္ꨲတူဝ္တုိꨓ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮ တူိဝ္ꨵ ꨓူိဝ္ꨵတူိဝ္ꨵꨓင္ တူင္ꨵꨓုိင္ꨟꨱတ္းꨬꨓသင္ꨬတꨵꨬတꨵဝဳꨳဝဳꨳေသပြꨀ္ꨳ။

ꨡꨓ္ေမဳလိꨀ္ꨳေမဳꨀꨮꨤမ္းတꨯးꨟဝ္းꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္ တုိꨀ္ꨵꨅူမ္းတꨰမ္ꨳ ꨅူမ္းꨟြင္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ꨡꨓ္ꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ လိꨀ္ꨳလူလိꨀ္ꨳꨁဝ္တင္းလꨯꨤꨅူမ္းꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲ ꨅူမ္းလူꨅူမ္းထြမ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ယူꨲꨓꨯꨵꨅုိင္ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁူိဝ္းလြင္ꨳꨟꨀ္ꨵ တꨤင္းပꨰင္း၊ လိꨀ္ꨳꨁꨱဝ္၊ လိꨀ္ꨳꨡလြင္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္လြꨓ္ꨵလြꨓ္ꨵ။

ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းပူိꨓ္ꨳ ပြတ္းဝꨓ္းတူꨀ္းꨁဝ္သမ္ꨵေပဳးꨕꨰဝ္ထုိင္ ꨀꨤင္ꨟꨤဝ္ꨓူိဝ္လူိꨓ္ ꨓူိဝ္လꨤဝ္ꨀꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨟဝ္းယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵတꨰမ္ꨳ တုိꨀ္ꨵꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲ တုိꨀ္ꨵꨘꨓ္ꨅြမ္းꨡလြင္းယုိဝ္းလူိꨓ္ယုိဝ္းလꨤဝ္ꨀꨓ္ယူꨲ။

ꨅုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ မူိင္းလ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲမူိင္းလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨟဳတꨤင္းယူꨲလြတ္ꨳတဳꨲꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္းယူꨲ၊ ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲ ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳသမ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲယူꨲလြတ္ꨳလꨯꨳ။ တဳꨲꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳသမ္ꨵ တꨀ္းလꨯꨳမီးလြင္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲ မုꨓ္လြင္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္း။ တဳꨲေတꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္မူိꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ꨅြမ္းꨀꨓ္ ꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨁိုꨓ္း ပိုꨓ္းတူဝ္ပူꨀ္ꨵꨀူဝ္ꨲ ꨅူိဝ္းတုိꨀ္းꨡဝ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္း ပူꨀ္းတꨤင္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္း မဳးမူိဝ္ꨳꨀြꨓ္ꨲꨡြꨓ္ပူꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ေတဳꨵတꨯꨲလဝ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳꨬꨓꨁိုꨓ္းꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ၊ ေပဳး ꨡမ္ꨲမီꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅုိင္ ꨅꨤင္ꨳဝꨯꨵမဝ္ꨓူိဝ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲေသ ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨓ္လီ ꨡꨤမ္းꨁြꨯ လူ ယူိင္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳ ꨡဝ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ တူꨀ္းတꨰမ္ꨲꨅူမ္ꨟꨯꨤꨀꨮဳꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨬꨀꨳꨀꨤင္ပူိꨓ္ꨳ။

ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘မြင္းꨀူဝ္း’’ ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳသမ္ꨵေပဳး လꨰꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးပြꨯꨲꨕဳꨳဝꨤင္းပꨰတ္ꨳပꨯꨤးဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨲတ‘‘မꨤꨀ္ꨵသ္’’ ‘‘ေလꨲꨓိꨓ္ꨲ’’(Marx, Lenin)ꨁဝ္ေသပူꨀ္းပꨓ္ꨳꨀုꨉ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨵပုိꨓ္း‘‘ꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ’’(Genghis Khan)မဳး။ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨓင္ꨲ ‘‘လိပ္းပ်ိဴဝ္း’’(Libia)ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳမီးဝꨯꨵ ‘‘ꨡူဝ္းမဳးမုꨀ္ꨵတဳꨲ’’(Omar Muktar)။ သပꨱꨓ္ꨲ (Spain)ꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳမီး ‘‘ေꨡးလ္သိတ္ꨵ’’ (El Cid)။ ꨡမ္ꨲလူိဝ္ေသပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵထꨯး ယူꨲꨟိမ္း ꨀိꨓ္ꨅမ္ꨟဝ္း ယင္းမီးꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵ ‘‘ꨓေရးသူꨓ္’’ꨡိꨀ္ꨲတင္း ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳတꨤꨀ္ꨲသိꨓ္’’ ꨡꨓ္ꨬတꨲ ꨟꨱတ္းပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳꨅုိင္ꨳထꨯးပꨤꨓ္မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္။

ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵမꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳမီးဝꨯꨵ‘‘ꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲ၊ ပယိꨓ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨲ၊ ꨡလြင္းၾꨕဳး၊ ꨡြင္ꨲသꨤꨓ္း’’ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨤပ္ꨳထꨤမ္၊ သမ္ꨵေပဳးေတလူꨓ္ꨵꨟူလူꨓ္ꨵတဳꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲလိꨀ္ꨳꨕူꨳꨁꨯꨳပိုꨓ္းꨁဝ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္းꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯꨓꨯꨵ တꨯးသမ္ꨵꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲꨡဝ္မုꨓ္ ꨀူꨓ္းꨘꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းယြꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨟꨀ္ꨵ မူိꨓ္ ꨓင္ꨲꨡလြင္းꨀꨱင္သူိင္းမူိင္းꨁြꨓ္း၊ ꨡလြြင္းꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲတြင္ꨲꨅိင္ꨲ၊ မꨓိꨀုင္ꨲပꨰင္ꨲ။ ေပဳးေတꨀုမ္ꨲꨡဝ္ မုꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းပꨰတ္ꨳလꨯꨤ ꨀူꨓ္းꨁဳꨳတူဝ္တꨯꨤယြꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨟꨀ္ꨵ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨓင္ꨲꨡလြင္းꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္ေလဳးေသ ပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨓြꨓ္းꨘꨓ္ယူꨲꨅုိင္ မူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮေတပူတ္းပြꨯꨲပူꨓ္ꨵလြတ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨅꨤတ္ꨳတုꨀ္ꨵꨁ ꨡꨓ္ꨟဝ္း ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ထူပ္းꨉဳးယူꨲမူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္?။

ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းပူိꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨳယူꨲထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨀꨓ္ယူꨲꨓꨯꨅုိင္

ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိꨓ္ꨳမီး-

(1) ꨅ္ꨮꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ၊

(2) ꨅ္ꨮꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္၊

(3) ꨅ္ꨮတူဝ္ꨳတꨓ္းတဳꨲတꨯꨤပုꨓ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္။

ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ꨓူိဝ္ပူꨀ္ꨵꨀူဝ္ꨲꨓ္ꨮးသူိꨀ္ꨳပိုꨓ္း ꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳယူꨲꨓူိဝ္ꨵလူိတ္ꨳသꨯꨤꨅ္ꨮ ပုꨓ္ꨳ တဳꨲပူတ္းပြꨯꨲပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳꨀꨰတ္ꨲꨬꨁဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲမဳးꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯး ꨟဝ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨀꨓ္ꨁ္ꨮꨳပူꨓ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္းပꨤꨓ္ꨀိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨀပ္းꨓမ္ꨵတဳယူꨲꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ထုိင္ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္း တꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ပူꨀ္းတုိꨓ္ꨲတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပူꨓ္ꨵလြင္ꨳꨘꨓ္ꨟꨯꨤꨵလူင္ လူꨉ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ၊ ꨅ္ꨮ ꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮဝဳꨳ မီးငူိꨓ္းပုိꨓ္းတူꨀ္းတꨰမ္ꨲ ꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲလီလꨯꨳထꨤင္ꨲတုိꨓ္းဝꨯꨵ မဝ္ꨁိုꨓ္းꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ။ ေပဳးꨡဝ္လꨀ္းထꨤꨓ္(သꨤꨀ္ꨳေသꨲ) ပုိꨓ္းဝဳꨳꨅုိင္ တင္ꨳꨬတꨲ လꨀ္းꨓီꨳပီꨁရိတ္ꨵ 1298 ထုိင္ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨟဝ္းယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမဳး။

ꨬတꨲꨡဝ္ 1314 ထုိင္ 1364 ေꨀဳꨳယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳေꨀဳꨲသꨤင္ꨳꨅုိင္ꨳတုမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲ‘‘ꨟꨯꨤးေꨟဳသꨰင္’’(Empire) မဳးတင္ꨳꨬတꨲ ꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းတူꨀ္း ေတဳꨲထုိင္မူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ(Assam)။

ꨅꨱင္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵꨲဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ ꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္ꨓြင္ꨬသ (ꨀူꨳပြꨀ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ မီးꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ ယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္။) ꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ - ꨕꨰဝ္ထုိင္မိူင္းလꨤဝ္းပြတ္းတူꨀ္း။

ꨓဳꨳꨅꨱင္ꨲꨅꨤꨓ္းဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨀြꨓ္းငမ္းထုိင္လမ္းပုꨓ္း၊ လမ္းပꨤင္း၊ ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းထꨯး။

ꨓဳꨳတꨤင္းꨅꨤꨓ္းထုိင္ - ပဳꨲꨀူိဝ္၊ တဳꨳꨀုင္ꨳတဳꨳဝꨯꨤ၊ ေမဳꨲလမꨰင္ꨲ။

လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨬလꨳဝဳꨳ မဝ္းယဳꨳလုိမ္းတူဝ္ လဳꨳလီလꨤမ္းလိမ္း ꨕူꨲလူမ္းꨕူꨲလꨰင္ꨵ။ မꨓ္းပဳး ꨓ္ꨮး Gazetteer of Upper Burma & the Shan States ꨡꨓ္ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္ꨳꨁဝ္ တꨰမ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲ ꨟꨱတ္းဝꨯꨵꨕိုꨓ္ပပ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵသꨀ္းသꨀ္း။

‘‘ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨓ္ꨵꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ ꨟꨀ္ꨵလုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ေသ ယြမ္းသꨱင္ꨲꨅုꨓ္ꨵပြꨯꨲသꨯꨤꨅ္ꨮ ယြမ္းတုꨀ္ꨵယြမ္းတꨯꨤ ꨟꨱတ္းမဳးပꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨀတ္ꨵသင္ဝဳꨳ ေတꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ꨓူိဝ္ꨟဝ္း၊ ယင္းပꨯꨤꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းꨟဝ္းေသꨀြꨓ္ꨲ။ ꨅူိဝ္းꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းေꨀဳꨳ ယဳꨲဝဳꨳေတ ေမဳယြင္ꨳေယဳးတꨤင္းလီꨡꨓ္ꨟဝ္းꨟꨱတ္းမဳးꨬလꨳ ꨁဝ္လꨯꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵလဳꨳ၊ ပꨯꨤꨅိꨬꨓးꨬသꨵ သြမ္းꨟဝ္းထꨰင္ꨳꨀြꨓ္ꨲ’’။

ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳဝိꨉꨓ္ꨲꨁꨮꨓ္ငဝ္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳဝဳꨳꨟင္းလုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨯေသꨀမ္း။ ေပဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨅုိင္ မူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳမဳးꨕ္ꨮေတꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ ထꨰင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵလဳꨲ?။ ယဳꨲဝဳꨳေတꨟꨀ္ꨵလဳꨳ၊

ꨅြင္ꨲမꨓ္းꨅ္ꨮꨳမူိင္းတꨯးꨀဝ္ေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨟုိဝ္ꨓꨯေသ ꨀြင္လင္ပꨯꨤꨳယꨤꨓ္ပꨰတ္ꨳလူးꨀြꨓ္ꨲ။

ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္း ꨡမ္ꨲေမဳꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ မူိဝ္ꨳလ္ꨮꨅင္ꨲေတပူꨓ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅꨤတ္ꨳတုꨀ္ꨵꨁယꨤပ္ꨲꨀိꨓ္းလူင္ ꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူꨀ္းတꨰမ္ꨲလူင္ꨓꨯꨵ။

ꨅင္ꨲꨟူꨵတူဝ္ဝဳꨳ တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳေမဳလိꨀ္ꨳေမဳꨀꨮꨤမ္းသင္ꨓꨯေသတဳꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨟူꨵꨅူိဝ္း ေမဳꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသမ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္းပုိတ္ꨲပꨤꨀ္ꨳေတဳꨵတꨯꨲꨁꨯꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨬꨓပူိꨓ္ꨳ။ ဝဳꨳလဳးေꨀဳꨳꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ ꨀꨓ္ꨀူဝ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ပူꨓ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨀိꨓ္း၊ ꨅꨤတ္ꨳတုꨀ္ꨵꨁ ꨅꨤတ္ꨳတူꨀ္းတꨰမ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵꨟုိဝ္။ မꨤင္ ꨕဝ္ꨲꨀူဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳသုမ္းꨅꨤတ္ꨳသုမ္းꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨟုိဝ္။ ဝူꨓ္ꨵꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯေသꨀꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨀ္ꨵတꨰမ္ꨳ ꨡြꨀ္ꨳမဳး။

သင္ဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲလီလူလီꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲꨅုိင္ꨁꨰꨓ္းေတဳꨳယဳꨲေပꨅိꨬꨓးꨬသꨵသြမ္းꨀꨓ္။ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲေတꨬꨓး ꨓꨓ္ꨵတဳꨵမီးꨅ္ꨮဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳꨳ - ပုိꨓ္းတူဝ္ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨀဝ္ꨟူꨵꨀဝ္ေမဳ ꨅုိင္ꨀဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲတꨰမ္ꨳလဳꨲ၊ ꨓꨯေသ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တꨰမ္ꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးထꨰင္ꨳ လူိင္ꨳတꨰင္ꨲꨡဝ္(Fiction)ꨓမ္ꨓမ္။ ဝြꨀ္းလင္ꨲ ꨀဳꨲ(Poem)လူိင္ꨲလူိင္ꨲ၊ ငဝ္းတူင္ꨵ(Movie)ꨁꨰမ္ꨵꨁꨰမ္ꨵေသꨀမ္း။

‘‘မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းလ်ꨓ္း’’ꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵမီးဝꨯꨵꨟုꨓ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳ‘‘ꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ’’၊ ꨁူိင္ꨳမꨯꨤမိꨀ္ꨳ ꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ၊ ꨟူင္း လုိဝ္ꨳသဝ္း(ꨟူင္းꨟꨰမ္း)ꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ၊ ꨀꨮꨤမ္းပꨤꨓ္မ္ꨮꨲꨁူိဝ္းလြင္ꨳꨀ်ꨱင္းꨀိသ္ꨵꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ တင္းꨓမ္ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တဳꨲပူꨀ္းတုိꨓ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

လြင္ꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲပိုꨓ္ေꨕꨳမဳးပုိꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵတီꨳꨀꨰပ္ꨳမꨓ္းပြတ္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨀြပ္ꨳပူိဝ္ꨳꨟပ္ꨵတုင္းꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝဳꨳမꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းသူိꨀ္ꨳပိုꨓ္းတဳꨲေတတꨰမ္ꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳလုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ꨟူꨵ ꨅြမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯေသ ‘‘သုꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲ’’ (Copyright)ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲမꨀ္းတတ္းꨟꨱတ္းဝꨯꨵသင္၊ ꨕ္ꨮꨁ္ꨮꨳမဳးꨬမးꨅိမ္ထြꨓ္ထꨰမ္ထꨰင္ꨳꨀဳꨳꨟုိဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္သင္။ တြꨓ္းေသꨁ္ꨮꨳတုꨀ္းယြꨓ္းဝဳꨳ - ယဳꨲေပ တꨰမ္ꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳတုမ္ꨵတူိဝ္ꨵမꨰꨓ္ꨳတꨤင္းꨓပ္ꨵယမ္တꨯးꨟဝ္း မီးꨓူိဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨡꨓ္ လꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းပꨓ္ꨕြꨓ္းလီတဳꨲꨟဝ္းꨟဳးေပဳးလꨯꨳသုိပ္ꨲပုတ္ꨳမဳးꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳေပဳးယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨡဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳꨟူဝ္ꨓꨯꨵေသ ꨀူမ္ꨳꨓြမ္းဝꨯꨳသဳꨓပ္ꨵယမ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ၊ ꨡိꨀ္ꨲ ပဳးပူꨀ္ꨵꨀူဝ္ꨲꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းေသ လူꨲꨓူိဝ္ꨵလူိတ္ꨳသꨯꨤꨅ္ꨮပꨱꨓ္ငဝ္ꨳတုိꨓ္း လုꨀ္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပူတ္းပြꨯꨲပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳꨀꨰတ္ꨲꨬꨁꨲꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္မဳးꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယ္ꨮꨲယ္ꨮꨲꨓမ္ꨓမ္ ꨁဳꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁꨮꨓ္ငဝ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁဝ္မီးꨟꨰင္းလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ယြꨓ္းꨡဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳꨟူဝ္ꨓꨯꨵꨀꨤဝ္ꨲယြꨓ္းထုိင္ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးတꨤင္းꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ သူိဝ္းသဳꨲေသ မုꨓ္ꨟူမ္ꨲသုမ္ꨲငမ္းပꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ꨡဝ္ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ꨓပ္ꨵယမ္ထုိင္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨁဝ္ꨬလꨳ ယꨱပ္ꨲယꨤင္ꨳꨅြမ္းꨟြꨯးတိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵေသꨀမ္း။

ꨕူꨳꨁပ္ꨵꨁုိင္

ပပ္ꨵပုိꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ

ꨁြမ္ꨲမတီꨲꨁုိင္ပြင္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲပပ္ꨵꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳတꨯး

ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨓမ္း

ပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္းသꨤမ္

ꨓ္ꨮးမူိဝ္ꨳတုိဝ္ꨵတꨤင္းပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨡိတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပပ္ꨵလိꨀ္ꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨟြတ္ꨳထုိင္သꨯꨤတဳꨕူꨳ ꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲလိꨀ္ꨳꨟဝ္းထꨰင္ꨳပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္းသꨤမ္ꨓꨯꨵ ယြꨓ္းꨁꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္းပုိꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္မဳး လြင္ꨳပပ္ꨵလိꨀ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨡိတ္းဳ ံ။

မူိဝ္ꨳ 18.11.93 ꨓြင္ꨵယိင္းꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳ လုꨀ္ꨵတꨤင္းမူိင္းတꨯး ꨕꨰဝ္ꨟြတ္ꨳမူိင္းꨀꨯေသ လဝ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳ ꨬꨓꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨬမꨳꨡဳ ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳသင္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳမဳး - ငဝ္ꨳꨟꨤꨀ္ꨳꨅဳꨲတိꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ လုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳေꨅꨶလꨤꨓ္ꨵမဳး - ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ။ ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳမဳးꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္း လြင္ꨳပိုꨓ္းေꨅꨶ လꨤꨓ္ꨵ။ လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္မီးပုိꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ၊ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯး ꨀြၽꨀ္ꨵꨬသꨲꨬလꨳ ပုိꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲမီးꨘဳꨵꨕီ တုိꨀ္းသူꨓ္းယူင္းꨅ္ꨮမဳး ꨡမ္ꨲတꨰမ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲယူꨲ ꨬလꨳ တင္ꨳꨬတꨲ 25.6.94 ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁိꨓ္တꨰမ္ꨳꨓင္ꨲꨀဳꨳꨟူꨵေမဳꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္။ ယြꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮတꨰမ္ꨳ ေꨀဳꨳ ꨕ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္းတꨰမ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨡမ္ꨲထꨤင္ꨲေတမီးꨕ္ꨮထုꨀ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨓ္ꨮးꨅုမ္းꨕူꨳတြꨯꨲꨟြꨀ္ꨳꨟဝ္းဝဳꨳꨁုိꨀ္ꨵယူꨲꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅꨯꨤးသꨰင္ ꨅုိꨓ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္း လြင္ꨳေပဳꨵꨡိတ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨕုိꨓ္ ပꨱꨓ္ပပ္ꨵ။ ပဳးတင္း ꨅꨯꨤးသꨯꨤလꨰတ္ꨲ ꨅြꨯꨳꨁုိင္တꨰမ္ꨳꨅꨓ္ꨟုꨓ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳး။ တူဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳꨬတꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳတုိꨓ္းမူိင္း မူိင္းယꨯ ေꨀဳꨵယူꨲမူိင္းꨡ ေမရိꨀꨓ္ꨲꨡဝ္ꨁြမ္ꨲꨕိဝ္ꨲတူိဝ္ꨲေပဳꨵပꨓ္။ ꨅင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳး ပပ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ယုꨀ္းယꨤင္ꨲ မြင္ꨳပ္ꨮꨵထဳꨳꨕူꨳ ေတꨡြꨀ္ꨲငိုꨓ္းꨡိတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပိုꨓ္ေꨕꨳပꨓ္။

လူိꨀ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨬလꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨯꨤꨲꨘဳꨵ[ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨰမ္ꨟူဝ္ပဝ္ꨳလူင္ꨁြင္ꨲသီꨲငမ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯး (SSPC) ယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္]လꨯꨳလူꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲမꨰꨓ္ꨳေသ ထုꨀ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨓဳꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲတုိꨓ္းꨡိတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပိုꨓ္ ေꨕꨳ 1000 ပပ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲတြꨓ္ꨳꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨓ္ꨮးပြꨯးပီꨶမ္ꨮꨲတꨯး မူိဝ္ꨳꨟꨤင္ပီꨶ 1994။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ ꨡမ္ꨲထꨤင္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲထူိမ္ ပပ္ꨵလိꨀ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵလꨯꨳတꨤင္းꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨟပ္ꨵꨟူမ္ ꨅူမ္းတြꨓ္ꨳꨬတꨵꨬတꨵဝဳꨳဝဳꨳ။ ထုိင္တီꨳꨡိတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္းသြင္ထꨰင္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ယင္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀုိတ္း။ တဳꨲꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨬတꨵ ငဳေတပꨱꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀုပ္းတုိဝ္းတြင္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀြင္ꨟꨯꨲမူꨀ္ꨲ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨰꨀ္ꨲတꨤမ္တဳ ꨅဝ္ꨳပဳ ꨀိꨓ္ꨁီꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨕꨱင္းꨀꨮꨤမ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳ - တꨰမ္ꨳေꨁဳꨳ၊ သꨁꨟ သ္ꨮꨲလမ္ꨲသꨱင္ေသꨟြင္ꨵ၊ ꨡꨓ္ꨅꨯꨤးသꨯꨤလꨰင္းꨓမ္ꨵꨕိတ္ꨵꨕူး တꨰမ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးဝꨯꨤးလင္ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ေတဳꨳꨓင္ꨲꨓꨓ္။ ꨕူꨳꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨁဝ္ ပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨟပ္ꨵတြꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨓမ္။ ထုိင္တီꨳꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨤꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨁူꨓ္ꨵ သြꨀ္ꨳ ထမ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨬလꨳ လူလြမ္လုမ္းလဳး ꨡြင္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨲမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡိတ္ꨲပဳး ꨡြင္ꨳ ꨀဝ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ။

ꨓမ္ꨵꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပꨰꨀ္ꨵသမ္ꨵဝဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ဝြꨀ္းဝꨤꨀ္ꨲလင္ꨀဳꨲ ꨡမ္ꨲမိုꨓ္ꨳလီ လြꨯꨳလီ မူိꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳေမဳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨁဝ္ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ သမ္ꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ ထꨤမ္သုိဝ္ꨵထꨤမ္ယိမ္ ထꨤမ္ထုတ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ယူꨲꨬလꨳ ေတ လꨯꨳဝဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ပပ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းသုတ္း ꨡꨓ္မူိꨓ္ꨓꨯ ꨓ္ꨮးငူိꨓ္းပုိꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးတꨯးပပ္ꨵဳ ံꨓꨯ ꨀုိင္ꨲဝဳꨳယူꨲ။

ꨀဳꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨁꨓ္လူင္ ꨡꨓ္ေတꨓပ္ꨵသြꨓ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳငိုꨓ္းတြင္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲပပ္ꨵလိꨀ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨅမ္း - ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯးꨟဝ္း ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တုိꨓ္ꨲတူဝ္ လြင္ꨳပုိꨓ္းꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ လြင္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္း တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ သင္ဝဳꨳꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးတꨀ္းေတလꨯꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ ꨟူိဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္းꨁုိꨓ္းဝꨓ္းဳ ံေသ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯးꨟဝ္းေꨀဳꨳ တꨀ္းလꨯꨳလြတ္ꨳလꨰဝ္းသူိဝ္းသဳꨲꨁုိꨓ္းယူꨲဝꨓ္းဳ ံꨅုိင္ꨡမ္ꨲထꨤꨓ္ꨲမီꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨁီꨳꨁင္ꨳပပ္ꨵလိꨀ္ꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨟူꨵေတမီးပုꨓ္ꨳပꨤင္ꨳမꨓ္းယူꨲ။

ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳမꨀ္းမꨯꨤလြင္ꨳꨁြပ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮယ္ꨮꨲ ꨓမ္ꨓူိဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨕူꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨟꨰင္းꨡိꨀ္ꨲပဳး ꨕူꨳꨡꨤꨓ္တင္းလꨯꨤေသ လူပ္းလိုꨓ္းလူꨉ္ꨳ ေꨁဳꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ꨀꨱပ္းတြမ္မဳး ꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵပုိꨓ္း ေꨡးသွ်ဴဝ္းꨅꨱင္ꨲꨅꨤꨓ္းဝꨓ္း ꨡြꨀ္ꨲ(A History of South-East Asia) ꨡꨓ္ D.G.E. Hall  တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳဝူꨓ္ꨵꨀုိတ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲ။

‘‘လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ တုိꨀ္းေတဳးတꨯးမꨤဝ္းꨁဝ္တင္ꨳꨬတꨲ 1438-1465 ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅမ္း - ꨕꨱꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ တꨯးမꨤဝ္းꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ လူိဝ္ေသꨁတ္းꨁꨮꨤင္ဝꨯꨵ သꨱꨓ္ꨳတꨤင္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးထုင္ꨵꨓမ္ꨵꨀꨱဝ္ ꨀူꨉ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳး လြင္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္သူိဝ္ငꨤꨓ္ꨘဳꨵ(ထုꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ)မီးꨡꨱꨓ္းꨡꨤꨓ္း ꨁ္ꨮꨳပူꨀ္းပြင္ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨡဳꨲ ꨓဳꨲꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳတꨯး ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳပဳးယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳတꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳ ဝင္ꨁ်ီꨳ(Wang Chi)ပꨱꨓ္ꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္း တပ္ꨵေသတုိꨀ္းေတဳးꨀꨓ္။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ငꨤꨓ္ꨘဳꨵ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသြင္ꨵꨁꨤမ္ꨳꨀꨱဝ္ ꨡꨤင္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨁဝ္ꨳပုိင္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳ ꨕူꨉ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳမူိင္းယꨤင္း(Mohnyin)ေꨀဳꨳ သမ္ꨵလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲမꨤꨓ္ꨳတိꨉြပ္းေသ ꨡဝ္ꨓြပ္ꨲပꨓ္တီꨳ ꨬꨁꨲမူိဝ္ꨳ 1446။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ငꨤꨓ္ꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္းꨀူမ္ꨳꨓြမ္းေတဳꨲꨬꨁꨲေသ ꨁဳꨳတူဝ္တꨯꨤꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨓြပ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨁꨤပ္ꨳတူဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ။’’꨷꨷꨷[ꨓဳꨳလိꨀ္ꨳ 176-177]

မ္ꨮꨲသုင္

ꨟꨮ္ꨳယူꨲလီမꨤꨀ္ꨳမီးꨀꨓ္ ꨀူꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨀူꨳတူꨓ္ေသꨀမ္း။

ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ

ꨕူꨳပြင္သꨤင္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ

ꨀꨓ္ꨓုိင္ꨳ

A Prince of Mao was the only Shan that ever united these squabbling states into one solid Kingdom…..Even the Hsenwi Chronicle breaks through its shell of self-adulation and sums up its estimates of this Shan King's character in the words: He was a mighty King.

(W.W.Cochrane, ''The Shans'')

တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨀ)

မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅမ္း - ပꨱꨓ္လꨀ္းꨓီꨳပီꨁရိတ္ꨵ 1291 ꨓီꨳ (ပီꨶတꨯး 1385)

တီꨳဝꨱင္းဝꨯꨤ ဝꨱင္းငဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း ꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးပြတ္းꨟြင္ꨲꨟိမ္းꨬမꨳꨓမ္ꨵေꨀးမꨤဝ္း။

ꨓ္ꨮးꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳꨓꨯꨵ ေပဳးꨀꨓ္တူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲ တꨱꨓ္ꨳသꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨓ္ယူꨲ။ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵလူင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲေတꨀူိတ္ꨲလꨱင္ꨵလုꨀ္ꨳ။

မꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨀုိင္ꨲတင္းတူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ယူꨲ။ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨡဳꨲယုꨬꨀꨲꨀူိင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵေတသုိပ္ꨲပုတ္ꨳတိꨓ္တꨤင္မုိဝ္းေꨀဳꨳ ယင္းပꨯꨲမီး။ မီးဝꨯꨵလုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းလꨯꨤလꨯꨤ။ မိူꨓ္  ꨓင္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ(4)ꨓꨤင္း -

(1) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ ꨡဳꨲယု 25

(2) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္   ꨡဳꨲယု 21

(3) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡꨤမ္ေꨡဳꨳ     ꨡဳꨲယု 18

(4) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္ꨡꨯꨲ       ꨡဳꨲယု 15

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ꨬတꨲꨓဳꨳꨟူိꨓ္း ꨅꨱမ္မူိဝ္ꨳꨡဳꨲယုလꨯꨳ (17)ေသ ꨀꨮဳꨲမီးတꨤင္းꨓြင္ꨬသ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨕူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨀဳꨵꨁꨯꨤယူꨲတꨤင္းပုꨓ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡꨤမ္ေꨡဳꨳေꨀဳꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨀူပ္ꨵꨀူꨳꨀꨓ္တင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ မူိင္းꨀြင္ေသ မီးယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨀြင္။

ꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္ꨡꨯꨲꨬတꨵဝꨯꨤးေသ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလပ္ꨵလြꨯငိုꨓ္းလြꨯꨁမ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨅꨱမ္မူိဝ္ꨳꨡဳꨲယုတုိꨀ္ꨵလꨯꨳ(5)ပီꨶ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨓပ္ꨵယမ္ပုိင္ꨳꨡိင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨬမꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨬမꨳꨁိꨓ္ꨳေသ ꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲ ꨅြမ္းပီꨳꨁူꨉ္ပီꨳꨓꨤင္းတီꨳꨓြင္ꨬသ။

ယြꨓ္ꨵလူꨉ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲမီးလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳ ꨀူꨳပဳꨳꨀူꨳꨕꨯꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တုိꨀ္းသူꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳ ꨁမ္းထုိင္တီꨳပဳးတင္းတူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္တုꨀ္းယြꨓ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ꨁꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨟဳထꨰင္ꨳꨀူပ္ꨵ ꨀူꨳမ္ꨮꨲ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳပူꨓ္ꨵမဳးသြင္ပီꨓꨯꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္းꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳ ꨟူမ္ꨳမိင္ꨳꨀꨓ္တင္း ꨓꨤင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨡူꨉ္းေꨀဳꨵꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲ မဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵ။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းမူိင္း ပူးꨀမ္ꨲ ေꨀဳꨳသူင္ꨲမြပ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨅိင္ꨲမဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵထꨰင္ꨳ။ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵ ꨅိင္ꨲꨬတꨵမူိဝ္ꨳပူꨓ္ꨵမဳး (6)လူိꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္း လꨯꨳꨀူိတ္ꨲလꨱင္ꨵမဳးလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨡြꨓ္ꨲ ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳပူးꨁမ္း’’ꨬလꨳ ပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨟူမ္ꨅူမ္းတင္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳတင္းမူိင္း။ သင္ဝဳꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲမီးလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨬတꨵ ꨓꨤင္း ꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨟူꨵေတပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵတီꨳꨅ္ꨮယ္ꨮꨲ၊ တြꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨁဳꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤယူꨲ။

ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲတူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲယြꨓ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮသင္ꨓꨯꨵꨬတꨵ ေတမီးꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း ꨀူꨉ္း။ ယြꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳမီးလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳပူးꨁမ္းဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ပူိင္ꨓုိင္ꨳ ꨬတꨲꨡဝ္ 2-3 လိူꨓ္ ပူꨓ္ꨵမဳးꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲေပဳးသူꨳလီꨅ္ꨮ။ လꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮယ္ꨮꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ ꨅြꨯꨳလူꨅြꨯꨳ တူꨉ္းပꨓ္ꨓဳꨳꨀꨤꨓ္တဳငꨤꨓ္းတင္းသꨱင္ꨳ။

ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္တူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲယြꨓ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮလူိဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳသမ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨅိင္ꨲ၊ ယြꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨁ္ꨮꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳ လꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨰမ္မူိင္း။ ေပဳးꨓꨓ္ꨅင္ꨲ ꨓင္ꨲꨡꨓ္တꨤင္းမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ ꨡꨱꨓ္းꨡꨤꨓ္းဝꨯꨵꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅꨤင္ꨳလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္တင္းလꨯꨤꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းတꨯးꨀဝ္ꨳꨟꨯꨤးေꨟဳေသꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨵပဳး (3)ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨟူိင္းယူꨲတြꨓ္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵေတပꨱꨓ္မဳး။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨀꨤင္ꨅ္ꨮမꨓ္းꨓꨤင္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨓင္ꨲꨡꨓ္ꨁ္ꨮꨳပꨱꨓ္။ ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးဝဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္း ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨀူိတ္ꨲꨟꨓ္ꨓဳꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨕဳေꨕ(3)ꨅꨯꨤးꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨅိင္ꨲ သမ္ꨵေပဳးꨡူꨓ္ꨳꨓူꨓ္းမြꨯꨳ ꨅ္ꨮꨀꨮဳꨲလုမ္းလုမ္း။

ေꨀဳꨵꨅူမ္းသူိဝ္းလူိဝ္ပိူꨓ္ꨳꨬတꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳယိင္း ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္’’ꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨟိပ္ꨳ ꨓꨰတ္ꨳတူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲꨡုပ္ꨲꨀုမ္ ꨕူꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ေမဳꨁꨤတ္ꨳတꨀ္ꨵꨓပ္ꨵꨟူꨵ(ေမဳꨀဳꨲလဳး)ꨁဝ္ေသ သ္ꨮꨲꨅုိဝ္ꨳ ပꨓ္သꨱင္ꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္ဝဳꨳ-

(1) ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳငမ္းမူိင္း

(2) ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨁꨤင္ꨁမ္း

(3) ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္ꨀြꨓ္းငိုꨓ္း

ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨀူꨉ္းေꨀဳꨳ - ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္ꨀြꨓ္းငိုꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ဝꨯꨤးမဳးꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္လူင္-ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

တြꨓ္ꨳ (ꨁ)

ယူꨲမဳးထꨰင္ꨳ 1 လူိꨓ္ မီးꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨤင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲေꨀဳꨵꨓုိင္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္ယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨟြင္ꨳေꨟဳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ မဳးသူင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲꨟꨯꨤꨵတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္။

‘‘ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲတꨤင္ꨲလဝ္ꨳတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲသုိဝ္ꨳ၊ လꨯꨳ ꨀူတ္ꨵꨀꨓ္တင္းꨕူꨳꨅꨯꨤးတꨤင္ꨳေꨀဳꨵ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ ꨅ္ꨮလမ္ေတဳꨲꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵ ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨟဝ္း’’။ ꨁꨤဝ္းယမ္းꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨤင္ꨁမ္ꨳ။ ꨅြမ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨟြင္ꨳေꨟဳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤးꨡြꨓ္ꨲယိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤ ေပဳးသူꨓ္ꨳသိꨓ္းသꨤꨓ္လူင္ယူꨲ လꨯꨳငိꨓ္းသꨱင္ထဳꨵလဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္းယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲထꨤမ္ဝဳꨳ - ပꨱꨓ္သင္ꨓꨯ။

ꨀြပ္ꨳမီးꨀူꨓ္းသူင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - မီးꨕူꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵဳ ံꨀꨯꨵꨀꨯꨵꨀꨤင္ꨁုိꨓ္းꨓꨯ ꨀဝ္ꨅင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵꨀူꨓ္းလမ္တူꨉ္း လုꨀ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲ(3)ေꨀဳꨵယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤးꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳတင္းသꨱင္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္လမ္းတꨱꨀ္းတိꨡဝ္မꨓ္း မꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳꨀြၽꨀ္းꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨓူိဝ္လင္ꨁဳးမုင္းေသꨟြင္ꨵပꨤဝ္ꨲပꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - [လꨤတ္ꨳꨬꨓꨅဝ္ꨳသူေသ၊ ယြꨓ္ꨵလူꨉ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨁ္ꨮꨳလꨯꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေသꨀꨤဝ္ꨲꨘဳꨵဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨕီယူꨲဝꨓ္းဝꨓ္းꨁိုꨓ္းꨁုိꨓ္း၊ ꨀဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨵ ငိꨓ္းꨬလꨳမဳးꨅြꨯꨳမꨓ္းꨡူိဝ္ꨳ။ မꨓ္းယင္းꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵေမဳတꨤင္ꨲမုꨓ္။ တီꨳꨬတꨵမꨓ္းယင္းလူဝ္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵ ꨀဝ္ ‘‘ေပဳꨳ ေပဳꨳ’’လူးꨀြꨓ္ꨲ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ]။ မꨓ္းထꨤင္ꨲတုိꨓ္းလူမဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨀဳꨳꨟုိဝ္၊ မူိဝ္ꨳꨀြၽꨀ္းꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ သြꨀ္းတိꨓ္မꨓ္းယင္းတူꨀ္းဝꨯꨵꨁြꨓ္ဳ ံꨬလꨳယင္းꨁူဝ္သ္ꨮꨲꨀဝ္ေသလꨤတ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘မ္ꨮးꨡဝ္သြꨀ္းတိꨓ္ ꨀဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ တꨤင္ꨲꨟူဝ္ဝꨯꨵꨀူꨳꨅဝ္ꨵꨓ္ꨮဝꨓ္းꨁမ္ꨳလဳꨳ’’ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨅြꨯꨳꨬꨀꨳသပ္းလꨰင္းꨬꨓဝဳꨳ - ꨡꨓ္လꨤတ္ꨳမဳးꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨳ။ ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲသူꨲꨅ္ꨮးေသပြꨀ္ꨳ၊ မꨓ္းꨓꨤင္းꨀူꨉ္း လꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨱတ္းေꨀဳꨵယူꨲꨀူꨳꨁုိꨓ္း။ လီထꨤင္ꨲ ထူိမ္ဝဳꨳ မီးꨀူꨓ္းမꨤပ္ꨲꨕꨤမ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨟပ္ꨵ။ မူိꨓ္ꨟꨤင္ꨳေတပူင္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡဝ္တꨯꨤ တင္းꨬမꨳတင္းလုꨀ္ꨳမူတ္းမူတ္း။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ေꨀဳꨳ ေꨁဳယြꨓ္းတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္းꨬလꨳ ꨀမ္းလုိꨓ္းသုတ္းမဳး ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ꨟူဝ္ ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း’’ꨅင္ꨲပူင္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨓꨀ္းဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨓꨤင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲမ္ꨮးꨓꨯꨵတုိꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲတုိဝ္းသုိဝ္ꨳေတဳꨲ ꨀဝ္၊ မ္ꨮးယဳꨲယူꨲꨓူိဝ္ꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓူိဝ္ေꨟဳ၊ မ္ꨮးꨀꨮဳꨲꨀꨯꨀꨯပꨯလုိꨀ္ꨵလုိꨀ္ꨵ ꨟꨮ္ꨳပူꨓ္ꨵသꨯꨤတဳꨀဝ္။ ꨓ္ꨮးꨁူးꨓ္ꨮးဝꨱင္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨕ္ꨮꨟပ္ꨵဝꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳလꨤပ္ꨲယူꨲꨓူိဝ္ေꨁဳꨳယူꨲတ္ꨮꨳ’’။

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲလူိဝ္လꨯꨳသူပ္းꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳပꨤꨀ္ꨲသꨱင္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳလူင္းꨕꨤတ္ꨲ ꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳ ꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူဝ္းေပဳꨳꨬမꨳပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵေသပꨯꨤꨳမူꨀ္းယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨲေမဳꨳ(ꨟိမ္းလြꨯလꨤဝ္)။

ꨀူꨓ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨡးလူꨬလꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲꨟတ္းပꨓ္ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨓ္ꨮးဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ။ ယြꨓ္ꨵပူိဝ္ꨳေပဳးꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵ ꨅိင္ꨲꨟူꨵꨅုိင္ ေတꨟဳလြင္ꨳꨟဳတꨤင္းသ္ꨮꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

တြꨓ္ꨳ(င)

ယူꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨟုိင္သင္မြꨀ္ꨳ 2 ပီ ꨀူꨉ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္သူင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းမဳးပြင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္း ꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨲတီꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨡꨓ္မဳးꨁဝ္ꨳꨀꨤတ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘တီꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨲေမဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ မီးလုꨀ္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨘဳေꨕ 3 ေꨀဳꨵꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ပြꨯꨲꨀူꨓ္းမဳးသြꨀ္ꨳတဝ္ယဝ္ꨵ’’  - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။

ꨅꨤဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨅင္ꨲသူင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းသင္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳမဳး ꨟꨮ္ꨳငူိင္ꨵꨬဝꨳꨁꨯꨤꨵပꨯꨤꨳဝꨯးဝꨯး။ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯး ꨡြꨓ္ꨲ 3 ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲသူင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲဝꨯꨵေꨀဳꨵတီꨳေꨀဳꨵတꨤင္း။ လူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵသမ္ꨵꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲမဳꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲ တဳꨲေတꨡဝ္ပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းသူင္ꨲꨓြင္ꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲဝꨯꨵေꨀဳꨵတꨤင္းတꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵဳ ံတီꨳ 2 ေꨀဳꨵ။ ꨅ္ꨮꨵ ꨁဝ္သူင္ꨲꨅူးတီꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ ꨓြင္ꨬသ။ ꨓꨤင္းꨡꨤမ္ေꨡဳꨳ မူိင္းꨀြင္ꨬလꨳ သူင္ꨲတီꨳ ꨀꨱင္း တုင္၊ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡꨯꨲꨀꨮဳꨲꨬတꨲ ꨓဳꨳꨟူိꨓ္းမီꨳဝꨯꨵယူꨲတီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨳ။

ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵယ္ꨮ ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳ မြပ္ꨳပꨓ္တီꨳ 2 ꨅꨯꨤး ꨡꨓ္ေတꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူး ပီꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ ꨓြင္ꨬသ။ ꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵလꨱꨀ္ꨵ ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္ ꨡꨤပ္ꨳပꨓ္တီꨳ 2 ꨅꨯꨤး ꨡꨓ္ေတꨀꨮဳꨲတꨤင္းမူိင္းꨀꨱင္းတုင္။ လုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးေꨀဳꨵꨀꨤင္ တူဝ္ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨬတꨵ တုိꨀ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨁꨯꨳꨓꨤဝ္ꨓူိဝ္ꨵ လူိတ္ꨲမꨯꨳဝꨯꨵယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨡဝ္ယူꨲꨅပ္းတူဝ္ေသ မူꨀ္းေသဳꨵဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးထူိꨓ္ꨲꨅူဝ္ꨳꨀꨰပ္ꨵ။

ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္ꨬတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨓ္းꨉဳးေꨕးသင္ေသ ပူꨓ္ꨵတူင္ꨲလြမ္ꨵပူိꨓ္ꨳꨕꨰဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးꨓꨤင္းꨡꨯꨲ တီꨳ ꨀꨱင္းတုင္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳꨬတꨵ သမ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲတꨓ္းပူꨓ္ꨵတူင္ꨲလြမ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨟုိꨀ္ꨵသ္ꨮꨲ ꨅုမ္း သုိꨀ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲပြꨯꨲမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ လꨯꨳꨘꨓ္းꨕဳꨲဝူင္းလြမ္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲ။ ꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲ 2 ေꨀဳꨵꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨵဳ ံတꨯꨤ။ ေꨀဳꨵဳ ံဝꨤတ္ꨲꨅꨱပ္းꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ဝꨤတ္ꨲꨅꨱပ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ပꨯꨤꨳလိပ္း ပꨯꨤꨳတꨯꨤꨅူဝ္းꨡဝ္ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲဝꨯꨵတီꨳ ꨀြၽင္းမုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨓဳꨵသꨤင္ꨲမꨓ္း တီꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ ꨓမ္ꨵꨁမ္းေသယဝ္ꨵလꨯꨳပꨯꨤꨳတꨱတ္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲတꨤင္ꨲတꨤင္း။ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ꨕ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵ ဝဳꨳ - ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳꨀꨮဳꨲမီꨳလ္ꨮꨅင္ꨲမꨀ္းမꨯꨤဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - သꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲသုတ္းမုꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။

ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳတူꨀ္းꨀိꨓ္းꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ၊ ꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲတင္း 2 ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ ꨀူꨓ္းꨅြမ္းလုမ္းလဳးꨀꨰတ္ꨲꨬꨁေꨟꨵꨀင္ꨳပꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲꨡဝ္တꨯꨤပꨰတ္ꨳ၊ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲ ေꨀဳꨳ ပဳးလူꨉ္ꨳမုꨓ္ꨀꨤမ္ꨲလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨬလꨳေတဳꨵꨬတꨵပူꨓ္ꨵလြတ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲေသꨀꨮဳꨲမူꨀ္းယူꨲ ꨓ္ꨮးထမ္ꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨓုိင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝ္ꨳꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳတꨤင္းလꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨤးလူင္လꨤင္။ ထမ္ꨳလူင္တီꨳꨡꨓ္ꨓꨤင္း ꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲတင္းꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨁဝ္ꨬမꨳလုꨀ္ꨳမဳးမူꨀ္းတꨱတ္ꨲယူꨲꨓꨯꨵ - လိူꨀ္ꨳလူိꨀ္ꨳသမ္ꨵမီးသူိဝ္ꨕူိꨀ္ꨲေပဳꨳ လူင္ꨳꨬလꨳ လုꨀ္ꨳေမးမꨓ္းယူꨲသဝ္းလုိဝ္ꨳထင္ဝꨯꨵ။ သူိဝ္ꨕူိꨀ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨬမꨳလုꨀ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨓ္ေꨕး သင္ေသꨀူꨉ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳꨳ လုꨀ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨲယင္းေမဳလꨱꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨵꨀꨓ္တင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေသ မီးꨟြꨯး ꨓꨱပ္ꨵသူိဝ္ꨡြြꨓ္ꨲꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨉဳးꨟူဝ္ꨡူꨀ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ။

ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨁꨤင္ꨁမ္း ꨟꨯꨤꨀꨮဳꨲေသ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨟြင္ꨵꨟꨱꨀ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ယီꨳသူိဝ္ ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ ꨓꨯမဳးယဝ္ꨵ။

ဝꨯꨤးေသꨀူꨓ္းသုိꨀ္း ꨡꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲပြꨯꨲမဳးꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵမူိဝ္းꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲ ေꨀဳꨳ ꨁꨯꨤꨵမဳးꨟꨱတ္းတီꨳယူꨲသုမ္ꨵသြင္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲ ꨟိမ္းထမ္ꨳေသ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းသူꨓ္။ ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨯꨵ ꨟꨯꨤလꨯꨤꨀꨮဳꨲလꨱꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨵယူꨲꨅြမ္းသူိဝ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨟိမ္းပꨤꨀ္ꨲထမ္ꨳ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀꨓ္သြင္

''Everything will come to those who wait.''

Disraeli

တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨀ)

ယူꨲမဳးထုိင္ပီꨓုိင္ꨳ (ပီꨁရိတ္ꨵ 129 ꨓီꨳ)ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳပူးꨁမ္းꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨬမꨳလုꨀ္ꨳ လူင္း မူိဝ္းသူꨲꨅ္ꨮး ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္လုင္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀ်ဳꨲꨅꨮဳꨲ တီꨳမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ[ꨡꨓ္တꨯးꨟြင္ꨵꨓြင္ꨀꨤဝ္ ꨓ္ꨮး လိꨀ္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးလိꨀ္ꨳသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲရဳꨲꨅဝꨤင္ꨲမင္းꨅꨰꨓ္ꨲ]ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳပူးꨁမ္းသမ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨅပ္းမꨯꨳေသ သꨱင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲေꨀဳꨳပြꨀ္ꨳမဳးယူꨲꨁုိꨓ္းဝꨱင္းဝꨯꨤေသတဳꨵꨡမ္မီꨳလုꨀ္ꨳထꨰင္ꨳ။

ထုိင္မဳး 1295 ꨓီꨳ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္းေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲပူꨳꨓြင္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲ။ မူိဝ္ꨳꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡ မꨤတ္ꨳꨕြင္းမူိင္းꨓ္ꨮးꨟꨤင္ꨳꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳꨡိꨀ္ꨲ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတင္းလꨯꨤေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨡꨓ္ ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵသꨯꨤꨁꨯꨲသꨰင္ꨕꨓ္းꨁမ္းꨓꨯꨵꨀူꨉ္း မီးꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨀူꨉ္းꨓꨯေသ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳ ယုꨀ္ꨵတꨤင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္။ ꨅူꨳꨅ္ꨮꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨬတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲ ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟပ္ꨵေသတဳꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵလူꨉ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳ ယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵလꨱꨀ္ꨵတုိꨀ္ꨵလꨰင္၊ ပူိင္ꨓုိင္ꨳ တꨤင္းꨓြင္ꨳ တꨤင္းလင္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲေꨀဳꨳ ယင္းမီးꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ (ꨓြင္ꨀꨤဝ္) ပꨱꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းေသ ပ္ꨮꨵ တူꨉ္းယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅꨤင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္တꨓ္းꨟꨱင္း။

တီꨳမူိင္းထုင္ꨵမꨤဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ေပဳးဝဳꨳꨕူꨳယိင္းꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨓင္ꨳေꨟဳမဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မူိင္းတꨯး ꨀဝ္ꨳꨟꨯꨤးေꨟဳ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္-

(1) မူိင္းꨀြင္

(2) မူိင္းယꨤင္း

(3) သြင္သူပ္း

(4) မူိင္းမိတ္ꨳ

(5) သꨰꨓ္ဝီ

(6) သီꨲေပဳꨵ

(7) ယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳ

(8) မူိင္းꨓꨯꨤး

(9) မူိင္းပꨯꨤး ꨅူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳတꨰꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨘဳꨵꨕ္ꨮမူိင္းမꨓ္း၊ ꨕꨤတ္ꨲꨬꨕꨀꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨤပြတ္းလꨯꨤ တြꨓ္ꨳပꨰတ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသထုိင္မဳး 1298 ꨓီꨳတꨯး 3 ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨟꨱတ္းꨁုꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨓမ္ꨵပြတ္း လိꨓ္တြꨓ္ꨳထုင္ꨵꨘꨯꨤꨟိꨓ္(ေက်ာက္ဆည္)ꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨁြꨓ္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္တင္း ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵေꨅဳး ပူး ꨀမ္ꨲ(ꨓြင္ꨀꨤဝ္)ေသပူတ္းပꨰတ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ေꨀ်ဳꨲꨅꨮဳꨲ။ သမ္ꨵယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳတꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ေꨅဳးꨓိတ္ꨵ(ေစာနစ္)ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း။

လြင္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨟꨱတ္းလꨯꨳꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀြပ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝဳꨳ - တꨤင္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨕူꨳယိင္း ꨟꨱတ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္ꨀြꨓ္းငမ္းေသ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳမူိင္းတꨯးတꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳꨬလꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅꨤင္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ေꨕးလꨯꨳ ꨓꨯ ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ လြင္ꨳꨁဝ္သိမ္းꨡဝ္ꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲတီꨳပူးꨀမ္ꨲꨀမ္းꨓꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁုိꨓ္းမဳးတုမ္ꨵ ယြꨓ္း ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡူငဝ္းေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲ တီꨳꨓ္ꨮးေꨟဳမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းယူပ္ꨳလူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲထꨰင္ꨳ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝဳꨳ - ꨀူꨳꨘꨯꨤꨲꨘꨯꨤꨲꨓꨯꨵပ္ꨮꨵမြင္းꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳတူꨀ္းလူꨵပုတ္း ပင္းꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨕ္ꨮဝꨯꨵꨁုိꨀ္ꨵꨓပ္ꨵထုိင္ꨀူဝ္ယမ္၊ တြꨓ္းေသဝဳꨳလꨯꨳယူꨲယြꨓ္ꨵ မုꨓ္ငဝ္းပꨤꨓ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္းပူꨀ္းပြင္ဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္းꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲတီꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲဝဳꨳ ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨁꨤင္ꨁမ္းꨓꨯꨵ ယဳꨲꨡဝ္ယူꨲꨅြမ္းလဳꨳ၊ မꨓ္ꨳလူဝ္ꨲꨅꨱဝ္းပုတ္ꨳတိꨓ္တꨤင္မုိဝ္း ꨀဝ္။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳသူင္ꨲမꨓ္းꨀꨮဳꨲတꨤင္းပီꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ꨓြင္ꨬသေသ ꨟꨱꨓ္းꨡဝ္ပုိꨓ္ꨵꨟူꨵတꨤင္းေမဳ၊ တီꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡꨯꨲေꨀဳꨳꨀဝ္သင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ’’။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္လူင္ေꨀဳꨳ လုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳꨓꨤင္းသꨰင္ꨡꨯꨲ ꨀꨱင္းတုင္ လꨯꨳလူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨱꨓ္း ꨡဝ္တꨤင္းေမဳယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨓဳး(မူိင္းထꨯးပြတ္းꨟြင္ꨲယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္)။ ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳꨕꨰဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨓ္ꨮး လꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ (မူိင္းꨓြင္ꨬသ)ေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳပဳꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ꨅင္ꨲသိုုပ္ꨲသူင္ꨲမꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲ ꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းလꨯꨤးယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲထꨰင္ꨳ။

ꨅူဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨱꨓ္းꨟဳတꨤင္းꨟူꨵတꨤင္းေမဳယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းꨕ္ꨮလꨯꨤလꨯꨤ။ ꨀꨮဳꨲပꨱꨓ္သင္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္ ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလီသုိပ္ꨲꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳꨅြမ္းယူꨲ။ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳတꨰတ္ꨳꨓꨰတ္ꨳမꨓ္း ꨬတꨵ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨟူꨵေမဳမဳးပꨯꨤးဝူꨓ္ꨵꨬꨁꨲ၊ ꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ꨟုိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ဝꨯꨤး မꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပြꨀ္ꨳမဳးꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ေမဳꨡဝ္တုိဝ္ꨵꨡဝ္တꨤင္းꨅြမ္း၊ ေမဳယိပ္း တုိဝ္းပꨓ္ꨲꨬသꨳငဝ္းလꨯꨤးꨡꨓ္ꨀူိတ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳး ꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးꨕြꨓ္းလီတဳꨲ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨅြမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳေꨀဳꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤင္ꨲေသ လူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းထမ္းယူꨲꨓ္ꨮး မူိင္းမုတ္ꨵတမဳꨵ(မူိင္းတဳꨳမꨤဝ္း)ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨡꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္တꨯး မꨀထူဝ္း(ေပဳꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘဳꨵꨟူဝ္ꨳ)ꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲꨓ္ꨮး မူိင္းမြꨓ္း တင္ꨳတူဝ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵ၊ လုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨳေသ သုိပ္ꨲꨕꨰဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္း သီꨲꨟူဝ္ꨲထꨰင္ꨳ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨁ)

တီꨳꨓꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨳတတ္းေသꨁꨯꨳꨬꨓလြင္ꨳ 3 ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯး ꨡꨓ္ꨟꨱတ္းꨁုꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းယူꨲꨓ္ꨮးꨓမ္ꨵ ပြတ္းလိꨓ္တြꨓ္ꨳထုင္ꨵꨘꨯꨤꨟိꨓ္(ေက်ာက္ဆည္)ꨓꨓ္ꨵလူးꨀြꨓ္ꨲ။

မူိဝ္ꨳပီ 1058 ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲ(1044-1077)မူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ေတꨀꨮဳꨲပꨤင္းꨡဝ္ ငဳးသꨰင္ ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳ(ꨁꨱဝ္ꨳငဳးၾꨕဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ)တီꨳꨓြင္ꨬသꨓꨯေသ လတ္းꨁꨤမ္ꨳမူိင္းတꨯး(မူိင္းမꨤဝ္း)ꨀꨮဳꨲ။

လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းတꨯး ꨕုꨀ္ꨲꨟꨯꨳသြမ္ꨳꨓဳးလူꨉ္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ေꨀဳꨲသꨤင္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨘꨯꨤꨟြင္ꨳမူိင္ ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨬလꨳ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ ယြင္ꨳꨡꨤမ္းꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမီးꨬမꨳꨓမ္ꨵေꨀး ꨓမ္ꨵꨓမ္လꨯꨤေသ တဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္မူိဝ္ꨳꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယင္းပꨯꨟူꨵေမဳတꨱင္ꨓြင္ေꨀဳꨲꨘꨯꨤေသ ပꨯꨲပꨱꨓ္မူိင္းꨁဝ္ꨳ မူိင္းꨓမ္ꨵယြင္ꨁဝ္ꨳေꨡးသ်ဴိဝ္း မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨅူဝ္ꨳ 3-40 ပီပူꨓ္ꨵမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ။

ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ဝꨯꨤးေသပꨤင္းꨡဝ္ ‘‘ငဳးသꨰင္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ’’ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳ၊ ꨀြမ္ꨵꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳလူꨲလꨯꨳဝꨯꨳေသပြꨀ္ꨳမဳး ꨁုိꨓ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲ ꨅင္ꨲမဳးꨬဝꨵတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလူင္ꨟူမ္ꨲမူိင္း(ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳတင္း လꨯꨤ မဳးယြꨓ္းေမဳꨅꨤင္ꨳေမဳမုိဝ္း)ယြꨓ္းꨡဝ္ ေမဳတိꨓ္ေမဳမုိဝ္း ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳတင္းꨓမ္ ꨅပ္းꨅြမ္း ꨟြမ္းပꨯမူိဝ္းꨅြမ္းꨀူꨉ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳး ꨓင္ꨲꨟုိဝ္ေတပꨱꨓ္ꨡူꨉ္းလီဝꨤꨓ္ꨳပီꨳမူိင္းꨓြင္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲမူိဝ္းꨓဳꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨳ ယꨤဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵယိင္း - ꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ သြꨓ္ꨵမိင္ꨳꨀူပ္ꨵꨀူꨳပꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨡေꨓဳꨲရထဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨯꨵမီးꨀူꨓ္းꨬလꨲꨟဳဝဳꨳ - ꨀူဝ္ယမ္ပဳꨲရမီꨀꨓ္ေသ ꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨀꨓ္။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳလူဝ္ꨲꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ - ပꨤꨓ္ꨀူꨳပြꨀ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨵꨡဝ္လုꨀ္ꨳယိင္းꨓꨤင္းသꨤဝ္ꨟꨱတ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨁူိင္ꨳမꨯꨤꨡူꨉ္း လီꨀꨓ္။ မꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨅုိဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ မီးတꨯးꨬလꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨉ္းꨟꨱတ္း။ ꨓ္ꨮးပုိꨓ္းမူိဝ္ꨳꨀြꨓ္ꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨬꨁꨲ၊ ꨀလဳး၊ ꨡိင္းꨀလꨱတ္း၊ ꨀူꨳမူိင္းမူိင္းꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨓမ္ေꨀဳꨳ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨟꨱတ္းမဳးတင္းလုမ္ꨳꨘဳꨵယူꨲ။

ပိုꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳမြꨓ္းလဳꨳꨬတꨵ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨟူꨵꨓမ္ယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨁꨯꨳယဝ္ꨵ။ ေတꨁꨯꨳ ꨬꨓေမဳꨅꨤင္ꨳေမဳမုိဝ္း ꨡꨓ္တꨱင္ꨓမ္ꨵꨟꨱတ္းꨘꨯꨤꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨁဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေပဳးဝဳꨳမူိဝ္းꨕꨰဝ္ မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨀꨮဳꨲေꨀဳꨲꨘꨯꨤꨟိꨓ္(မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵ - ေက်ာက္ဆည္)ꨁင္ꨲꨓမ္ꨵꨟꨱတ္းꨟြင္ꨳမူိင္ သ္ꨮꨲꨓဳးꨕုꨀ္ꨲသြမ္ꨳပꨓ္ေသ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳမီးမꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳတဝ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵ ꨓမ္ꨀုိꨓ္းꨀိꨓ္လူိင္ꨲလူꨲ လူိင္ꨲမဳးꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳꨡဝ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ ပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းဝဳꨳလꨯꨳပြင္ပꨱꨓ္။ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတꨯးꨀူꨳတီꨳ ေပဳးလꨯꨳမဳးပုိင္ꨳꨡိင္ယူꨲꨟြမ္းꨅြမ္းꨁဝ္။ ထုိင္မဳးပꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္း ꨓရသီꨲꨟပေတꨵ(1255-1290)ꨓꨯꨵꨅင္ꨲမီးမဳးပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯး(3)ꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

(1) ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳသꨰင္ꨁꨯꨲ

(2) ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ

(3) ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္သꨰင္သ္ꨮ

ေပဳꨳꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ ꨁုꨓ္သꨰင္ꨁမ္းပꨓ္း မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵ(သခၤဗိုလ္)၊ ꨁဝ္လꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းပꨓ္ꨕြꨓ္းလီမူိင္းပူး ꨀမ္ꨲ(မူိင္းꨓြင္ꨀꨤဝ္)လူꨉ္ꨳလြင္ꨳသူင္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨀိꨓ္ ပꨱင္းေပဳးလူꨓ္ꨵလူိဝ္ꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳ ꨁမ္းꨅင္ꨲတꨤင္ꨳꨅုိဝ္ꨳမ္ꨮꨲပꨓ္-

(1) ꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳသꨰင္ꨁꨯꨲ(ꨟြင္ꨵ) အသခၤယ ꨀိꨓ္မူိင္း မ်ိꨓ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤး(ျမင္စိုင္း)

(2) ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ(ꨟြင္ꨵ) ရာဇသႀကၤန္ ꨀိꨓ္မူိင္း မꨰꨀ္ꨵꨁရဳꨲ (မကၡရာ)

(3) ꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္သꨰင္သ္ꨮ(ꨟြင္ꨵ) သီဟသူ ꨀိꨓ္မူိင္း ပိꨓ္ꨲꨬလꨲ (ပင္လယ္)

ေꨁဳꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ ‘‘ꨕ္ꨮမီးငိုꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ၊ ꨕ္ꨮမီꨳꨁဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္’’ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေꨁးေတꨡမ္ꨲမꨰꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨳ တီꨳꨀူꨳယꨤမ္းေသတဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨀမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨡြပ္းသ္ꨮꨲတီꨳꨅ္ꨮꨳမꨓ္းꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳ ဝဳꨳꨁဝ္သꨤမ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨟꨰင္းယ္ꨮꨲမဳးတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္း။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသမ္ꨵေမဳပ္ꨮꨵမိုဝ္ꨵပ္ꨮꨵယꨤမ္းပ္ꨮꨵတိုဝ္ꨵ တꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨡꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵထုိင္မဳးပꨤꨓ္ꨟဝ္းေꨀဳꨳယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ပ်သꨓဳꨲလြင္ꨳꨀိတ္ꨲꨁြင္ꨳ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတꨤင္းꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ ထတ္းသꨤင္ꨡမ္ꨲမူိꨓ္ꨀꨓ္လꨯပူိင္၊ ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ꨅꨤင္ꨳလူဝ္ꨲပ္ꨮꨵမုိဝ္ꨵပ္ꨮꨵယꨤမ္းသင္၊ ေပဳးလုꨀ္ꨵ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟူꨵမꨓ္းေတပꨱꨓ္မဳးꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳသမ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ထုꨀ္ꨲလီꨟြမ္ꨟꨰင္းေသပ္ꨮꨵမုိဝ္ꨵလီဝꨓ္းငꨤမ္း ꨅင္ꨲꨀြꨯးꨟꨱတ္းꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္၊ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅင္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨟူိဝ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲယꨤပ္ꨲယꨱꨓ္း ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤဝ္းသင္ေသ ꨡꨓ္ လူဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳေꨀဳꨳေတလꨯꨳ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲသꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨬတꨵ မုိဝ္ꨵပ္ꨮꨵဝꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵꨓင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳ သꨤင္ꨲထုꨀ္ꨲမꨰꨓ္ꨳလြꨀ္းမဳးပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

တုိဝ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပ္ꨮꨵမြင္းယူꨲꨓꨯꨵမꨰꨓ္ꨳမူိဝ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳဝူင္ꨵလူင္မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္း ꨀုပ္းလꨯꨤးꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ (Kublai Khan 1215-1294)ꨬꨕꨲသုိꨀ္းလူင္းတုိꨀ္းမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲ မူိဝ္ꨳပီ 1287 ။ မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵတပ္ꨵပူးꨀမ္ꨲတီꨳ ꨀြင္းꨅꨤင္ꨵꨟိမ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳေမဳꨲꨓꨯꨵ တꨰꨀ္ꨵယꨯꨤꨳꨟူꨓ္လင္ေသ သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲေလဳꨲလူင္းမဳးတဝ္ထုိင္မူိင္း မꨤꨓ္ꨳ၊ ထုိင္တီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓရသီꨲꨟပေတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲယူꨲလꨯꨳတီꨳမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲေသ ပꨯꨤꨳလူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲပြတ္းတ္ꨮꨳ။ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ ‘‘ꨁုꨓ္ပꨯꨤꨳꨬꨁꨲ’’(တရုပ္ေျပးမင္း)ꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲယꨤမ္းလꨱဝ္။

တင္ꨳꨬတꨲမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳပꨯꨤꨳလူင္းꨀꨮဳꨲတင္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳပြတ္းတ္ꨮꨳꨓꨯꨵ လြꨀ္းပူိင္ꨕꨮင္းငမ္းေꨀဳꨳ လူꨵလꨰဝ္ သꨱင္ꨳ။ ꨅူꨓ္ပဳꨲလူိင္ꨲꨓမ္ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨕ္ꨮဝူꨓ္ꨵတဳꨲꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨵလꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ။ ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵꨡꨓ္ ꨕꨱဝ္ꨳလꨤင္ꨵတုိꨀ္းေတဳးတꨱꨀ္းတꨰတ္ꨳပꨰတ္ꨳꨕူꨳꨟꨯꨤꨵပဳꨲꨅူꨓ္ေသ ပြင္သꨤင္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨕြင္းငမ္း ꨟꨱတ္း ပꨓ္လြင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯးသꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨯေသထုိင္တီꨳ သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ မူိဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္းမူိင္းယဝ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းမဳးယူꨲꨁိုꨓ္းမူိင္းပူးꨀမ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨡꨓ္မီးေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲ ꨡဳꨲ ꨓဳꨲယူꨲꨓꨯꨵ ယꨱꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁုꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨓင္ꨲꨀꨓ္သမ္ꨵ လုꨀ္ꨳꨡဝ္တꨯꨤေပဳꨳ၊ ꨓြင္ꨵꨡဝ္တꨯꨤပီꨳေသ ꨟိမ္ေꨟဳꨟိမ္ꨟꨯꨤး ꨀꨓ္္ထꨰင္ꨳယူꨲꨬလꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ယိင္ꨳꨁꨰꨓ္းꨁဝ္းꨟဳလုꨀ္းꨘꨯꨤꨲတင္းသꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵမဳးꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္ ယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨯထုိင္မဳး 1298 ꨓီꨳꨓꨯꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵလူꨉ္ꨳꨓဳꨳဝꨓ္းꨡြꨀ္ꨲတꨤင္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္တီꨳ လီမꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮသင္ယဝ္ꨵꨬလꨳ သꨤမ္ ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨅင္ꨲမဳးပူတ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀ်ဳꨲꨅꨮဳꨲ လူင္းေꨟဳေသ ယုꨀ္ꨵတင္ꨳ ပꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨅဳးꨓိတ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္မ္ꨮꨲ၊ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ꨡူငဝ္းေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲတင္းသꨱင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ မီး ဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးမုိဝ္းသꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵမူတ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲꨅꨤတ္ꨳမဳးꨀြꨓ္းငမ္းꨟꨱတ္းꨁုꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨕ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳꨀူမ္ꨳꨀြမ္းꨓြမ္းေတဳꨲ ꨓꨯ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨘိင္ꨳထုင္းꨀူꨓ္းꨁူင္းꨀꨤင္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨡမ္ꨲလူိဝ္ေသ မူိဝ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵယြင္ꨟူꨉ္ꨳ ꨅူဝ္းꨟြင္ꨵ မြꨀ္ꨲထုိင္ သခင္ကိုယ္ေတာ္မႈိင္း ꨡꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္းတင္းလꨯꨤꨓပ္ꨵယမ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမဳးပꨱꨓ္ ꨕြင္းမူိင္းလူင္ တီꨳမူိင္းတꨯးꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းယင္းပꨯꨤဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨡမ္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲယြမ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨁီꨳꨁဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲ ꨅꨤတ္ꨳလꨯꨳ’’ ꨓꨯေသ ပꨤꨀ္းတူꨀ္းပꨰတ္ꨳ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ လြင္ꨳꨡꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨕိုꨓ္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္း သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလီꨡꨤမ္းပꨰꨀ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮလꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨤးသင္။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨟꨰင္း ယ္ꨮꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳး သမ္ꨵတုိတ္ꨵꨅꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းလꨯꨳတင္းꨓမ္ꨬလꨳမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္တုိꨀ္းꨡမ္ꨲေပꨵလꨯꨳ။

ꨓ္ꨮးပီ 1300 ꨓီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨅင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲတꨤင္ꨲလဝ္ꨳသူꨓ္းꨬသꨲတီꨳꨬꨁꨲေသ ꨅူဝ္းꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵ သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲလူင္းမဳးတုိꨀ္း။ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္း၊ တုိꨀ္းꨓူꨀ္ꨲတုိꨀ္းꨓꨱဝ္ꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ မူိꨓ္ ꨓင္ꨲပြꨯးတုိꨀ္းတီꨳ ‘‘ꨀြင္းꨅꨤင္ꨵ’’ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္လꨯꨤးသုိꨀ္းမူꨀ္းသုိꨀ္းမုတ္းတုိꨀ္းယဳꨵတုိꨀ္းꨀဝ္းေသ ꨟူꨓ္လူင္းမဳးꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ။ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲမဳးထုိင္ပြတ္းတြꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲꨡမ္ꨲမုိတ္ꨳ ꨬလꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤဝ္ꨀꨓ္တင္းꨓမ္၊ လြင္ꨳꨀိꨓ္တꨤင္းယꨰမ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨬလꨳ ꨟꨰင္းꨅ္ꨮတူꨀ္း ꨓမ္ꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။

မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰင္ꨁꨯꨲꨓꨯꨵပꨯꨤꨳမဳး - ‘‘မ်ိꨓ္ꨲꨅꨯꨤး’’ တီꨳဝꨱင္းꨡꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀြꨓ္းꨀိꨓ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ေသ ꨅꨓ္ꨵꨓြꨀ္ꨳꨅꨓ္ꨵꨓ္ꨮးꨟပ္ꨵꨬꨟꨵတုိꨀ္းမင္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ ꨟꨤဝ္ꨳꨟꨤဝ္ꨳꨟꨰင္းꨟꨰင္း၊ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္္ꨳတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္း ꨬꨁꨲလူꨵယ္ꨮꨲꨅꨱပ္းꨓမ္။ ဝꨓ္းမꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨯꨤမူိင္း မင္းရꨯꨤး တꨰမ္ꨳမꨯꨤဝꨯꨵပꨓ္ꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ Shan State and the British Annexation ꨓꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨓ္းထိ 25.01.1301 ꨓီꨳ ꨓꨯ ꨓꨓ္ꨵလီတြင္းꨀုိမ္းတꨯꨵꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။

မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ ꨅင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ꨁဝ္ ပဳးꨡဝ္ꨁူဝ္းတြꨓ္ꨳꨁြင္ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲငုိꨓ္းꨁမ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူး တမ္ꨳတီꨳꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲေသပဳးတင္းꨁꨤꨓ္ပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀ်ဳꨲꨅꨮဳꨲꨡမ္ꨲမီးယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵ သꨯꨤငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းꨁꨯꨲသꨰင္ꨕꨓ္းꨁမ္းေꨟဳသꨰင္မꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ သုတ္းဝꨯꨤးယဝ္ꨵ ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။

ꨓ္ꨮးတပ္ꨵꨬꨁꨲေꨀဳꨳ ပဳးမဳးꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨀꨮꨯꨤးꨁမ္း ꨁုꨓ္တꨤဝ္ꨵꨓြꨯꨵꨁဝ္ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္တꨯးꨅူိဝ္း ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅြꨯꨳလꨤတ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲေꨀဳꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္ꨁြင္ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁူဝ္းတြꨓ္ꨳေသ ꨅင္ꨲ လꨯꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨡဝ္ꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္တꨯး မူိဝ္းꨅူးတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳဝူင္ꨵ ꨀုပ္းလꨯꨤးꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ။ တင္ꨳꨬတꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳး သꨤမ္ပီꨳ ꨓြင္ꨵေꨀဳꨳလꨯမဳးပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳ မူိင္းသꨀꨱင္း၊ [သꨀꨱင္း ꨓꨯꨵꨅဝ္ꨳပꨯꨤးပုိꨓ္းလူင္ꨑြꨀ္ꨲတူိဝ္ꨲတꨤꨓ္းထုꨓ္း တꨰမ္ꨳဝဳꨳလုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳ ေꨅꨶꨀꨰင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္မဳး။ ꨀꨰင္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵပြင္ဝဳꨳ တီꨳꨡꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵꨅꨰဝ္ꨳ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယဝ္ꨵ။] မူိင္းပꨤင္ယဳꨳ ေသ ꨕြင္းငမ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမဳး။ ထုိင္မဳးပꨤꨓ္လꨤꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳတူꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ ပꨯ(ꨅဝ္ꨳသတူဝ္းမင္းꨘဳꨵ) ꨓꨯꨵ ꨅင္ꨲꨁꨯꨤꨵမဳးယူꨲတီꨳꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵေသꨀြꨓ္းငမ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲ 1555 ယဝ္ꨵ။

တြꨓ္ꨳ(င)

မူိဝ္ꨳꨕြင္းပꨱꨓ္မဳးလြင္ꨳꨘꨯꨤꨲꨓူိဝ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨕဳေꨕ(မူိင္းမꨤဝ္း)ꨓꨯꨵ ꨡဳꨲယုတုိꨀ္ꨵ ေတလꨯꨳ(10)ပီေသ ꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္းလꨯꨤး တꨤင္းေမဳဝꨯꨵယူꨲ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ထုိင္မဳးပီ 1310 သမ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္မဳးလြင္ꨳꨁုိꨀ္ꨵလုိꨀ္ꨵ 2 ပူိင္ ပုꨓ္ꨳတဳꨲလꨰꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲမုꨓ္တꨯး။

(1) ꨅꨯꨤးꨓုမ္ꨲꨡꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨡဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳ ꨀꨮဳꨲမြပ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသင္ꨲꨁဳꨲꨓင္ꨳꨀြၽင္းꨓမ္ꨵꨁမ္း ꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးပြင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲတီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္တင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳ’’ ယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵမီးယူꨲ တုိꨀ္ꨵꨀꨮဳꨲꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳယူꨲတꨤင္းမူိင္းသီꨟူဝ္ꨲꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲꨅူမ္း သူိဝ္းꨀꨓ္၊ ပီꨳပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨓြင္ꨵꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨓ္ꨓဳꨳꨀꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္း။

(2) ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲေꨀဳꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓင္ꨳၾတဳး၊ ꨟူꨵတူဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ေတꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳယူꨲꨟုိင္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨡꨓ္ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳေပဳꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨡဳꨲယုလꨯꨳမဳး (19)ꨓင္ꨲꨀꨓ္၊ ꨀုိင္ꨲတꨤꨓ္ꨲေပꨵတူဝ္ေပꨵ ꨀꨓ္းꨀꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵꨓꨯေသပြꨯꨲꨀူꨓ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨟဳꨟြင္ꨵမဳးꨀူꨳေꨀဳꨵ။ ꨓြꨀ္ꨳေသꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ယင္းꨡဝ္‘‘ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္း’’ ꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲဝꨯꨵတီꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲ တဳꨲဝꨯꨵꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳမြပ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨁဝ္။

ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅြမ္းလူꨉ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းလုိဝ္းဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ꨡမ္ꨲသူိဝ္းတူဝ္သဳꨲꨅ္ꨮꨓꨯ ꨬလꨳ မူိင္းꨟိမ္းꨟြမ္းေꨀဳꨳယꨀ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲလြမ္မုင္ꨳတူꨉ္းမဳး။ မူိင္းမꨤဝ္းꨓꨯꨵပိꨀ္ꨵသမ္ꨵဝဳꨳ ယင္းပꨯꨲမီးꨟꨰင္းꨓꨯ ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡူငဝ္းေꨡဳꨳꨅဳꨲ ငူိꨓ္ꨳပုိꨓ္းꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ယꨤမ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္မဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ယင္းတုိꨀ္ꨵ ꨀုိတ္းလူိဝ္ယူꨲ။ ꨕ္ꨮꨕ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨁဝ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮပဳးေꨁဳး တဳꨲေတꨟိမ္ꨡဝ္ꨟꨤင္ꨳꨡဝ္ေꨟဳ။

ꨓ္ꨮးꨀဳꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ ဝꨱင္းꨓꨓ္ꨳ ꨡꨓ္ထုꨀ္ꨲလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨓြင္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ လꨤꨓ္ꨀꨓ္တင္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ေꨀဳꨳ မီးတꨤင္းꨅ္ꨮယ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮꨀီꨳဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ - တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲေတလꨯꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲꨁုꨓ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨓꨯေသ ꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းမဳးပ္ꨮꨵလုမ္းလဳးဝꨯꨵ ေတဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲ ေပဳးꨅꨤမ္ꨳပူꨳꨓြꨓ္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ထုိင္မဳး 1311 ေပဳးဝဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨡီꨲꨁမ္းလꨰင္ လꨯꨳသꨰင္ꨳꨀꨤမ္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ꨁုꨓ္ တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ ꨅင္ꨲပုိꨓ္ꨕꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵ သုိပ္ꨲပုတ္ꨳပူင္ဝꨤင္းꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္တင္းလꨯꨤ’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨅုမ္းထဝ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳထဝ္ꨳမူိဝ္းꨁဝ္[ꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨀူꨳတူꨓ္ လꨯꨳꨡဝ္ꨀꨤင္ꨅ္ꨮ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း ေသ ယုꨀ္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ(တꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳ)ဝꨯꨵပꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨓပ္ꨵယမ္]ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ တြပ္ꨲꨬꨀꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨕူꨳလ္ꨮ ေတပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳေꨟဳꨁမ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨕူꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵေတလꨯꨳမီးꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္း’’ ꨓꨯꨬလꨳꨅင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵꨀူꨓ္းꨬလꨳသြꨀ္း ꨟဳ ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္း။ ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨅိင္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ꨅꨱပ္းꨅ္ꨮဝꨯꨵ ယြꨓ္ꨵလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးမꨓ္း ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨅြမ္ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅင္ꨲပြꨓ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨲသြပ္ꨵသꨰပ္ꨵပုိတ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨬꨓဝဳꨳ - ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨅꨤင္ꨳေꨁးမီးတီꨳ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨕဳꨬꨕ။ ေꨀဳꨵဳ ံꨬတꨵငိꨓ္းꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - လူꨵꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯ။ ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵမီး ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - မူꨀ္းယူꨲꨟိမ္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨲေမဳꨳ ꨅမ္တူင္ꨲတꨤင္ꨲ လြꨯလꨤဝ္ꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲသူင္ꨲသုိꨀ္းꨀꨮဳꨲဝꨰတ္ꨵ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀꨯꨲေမဳꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨁူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ W.W.Cochrane သပ္းလꨰင္းတꨰမ္ꨳꨬꨓ ꨓ္ꨮးပပ္ꨵပုိꨓ္းꨡꨓ္မꨓ္း တꨰမ္ꨳꨬꨓဝꨯꨵ The Shans ꨓꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - Shan Kings could name as their successors anyone they wished, but any appointee might be rejected by the Official Board, who were supposed to be the representatives of the people, though not chosen by them. ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳယုိꨓ္ယꨓ္ (confirm) ပꨓ္ဝꨯꨵယူꨲ။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨁꨤဝ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - မီးတီꨳဝတ္ꨵမုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓမ္ꨵꨁမ္းꨓꨯꨬလꨳ တꨤမ္တူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ ꨡြꨓ္သုိꨀ္းꨀꨮဳꨲဝꨰတ္ꨵေသ သင္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳသြင္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ မြပ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨓြမ္းꨅူး။ ‘‘တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းဝဳꨳ - ေပဳꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨕ္ꨮ၊ လုꨀ္ꨵꨀဳꨳလ္ꨮမဳꨳေသ မဳးꨡꨤင္ꨳဝဳꨳ - တူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵေꨟဳသꨰင္ေꨟဳꨁမ္း။ ပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳ မꨤပ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨕꨤမ္းလိꨓ္။ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲေပဳးဝဳꨳꨟင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯ။

မူိဝ္ꨳꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨰꨓ္ꨳမူိဝ္ꨳꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္လူင္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨡဝ္ ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္းꨡꨓ္သူိင္ꨲဝꨯꨵ ꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳးꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးတီꨳဝတ္ꨵေသꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳလြတ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳꨡဝ္တူဝ္လြတ္ꨳ လꨯꨳယူꨲေသတဳꨵ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨬတꨵ ေတꨡမ္ꨲလြတ္ꨳꨓꨯꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲပꨯꨤꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨓီေသ ယြမ္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳတိꨉြပ္းတင္းꨬမꨳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

သင္ꨲꨁဳꨲမုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ꨓင္ꨳဝတ္ꨵꨓင္ꨳꨀြၽင္း ꨅင္ꨲတြပ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳꨟင္းꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘လြင္ꨳ ꨓꨯꨵမꨓ္း ပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳꨀꨤꨓ္တꨀဳꨲ။ ပူိꨓ္ꨳမီꨳတꨤင္းꨕိတ္းꨓင္ꨲꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳထတ္းသꨤင္ꨅြမ္းၾတဳး ေသ ပꨓ္တꨤမ္ꨲꨓင္ꨲꨀုိင္ꨲထူိꨀ္ꨳ၊ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ဝတ္ꨵဝဳးဝိꨟꨤꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ မꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလိꨓ္ၾꨕဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ ေပဳꨳေတꨡဝ္ꨀူꨓ္းꨀꨮဳꨲ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ပꨓ္ꨀတိသတ္ꨵꨅဳꨲေꨁဳꨳꨀိꨓ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ေတꨡဝ္ꨅြမ္းၾတဳးေသ တꨰပ္းတတ္းပꨓ္တꨤမ္ꨲ၊ ေတꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးလြင္ꨳလူလꨯꨤတꨱꨀ္းငꨰꨓ္းꨁိꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮꨀꨓ္’’ ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨳေပဳꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨅြမ္းလူꨉ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓင္ꨳꨀြၽင္းꨓမ္ꨵꨁမ္း ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨓပ္ꨵꨓဳꨳထုိင္တဳ တင္းဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ တင္းမူိင္းꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲꨡမ္ꨲလူိဝ္လꨯꨳေသ ꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳပꨓ္ꨀတိꨀꨮꨤမ္းမꨓ္ꨳꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲယဝ္ꨵ တိꨉြပ္းꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ ꨁꨤင္ ꨁမ္း ꨁဝ္ꨬမꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲသ္ꨮꨲꨁြꨀ္ꨳꨁင္ဝꨯꨵ။

ယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁမ္းသ္ꨮ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္လꨤꨓ္ယိင္းသꨤဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ ꨓꨯꨵ မူိဝ္ꨳꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳတိꨉြပ္းမဳး ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳတင္း ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲမီးꨅ္ꨮေꨡးလူ ငိꨓ္းꨟꨀ္ꨵပꨰင္းꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသ္ꨮꨲသူပ္းသ္ꨮꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨀꨓ္တင္းꨕူꨳꨀုမ္းꨁြꨀ္ꨳꨁင္ ꨁဝ္ ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးလြင္ꨳꨁိꨓ္တူဝ္ꨁိꨓ္ꨅ္ꨮ တꨱꨀ္းငꨰꨓ္းပꨓ္ꨁꨱꨓ္ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။’’

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲမဳးꨡုပ္ꨲꨀုမ္ꨲတူိင္ꨲပꨤင္ꨲꨀꨓ္တင္း ꨕူꨳမီးတꨤင္းꨟူꨵ တꨤင္းꨟꨓ္ꨁဝ္ဝဳꨳ ‘‘ေတꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္ꨁုိင္ပြင္လြင္ꨳတꨤင္းꨕိတ္းသ္ꨮꨲꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨁတ္းသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲꨬလꨳသꨤꨓ္ ꨁတ္းꨀꨤင္ꨅ္ꨮꨁဳꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း’’။

ꨅင္ꨲမီးေꨀဳꨵꨓုိင္ꨳတꨤင္ꨲလဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ ‘‘မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္မီꨳဝꨯꨵမီꨀꨮꨯꨤးတူဝ္ဳ ံꨬလꨳ သူိဝ္တူဝ္ဳ ံꨡꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳတိမဳးꨁꨯ။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡဝ္မီꨬလꨳသူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨟမ္ꨳꨀꨓ္တင္းꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ။ ေပဳးမꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨘꨤင္ꨁမ္း ꨅꨱတ္ꨳꨅꨤင္ꨲꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮꨳယူꨲꨬတꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨟမ္းေပꨵလꨯꨳ။ ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨬတꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳ ꨘဳꨵꨕီပꨓ္တꨤမ္ꨲမꨓ္း။ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းတꨀ္းလꨯꨳတꨯꨤ။ မုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨬလꨳ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨬꨓး တꨤင္းꨕိတ္းꨟဝ္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳ။ သင္ဝဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨟတ္းꨟမ္းꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္း မဳးမြပ္ꨳꨡꨤပ္ꨳꨓြပ္ꨲ ယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္’’။

လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ တင္းသꨱင္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨟꨓ္လီ တꨰပ္းတတ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲလꨤတ္ꨳတီꨳ ꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ။ တူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨟပ္ꨵပꨤꨀ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ေတ ꨟမ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨵ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳပြꨯꨲပꨓ္ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလဳꨟꨤင္း ေသꨀြꨓ္ꨲ။ လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵပꨰꨀ္ꨵသမ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - လꨯꨤꨘꨯꨤလꨯꨤေꨀဳꨵမဳးတုꨀ္းတဝ္ꨳလဝ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳယူꨲဝဳꨳ - ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳ ꨟပ္ꨵꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵလဳးလဳး ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္း။ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨀဝ္ပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮ ꨬတꨵꨬတꨵꨀဝ္ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟူꨵ၊ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨘဳꨵꨕီꨟူꨵ။ ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမီးလြင္ꨳထꨤင္ꨲထူိမ္သင္။ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳလဳ ꨬꨕးꨟဝ္းေꨀဳꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳပူꨓ္ꨵꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨁဳꨵꨅုိဝ္ꨳꨁꨯꨤသꨱင္ေသ’’။

ထုိင္ဝꨓ္းမꨓ္းမဳး ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္မဳးꨁြꨓ္ꨳꨀꨓ္တီꨳꨀꨤင္ပꨤင္ꨲ လူင္ꨓဳꨳဝꨱင္း၊ တဳꨲမဳး တူꨉ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨟမ္းꨀꨓ္တင္းမီꨬလꨳသူိဝ္။ ပူိꨓ္ꨳပꨯြꨲမဳꨳမီꨀꨮꨯꨤးလူင္ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း၊ လꨯးꨟမ္းလမ္း မင္ꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨵꨀꨓ္ ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨟုိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤꨬတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲငိꨓ္းဝဳꨳ။ ꨀူꨉ္းလꨯꨳꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳꨡဝ္တꨯꨤ လꨯꨤꨳမီꨀꨮꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵပꨰတ္ꨳꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨀမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳသမ္ꨵပြꨯꨲမဳးသူိဝ္ထꨰင္ꨳ။ သူိဝ္ꨡꨓ္တြင္ꨵမꨯꨳသꨯꨳꨀူင္ မဳးလꨯꨤဝꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲမဳးꨟꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳ တꨱတ္ꨲသꨱင္ꨁꨤင္းသꨱင္ꨟြင္ꨵမꨓ္းေသ မဳးꨓူမ္ တိꨓ္ꨓူမ္ꨁဳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳꨀူꨓ္းတင္းလꨯꨤꨀူꨳပဳꨳꨀူꨳꨘꨯꨤꨲယြင္ꨳꨡꨤမ္းꨡမ္ꨲသုတ္း ꨡမ္ꨲသꨱင္ꨳလꨯꨳ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯယဝ္။

ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲေꨀဳꨳတꨤင္းꨡꨱꨓ္းꨡꨤꨓ္းမꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲထုိင္တီꨳယဝ္ꨵꨬလꨳ ꨅ္ꨮလမ္သꨯꨳꨀမ္ꨲေသ ꨡꨤင္ꨳ ေတသင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းမꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းꨘꨓ္းꨡဝ္၊ မူိဝ္ꨳꨕြင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨁဝ္ ꨀုိင္ꨵꨀꨤင္ꨵ ꨟြတ္ꨳꨕꨰဝ္မဳးေသ ဝꨰꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲတိꨀမ္ꨡဝ္ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨓဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းတင္းလꨯꨤ။ ꨅ္ꨮꨵမꨓ္းꨅိ သင္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳလုꨀ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨀူꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းမꨓ္း ꨟူꨓ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲသꨱင္ꨳသꨱင္ꨳ။ ေပဳးယဝ္ꨵ ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္း ꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲေꨀဳꨳမူꨓ္ꨵꨡြꨀ္ꨲလုꨀ္းမဳꨳေꨁဳယြꨓ္းꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳပြꨯꨲပꨓ္ ꨅီꨲဝိတ္ꨵတ သꨯꨤꨅ္ꨮꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲေသ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨅြမ္းလုꨀ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵမꨓ္းမူိဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္းတီꨳ - ဝꨱင္းꨓꨓ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨟꨱတ္းꨓꨓ္ေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨅင္ꨲ ထူꨀ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨡဝ္ ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္းꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္တီꨳ ေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ ပီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳ။ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္ေသꨁုိꨓ္းဝိတ္ꨲဝꨯꨤꨲသုိပ္ꨲꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္တီꨳ မုꨓ္ꨅꨤင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲယြမ္းꨟပ္ꨵ။ ‘‘ꨀဝ္ꨓꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္မုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓုင္ꨳꨕဳꨳ လူိင္ေသ လြတ္ꨳေꨕးမဳး ꨟူꨵꨟꨓ္မဳးꨀူꨳလြင္ꨳလြင္ꨳ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳထြတ္ꨲꨕဳꨳလူိင္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀဝ္ ꨡမ္ꨲထြတ္ꨲꨕဳꨳလူိင္ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ေတမီꨳꨕြꨓ္းလီပုꨓ္ꨳသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲ၊ ပုꨓ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳတင္းꨓမ္ ယူꨲ’’။ တြပ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯ။

‘‘ꨕြꨓ္းလီပုꨓ္ꨳသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - မူိဝ္ꨳပꨤꨓ္ၾꨕဳးပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ သဳꨲသꨓဳꨲ ꨟူိဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္း ယြꨓ္ꨵလူꨉ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းꨓ္ꨮး ထꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္း ꨁြပ္ꨲဝူင္းꨅꨓ္ꨵသုင္ꨅꨓ္ꨵယြတ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္မဳး ꨟꨤပ္ꨲꨀꨤꨓ္သဳꨲသꨓဳꨲ။ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲꨟꨓ္ဝဳꨳ - ꨀꨤꨓ္သဳꨲသꨓဳꨲꨓꨯꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းတꨰမ္ꨲꨀူꨓ္း တုိꨀ္းꨓꨯေသပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨓပ္ꨵယမ္ꨬလꨳသဳꨲသꨓဳꨲ ꨅင္ꨲꨟူိဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္းမဳး။ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨓꨓ္ ꨀဝ္သုိပ္ꨲယူꨲꨓ္ꨮး ꨕဳꨳလူိင္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨓမ္ေꨀဳꨳေꨀꨲ ꨟူꨵမꨓ္းေတမီးꨕြꨓ္းလီယူꨲꨓင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

‘‘ꨕြꨓ္းလီပုꨓ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ သမ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨟုိဝ္ေပဳးꨓꨯꨅုိင္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨀဝ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္၊ ေတလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨵꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳ။ ꨀဝ္သမ္ꨵပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳၾꨕဳးꨬလꨳ မီးထမ္ꨲမꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳ။ ေပဳးꨟဝ္းပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ထြမ္ꨲသူပ္းꨡဝ္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨀꨓ္ꨅုိင္ ꨀꨤꨓ္သဳꨲသꨓဳꨲေꨀဳꨳေတꨟူိဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္းꨡမ္ꨲꨀဳး ꨀꨤꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨟူꨵတꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲ။ သတ္းတဝဳꨲတင္းလꨯꨤေꨀဳꨳ ေတလꨯꨳထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨅြမ္း ꨀꨓ္’’။

ဝꨯꨤးေသꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨡဝ္ ꨅုမ္ꨳမူိင္းꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္း။ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳေꨀဳꨳꨟပ္ꨵꨡဝ္ ꨅုိဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨓꨯေသ ꨅုင္ꨡဝ္ꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳေꨟဳ။ ယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳတꨰင္ꨲတင္ꨳ ꨡဝ္ꨓြင္ꨵꨅꨯꨤး ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨀꨰမ္မူိင္းꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵမူိင္းꨀြင္ေသယဝ္ꨵ ယုꨀ္ꨵꨡဝ္ ꨓꨤင္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨳꨁမ္း သ္ꨮ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨀꨓ္သꨤမ္

With supreme confidence in himself, Hsohkhanhpa commanded the other princilpalities to submit and acknowledge his (suzerainty ? ). He apparently had foreseen their refusal and had prepared for it. With a large army, he attacked and conquered their appendages in turn.

W.W.Cochrane – ''The Shans."

တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨀ)

ဝꨯꨤးေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ယဝ္ꨵ၊ တꨤင္းမုꨓ္ꨅꨤင္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨁဝ္ ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵလꨯꨳသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ပꨓ္တꨤင္းꨟူꨵꨀꨓ္ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳꨟူꨵꨟူဝ္ယြꨯꨳမꨓ္း ေသတဳꨵ ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ယꨤမ္ꨳလꨯꨳလꨱပ္ꨳꨟꨱꨓ္း ꨀꨮꨤမ္းသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ပုတ္ꨵထꨅဝ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨬတꨵ ꨟူꨵလꨤမ္းလꨯꨳ ယူꨲ။ ꨡꨓ္ေတꨡမ္ꨲလြတ္ꨳသြꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵꨟူꨵတုိꨓ္းေတပꨱꨓ္ ꨀုင္ꨲမုꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵꨕူꨳꨓမ္းꨓဳꨳ(6) ပူိင္၊ ေꨁဳꨳတုိဝ္းꨀမ္ၾတဳးꨁုꨓ္လီ(10)ပူိင္၊ ꨡꨀတိၾတဳး(4)ယူိင္ꨳ၊ ေလဳးꨀပဳꨲလ(4)ပူိင္၊ ꨡပရိꨟဳꨓိ ယၾတဳး(7)ယူိင္ꨳꨬလꨳ ပꨯꨤးမꨤꨀ္ꨳမီး(4)လြင္ꨳꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵယူꨲ။

ꨅူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳꨓ္ꨮးေလဳးꨀမူိင္းꨁူင္းꨀꨤင္လူင္ꨓꨯꨵ သမ္ꨲလ္ꨮပူိင္လ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲဝဳꨳ တဳꨲေတလꨯꨳထꨤင္ꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳ ꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨓꨯꨵ မီးတီꨳသိꨀ္ꨳꨁဳꨲ(3)ပူိင္-

သီလ                 -           တꨀ္းလꨯꨳမီးပꨀ္းပူိင္။

သမဳꨲထိ              -           တꨀ္းလꨯꨳꨁတ္းꨅ္ꨮ၊ တင္ꨳꨅ္ꨮꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္၊ ꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္။

ပꨓ္ꨲꨉဳꨲ             -           တꨀ္းလꨯꨳမီးꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲ။ ꨬလꨳ ꨅရိယ(3)ပူိင္

ဗဒၶတၳစရိယ         -           ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲလီ။

ဉာတတၳစရိယ      -           ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅူိဝ္ꨵꨁူိဝ္းလီ။

ေလာကတၳစရိယ   -           ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳေလဳးꨀလီ။

ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳယုမ္ꨲယမ္ဝဳꨳ - မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေတသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ပြꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲ ꨘဳꨵꨟꨮ္ꨳꨡဝ္သိꨀ္ꨳꨁဳ(3)ပူိင္ ꨬလꨳꨅရိယ(3)ပူိင္ပꨱꨓ္ငဝ္ꨳငဳꨲေသပူꨀ္းပြင္ပꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲ။

ꨕူꨳꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳသူိꨀ္းပုိꨓ္း ပီꨳတုမ္ꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲ ယြတ္ꨳတꨯး ꨬတꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ေꨀဳꨵ ꨡꨓ္ꨓမ္းꨓဳꨳ လꨯꨤးလုꨀ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨵꨘိင္ꨳꨬငꨳ (Cultural revolution)ꨓ္ꨮးꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးမဳးꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

လꨯꨤးလုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵꨘိင္ꨳꨬငꨳꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ - လြင္ꨳလꨰꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤꨳပꨯꨤးဝူꨓ္ꨵ၊ ပꨯꨤးလꨤတ္ꨳ၊ ပꨯꨤးꨟꨱတ္းတꨯး ယဳꨲ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမူိꨓ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ။ ꨡꨓ္ယူꨲမဝ္ꨀိꨓ္မꨤင္ ဝူꨓ္ꨵꨘꨓ္ꨅြမ္း ꨡလြင္းꨡယဳꨲေသ မူꨀ္းꨅူိမ္ꨳယူꨲꨓ္ꨮး မꨓ္း၊ ꨡမ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳမဳးထတ္းသꨤင္ ꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း 3 သꨰꨓ္း 3 ထꨤꨓ္ꨳေသ ပꨤꨀ္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨬꨓတꨤင္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟူꨵꨅꨀ္းပုꨓ္ꨳꨕြꨓ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲမူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲ-

သꨰꨓ္း (1)    ေတဳꨲꨡဳꨲယု (20)

            1ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး

            2ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲမီးပꨀ္းပူိင္၊ မီးꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵ၊ သ္ꨮꨲꨅ္ꨮꨓ္ꨮးꨓဳꨲꨀꨤꨓ္

            3ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲꨟꨀ္ꨵꨅꨤတ္ꨳ၊ လူဝ္ꨲꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္

            4ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳꨀꨤꨓ္သုိꨀ္း

သꨰꨓ္း (2)    ထုိင္ꨡဳꨲယု (40)

            1ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳꨀြꨓ္းꨀူꨓ္း

            2ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳꨟဳတꨤင္းမꨤꨀ္ꨳမီး

            3ꨵ လူဝ္ꨲေမဳပူꨀ္းပြင္ꨓဳꨳꨟူိꨓ္း

သꨰꨓ္း (3)    ꨡဳꨲယု (40) ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨓူိဝ္

            1ꨵ ေမဳပꨱꨓ္ထဝ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳထဝ္ꨳꨓဳး

            2ꨵ ေမဳပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္မူိင္း

            3ꨵ ေမဳပꨱꨓ္ꨁူးသြꨓ္

ꨓ္ꨮးပꨤꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨮꨤမ္းꨬလꨳလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးပꨯꨤꨀမ္ ꨡꨓ္ꨀꨱဝ္ꨲလူꨉ္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨅ္ꨮေꨡဳꨲꨬꨡꨲ ꨡူꨓ္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨟꨮ္ꨳမီး။ - လိꨀ္ꨳꨁꨱဝ္ လိꨀ္ꨳꨡလြင္းꨅူိဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨕဝ္ꨘꨯးပꨰတ္ꨳ။ ꨅူိဝ္း တꨰမ္ꨳပိုꨓ္ေꨕꨳေꨀဳꨳꨉဳးတꨤမ္ꨲ။ ‘‘ပꨯꨤေသလူိဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨁ္ꨮꨳꨡဝ္တꨯးတူꨀ္းတꨰမ္ꨲ သူသမ္ꨵေတꨅꨯြꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳ မဳးတꨱꨀ္းထꨰင္ꨳꨬꨓꨲ’’ - ꨓꨯေသ ꨅ္ꨮꨵတꨰမ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳပူꨀ္းပြင္ထꨰင္ꨳꨟꨰင္းꨓုမ္ꨲꨟꨯꨤးꨅꨯꨤးယိင္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳမီးꨅ္ꨮꨟꨀ္ꨵ ꨅꨤတ္ꨳ၊ ꨅ္ꨮꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္ꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္း ꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨮꨤမ္းလꨤတ္ꨳ ေꨁဳꨳꨟြင္ꨵ ꨅုိဝ္ꨳသꨱင္ ဝꨓ္းလူိꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ယူိင္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳေသဝဳꨳ ဝꨓ္းတꨓꨤင္းꨓူꨉ္ꨲ၊ တꨓꨤင္းလဳꨲ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳမီး။ ဝꨓ္းတိတ္ꨵ၊ ဝꨓ္းꨅꨓ္ ꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳဝဳꨳ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ မူိဝ္ꨳယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵလꨯꨳငိꨓ္းဝဳꨳမီးဝꨓ္း မူိင္း၊ ပုိꨀ္း၊ ꨀတ္း၊ ꨁူတ္း၊ ꨟုင္ꨵ၊ တဝ္ꨲ၊ ꨀဳ ꨓꨯꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨁꨤဝ္းတꨤင္း 2 ပီလုမ္းလုမ္းꨓ္ꨮးပီꨟꨰꨀ္ꨳ(ပီꨬတꨲငဝ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း)ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨓြꨀ္ꨳေသဝꨓ္းယ္ꨮꨲဝꨓ္း လူင္ꨓꨯꨵ သꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ပူꨀ္းပြင္ သူꨓ္းတုမ္ပꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ လြင္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးပꨯꨤး ဝူꨓ္ꨵပꨯꨤးꨟꨓ္။ ပီထိသြင္မဳး - ꨕုိꨀ္းသြꨓ္ꨀꨤꨓ္သုိꨀ္းပꨓ္ꨓုမ္ꨲꨟꨯꨤးꨅꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ ꨀူꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨳꨡူိင္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳ ပꨱꨓ္သုိꨀ္းတူဝ္ꨳတꨓ္းတဳꨲေသꨲဝꨯꨵယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

သꨤမ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨀ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬတꨵ တူꨉ္းꨡဝ္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းတီꨳတ္ꨮꨳꨅူိဝ္း ꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳေတꨟူꨵꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ယူꨲ။

            ٭          ပီꨳꨟူꨵꨓုိင္ꨳ၊ ꨓြင္ꨵꨟူꨵသြင္       -           ꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨓ္ပြင္ꨅꨱဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ။

            ٭          ပီꨳꨟူꨵသြင္၊ ꨓြင္ꨵꨟူꨵꨓုိင္ꨳ       -           ꨁꨱင္ꨲပုိင္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳတꨀ္းလီ။

ေပဳးတူꨉ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵတင္းꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူူင္ꨘဳꨵသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨅုိင္ ေတလꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ပꨰꨀ္ꨲ ပူိင္ꨳꨀꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨓုိင္ꨳ။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨟꨤဝ္ꨳ။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵသမ္ꨵ ꨟꨤမ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮယꨱꨓ္။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳဝဳꨲသꨓဳꨲတꨤင္းသူင္ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨬတꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲေပဳးပꨯꨤꨳပူိင္ꨳꨀꨓ္။ ယြꨓ္ꨵꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ꨬလꨳ ꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨕြမ္ꨵꨀꨓ္ဝꨯꨤးေသ ꨅꨱဝ္းꨟူိဝ္ꨳꨟူိင္းဝꨯး။

            ٭          ꨅင္းꨀꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳေꨁဳꨳ၊ ꨕူꨳꨁꨱꨓ္ေလဳꨳမဳးꨅမ္

            ٭          ꨟဝ္းꨓင္ꨲꨀꨓ္ꨟꨀ္ꨵꨀꨓ္၊ ေꨕးသင္လꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳယꨤပ္ꨲ

            ٭          ꨁꨰꨓ္ꨟꨀ္း ꨟꨀ္းꨓ္ꨮးသူိဝ္ꨳ၊ ꨟူဝ္တꨰꨀ္ꨲတꨰꨀ္ꨲꨓ္ꨮးမူꨀ္ꨲꨟူဝ္

            ٭          ပိုꨓ္ꨓမ္ တꨱမ္ꨀမ္၊ ꨕ္ꨮငမ္ꨟꨀ္းꨡမ္ꨲလꨯꨳ

            ٭          ေတလူမ္ꨵꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨓ္ပူꨀ္း၊ ေတတူꨀ္းꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨓ္ꨟြပ္ꨲ

            ٭          ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨓမ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳလီ၊ ꨟဝ္းꨓမ္ꨟဝ္းလီ(ပူိꨓ္ꨳလီꨡမ္ꨲတꨤꨓ္ꨲꨟဝ္းꨅဳꨵꨀꨓ္)

            ٭          မꨯꨵတူꨓ္ꨳဳ ံꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လူင္ꨁꨱဝ္၊ ꨀူꨓ္းꨟူိꨓ္းလꨱဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ

            ٭          ယူꨲဝꨤꨓ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀမ္ꨵဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ၊ ယူꨲမူိင္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀမ္ꨵမူိင္း

ယြꨓ္ꨵလူꨉ္ꨳတꨤင္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳမီး ꨁူိဝ္းꨟူိꨓ္းꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္း၊ (ꨘꨤင္၊ ꨁမ္း၊ သꨰင္၊ ေတဳꨲ၊ တဝ္ꨲ၊ သူိဝ္၊ လꨤဝ္)ꨡမ္ꨲမူိꨓ္တꨯးတ္ꨮꨳꨟဝ္း ꨡꨓ္ꨡဝ္ꨁူိဝ္းꨟူိꨓ္းꨟꨯꨤ ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨬလꨳ တီꨳꨡꨓ္ꨡဝ္ လြင္ꨳ ꨕြမ္ꨵꨟူမ္ꨳꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္း 2 ပီꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳဝဳꨳဝꨯးꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ ꨡꨓ္ꨅြꨯꨳꨀꨤꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳဝꨯးထꨰင္ꨳလြင္ꨳꨓုိင္ꨳ ေꨀဳꨳꨟူꨵေတပꨱꨓ္လြင္ꨳပꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းꨓꨤင္းယိင္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳေပဳးꨁုိꨓ္ꨳသင္ꨵꨁုိꨓ္ꨳသုင္၊ မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းမီးဝꨯꨵဝဳꨳ-

            ٭          ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨟꨤင္ꨳလီ ပူိဝ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး၊ ꨕူꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨟꨤင္ꨳလီ ပူိဝ္ꨳꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္

            ٭          ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨀတ္ꨵလꨯꨤးꨅူိင္း၊ လꨱꨓ္ꨳသုိꨀ္းမူိင္းေပꨵငꨯꨤꨳ

            ٭          ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္း၊ ꨡူမုꨓ္ꨟူိင္းတꨱမ္ꨘဳꨵ

တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨁ)

ꨓ္ꨮးပီ 1313 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨁꨯꨤꨵေꨟဳမဳးꨬတꨲတင္ꨳယူꨲထꨰင္ꨳတီꨳ ေꨅꨶလꨤꨓ္ꨵ ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ တီꨳယူꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ။ ꨡမ္ꨲꨟိုင္ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨤꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းလိꨀ္ꨳသူင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးေꨀဳꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓဳꨵꨡꨤဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ သꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶ။

‘‘မူိင္းꨟိမ္းꨟြမ္းꨟဝ္း မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨬꨁꨲꨓꨯꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨁိုꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲ ꨀြပ္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ပꨀ္းꨓုိင္းꨅုိင္ꨳလꨱဝ္။ ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲꨅꨤတ္ꨳမဳးပꨱꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨁြပ္ꨲဝူင္းꨀူꨓ္းꨁဝ္မꨓ္ꨳꨀုိမ္း ꨡမ္ꨲတꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳ။ တꨯးꨟဝ္းꨓꨯꨵ ေပဳးေတပꨱꨓ္ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမူိင္းမꨓ္း၊ ယူꨲတီꨳ တြꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္းယူꨲ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨯꨬတꨵ ေတꨅꨤင္ꨳဝြတ္ꨳ ဝꨯꨤးꨟꨯꨤꨀꨮဳꨲတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္း။ မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳေပဳးမဳးꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲေꨕꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ꨟဝ္းဝꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ 3 တြꨓ္ꨳဝဳꨳ -

            ٭          ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨟꨤင္ꨳလီ ပူိဝ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး၊ ꨕူꨳꨅꨯꨤးꨟꨤင္ꨳလီ ပူိဝ္ꨳꨟတ္းꨟꨤꨓ္

            ٭          ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨀတ္ꨵလꨯꨤးꨅူိင္း၊ လꨱꨓ္ꨳသုိꨀ္းမူိင္းေပꨵငꨯꨤꨳ

            ٭          ꨕူꨳယိင္းꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္မူိင္း၊ ꨡူမုꨓ္ꨟူိင္းတꨱမ္ꨘဳꨵ

တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨁ)

ꨓ္ꨮးပီ 1313 ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨁꨯꨤꨵေꨟဳမဳးꨬတꨲတင္ꨳယူꨲထꨰင္ꨳတီꨳ ေꨅꨶလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ တီꨳယူꨲꨀဝ္ꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းမြꨓ္းလဳꨳ။ ꨡမ္ꨲꨟုိင္ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨤꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ လꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းလိꨀ္ꨳသူင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးေꨀဳꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨓဳꨵꨡꨤဝ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲ သꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶ။

‘‘မူိင္းꨟိမ္းꨟြမ္းꨟဝ္း မူိꨓ္ꨓင္ꨲပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨬꨁꨲꨓꨯꨵ ပူိꨓ္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲ ꨀြပ္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ပꨀ္းꨓုိင္းꨅုိင္ꨳလꨱဝ္။ ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤင္ꨲꨅꨤတ္ꨳမဳးပꨱꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲေꨀဳꨳ ꨁြပ္ꨲဝူင္းꨀူꨓ္းꨁဝ္မꨓ္ꨳꨀုိမ္း ꨡမ္ꨲတꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳ။ တꨯးꨟဝ္းꨓꨯꨵေပဳး ေတပꨱꨓ္ ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမူိင္းမꨓ္း၊ ယူꨲတီꨳ တြꨓ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮမꨓ္းယူꨲꨅူိင္ꨵꨓꨯꨬတꨵ ေတꨅꨤင္ꨳဝြတ္ꨳဝꨯꨤးꨟꨯꨤ ꨀꨮဳꨲတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္း။ မူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳေပဳးမဳးꨅꨰꨀ္ꨲꨬꨕꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ꨟဝ္းဝꨯꨵပꨱꨓ္ 3 တြꨓ္ꨳဝဳꨳ-

            1ꨵ မူိင္းမꨤဝ္း

            2ꨵ သꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶ၊ ꨬလꨳ

            3ꨵ သိပ္းသြင္ပꨓ္းꨓဳးယဝ္ꨵ။’’

ေပဳးတꨯးတꨰꨀ္ꨲ ေတလꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲပူိꨓ္ꨳꨡိုꨓ္ꨡဝ္ꨀမ္းꨕꨤꨀ္ꨲꨕꨤꨀ္ꨲ။ ဝꨯꨤးလုိꨓ္းမဳး ေတꨀုိတ္းꨀဳꨳလ္ꨮ။ ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳꨟဝ္းꨟဳးꨓဳꨵလꨤꨓ္ꨕိတ္းꨕꨰꨀ္ꨲꨀꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ထမ္ꨲမတဳꨲ။ ꨡꨓ္ပူꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳပူꨓ္ꨵꨀꨮဳꨲ၊ ꨟꨮ္ꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ဝူဝ္းယꨱပ္ꨲꨟꨯꨤꨀꨮꨯꨤးယꨱပ္ꨲꨓꨰꨓ္ꨳ။ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨤပ္းမီးꨓမ္ꨵꨀဳꨳꨓ္ꨮးꨅ္ꨮꨀဳꨳꨓြꨀ္ꨳ။ ‘‘မꨯꨵတူꨓ္ꨳꨓုိင္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲ ပꨱꨓ္လူင္ꨁꨱဝ္၊ ꨀူꨓ္းေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ္ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ဝꨤꨓ္ꨳ’’။ ꨟဝ္းꨓဳꨵလꨤꨓ္လီꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္ꨬတꨵ တင္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္း ꨅုိင္ꨳတꨯးꨟဝ္းꨀꨮဳꨲမူိꨓ္ပꨤꨓ္ပူꨲမြꨓ္ꨲꨁုိꨓ္းꨬလꨳ ယုꨀ္ꨵတူဝ္ေယဳးꨁိင္းမဳးꨅူးလꨤꨓ္ေသꨀမ္း’’။

ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲေꨀဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨅူး။ ‘‘ꨡꨯꨤꨳယီꨳꨁꨤင္ꨁမ္း၊ မ္ꨮးပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္လꨤꨓ္တူꨶ။ ေပဳးတူꨶꨀꨮဳꨲꨬတꨵ မီꨳလꨤပ္ꨲမီꨳလꨰဝ္းတဳꨲမ္ꨮးꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ’’ဝဳꨳꨓꨯေသ ꨟꨤင္ꨳသုိꨀ္းꨁိုꨓ္ꨳမဳးတုိꨀ္း။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ေꨀဳꨳ ꨟပ္ꨵတုိꨀ္းေသ ထုꨀ္ꨲတပ္ꨵသꨰꨓ္ေꨅꨶꨁဝ္ဝꨰတ္ꨵလြမ္ꨵဝꨯꨵ။ သုိꨀ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္သꨤမ္သမ္ꨵ မဳး ဝꨰတ္ꨵလြမ္ꨵထꨰင္ꨳ တꨤင္းꨓြꨀ္ꨳေသꨁဝ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းꨅြꨯꨳꨬလꨳ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳေပဳꨲꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသုတ္းꨟူꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲ။ ꨀမ္း လုိꨓ္းမꨓ္းလꨯꨳသူင္ꨲမဳးပꨓ္ ꨓꨤင္းꨡꨯꨲꨁမ္းꨕြင္ ေသ ꨟပ္ꨵသတ္ꨵꨅဳꨲꨁဝ္ꨳꨟြမ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္ ꨀꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ။

ထုိင္မဳး 1314 မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳသူင္ꨲ ꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ ꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးꨅဝ္ꨳꨘဳꨵလူင္ မူိင္းမိတ္ꨳ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤးꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ တဳꨲေတꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းꨀꨓ္ထꨰင္ꨳ။ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤးꨁုိꨓ္းလꨯꨳတိꨉြပ္းꨡဝ္ ꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ 10 ေꨀဳꨵ၊ ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨘꨓ္းတꨯꨤ ပꨰတ္ꨳ 7 ေꨀဳꨵေသ ပြꨯꨲမူိဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္း 3 ေꨀဳꨵ။

‘‘ယီꨳꨁꨤင္ꨁမ္း။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳမ္ꨮးꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းပ္ꨮꨵထဳꨳꨀဝ္’’ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯေသ ꨅင္ꨲꨟꨰꨓ္းꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵꨅꨤင္ꨵဳ ံꨟꨱင္ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္း။ ꨅြမ္းတꨤင္းꨓꨓ္ꨵꨕꨰဝ္တီꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ ꨡဝ္ꨘꨯးꨅုတ္ꨲꨕဝ္လူင္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨀူꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨳ ꨡူိင္ꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

တီꨳꨓꨯꨳꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳပုိꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳꨬꨓꨟဝ္းဝဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨵလꨯꨤးသုိꨀ္းꨅူိင္ꨵ ꨟုိဝ္တြပ္ꨲတꨰꨓ္းꨁုိꨓ္းꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္တီꨳလီေသးလꨯꨤꨬတꨵꨬတꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵꨅꨤင္ꨵ 8 ပꨤꨀ္ꨲေသ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨲꨟပ္ꨵတုိꨀ္းꨬလꨳ ꨡြင္ꨲေပꨵꨀꨮဳꨲ။

ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းမိတ္ꨳတင္းလꨯꨤ လꨯꨳတိꨉြပ္းꨡဝ္ ꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ ယဝ္ꨵ တꨰပ္းꨟူဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ ေသ ꨡဝ္သူင္ꨲမဳးꨓြပ္ꨲယုိꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨡဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮꨡမ္ꨲလီ။ ꨁုိꨓ္း ယုꨀ္ꨵယြင္ꨳꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳꨀꨯꨲ(ꨓြင္ꨵꨁုꨓ္တꨯꨤꨳꨁုိꨓ္ꨳ)ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ေသယဝ္ꨵ ပူင္ꨀꨮꨤမ္းဝဳꨳ - ‘‘တုိꨀ္းသုိꨀ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ တုိꨀ္းလꨯꨤး မူဝ္ယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨅမ္ꨵ ꨓမ္ꨵယဳꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ လီလူိဝ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳ သုတ္း’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ ꨅင္ꨲသူင္ꨲꨀူꨓ္းယုမ္ꨲယမ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေသ ꨀꨮဳꨲယူꨲဝꨯꨵꨀူꨳမူိင္းမူိင္း ꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨀဳꨵꨁꨯꨤ သူင္ꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲပꨓ္ꨀူꨳလြင္ꨳလြင္ꨳ၊ ပုိꨓ္ꨬꨕꨳပꨯꨤးဝူꨓ္ꨵမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ။ မုꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ꨡꨯꨤꨳေꨀဳꨳ သူင္ꨲꨕူꨳ ꨟꨱꨓ္းလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤး ꨀꨮဳꨲꨀူꨳတီꨳꨀူꨳလꨰꨓ္။ လူိဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ သူင္ꨲꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ယုိꨓ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးꨀꨮဳꨲꨀူꨳမူိင္း မူိင္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨓုိင္ꨳꨡꨓ္လꨱဝ္ တ္ꨮꨳတုင္းသူိဝ္ꨕူိꨀ္ꨲမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ - ယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

တြꨓ္ꨳ(င)

ထုိင္မဳး 1317 တူဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ လꨯꨳလတ္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းပꨱꨓ္သြင္ ငဳးေသယဝ္ꨵ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳလြမ္ꨵꨓြင္ꨬသ၊ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨕြင္းငမ္းꨓြင္ꨬသ ယုꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္ꨵ (Governor General Yun Kuei) ꨡမ္ꨲတꨓ္းꨟူꨵတူဝ္ေသ ထုꨀ္ꨲလြမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨀူမ္ꨳꨓြမ္း ယြမ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵပꨓ္။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮꨵယုꨓ္ꨀူꨉ္ꨵꨬလꨳ ꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨅူဝ္းပဳးꨀꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးတီꨳ ဝꨱင္းလူင္ေꨟဳသꨰင္ပီꨲꨀိင္း(ပိူꨉ္ꨲꨀ်ိင္း)ေသလꨤတ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨟဝ္းꨡꨤမ္းꨁꨯြပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨬꨁꨲ၊ ꨁ္ꨮꨳယူိင္ꨳပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ ꨬꨁꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ꨀြꨓ္းꨓုိင္ꨳ ꨅုမ္းလꨱဝ္ꨬလꨳ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳမဳးယြꨓ္းꨁုꨓ္းꨓမ္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨟိꨓ္ꨕဳ ꨅူဝ္ꨳပူꨲပꨤꨓ္ မြꨓ္ꨲ။ ယုမ္ꨲယမ္ဝဳꨳတꨤင္းပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨬꨁꨲေတꨡမ္ꨲမီးတꨤင္းꨕိတ္းꨟူꨅဳꨵꨓူိဝ္လြင္ꨳလူိတ္ꨲမꨯꨳတူဝ္ ꨀဝ္ေသ ေတပြꨯꨲꨕဳꨳပꨓ္ꨁုိꨓ္း’’ ယူꨲ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

တꨤင္းပူိꨉ္ꨲꨀ်ိင္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ မီးလြင္ꨳသုꨀ္ꨵꨡူꨓ္ယုင္ꨳယꨤင္ꨳဝꨯꨵ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳ လꨯꨤꨘꨯꨤꨲလꨯꨤတꨤင္း တုိꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳယူꨲတ္ꨮꨳေꨡဳးꨅဳꨲꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲ မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္း ꨡꨓ္ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨅြမ္ဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။ ပူိင္ ဳ ံꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ꨡꨓ္သူင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ မီးလြင္ꨳꨘꨤင္ꨟꨤင္ꨳလꨰပ္ꨳလီလꨰတ္းသꨰဝ္း ေမဳလꨤတ္ꨳꨀꨮꨤမ္း ထုꨀ္ꨲ။ ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘မꨀ္းမꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ငမ္းမူိင္း ꨓ္ꨮးလꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳ ပတ္းပုိꨓ္ꨵ’’။ ꨁဝ္ယင္းယြင္ꨳꨡꨤမ္းထꨰင္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨓမ္ꨵꨀတ္ꨵသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵသꨤမ္ပီꨳ ꨓြင္ꨵ - ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰင္ꨁꨯꨲ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ၊ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨰင္သ္ꨮꨁဝ္’’ - ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝ္ꨳပꨯꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳသုိꨀ္းꨁုိꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းသိမ္းꨡဝ္ ꨓြင္ꨬသ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨟြင္ꨵꨡုပ္ꨲလꨤတ္ꨳ ꨬꨓတီꨳꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းသုိꨀ္း ꨡိꨀ္ꨲꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းꨀꨤꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨕြင္းꨡꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ တုိꨀ္ꨵလုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵ မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းယူꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨘꨯꨤꨲꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ တꨰꨀ္ꨲယꨯꨤꨳꨟူိင္ꨳꨀူိင္း ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨤꨘꨯꨤꨲလꨯꨤꨅုမ္းဝꨯꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳ ꨅုမ္း ꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ ꨡꨓ္ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨕိုꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲ မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းေꨀဳꨳမီး၊ ꨡꨓ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲေꨀဳꨳမီး။ ꨡꨓ္ꨁ္ꨮꨳꨕုိꨓ္ꨵဝꨯꨤꨲ မြင္ꨶꨀူဝ္းꨓင္ꨲꨀꨓ္ေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨳꨀꨓ္၊ ပꨱꨓ္ဝꨯꨵꨡꨯꨤꨳဝဳꨳꨅီꨲ ယီꨳဝဳꨳꨟုင္ယူꨲꨬလꨳ ꨡꨱꨓ္ꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္း ꨬꨁꨲꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲေပဳးမီး လြင္ꨳꨁြတ္ꨲမꨓ္ꨳပꨓ္ꨳꨀꨰꨓ္ꨲꨓꨰꨓ္ꨳꨓဳꨀꨓ္။’’

ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသိူဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲလꨤမ္းꨓပ္ꨵသြꨓ္ꨲလꨯꨳဝဳꨳ - ꨡꨱꨓ္းꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲꨁဝ္ ꨡမ္ꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ပꨀ္းဳ ံꨅုိင္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨀꨓ္၊ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္လူမ္လꨤꨓ္ꨕူင္ꨵယꨯꨤꨳဝꨯꨵ ꨓꨯေသ ꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္တုိဝ္ꨵတꨤင္းလီ ꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨁိုꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းꨡဝ္ ꨓြင္ꨬသ ꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္မဳးꨁိုꨓ္းယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

1318 မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨡြꨓ္သုိꨀ္းလူင္းမဳးတꨤင္း ꨀꨱင္းꨟုင္ꨳ ေသ လꨯꨳꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္မင္းရꨯꨤး (ေꨀဳꨵꨬတꨲတင္ꨳ ‘‘ꨀꨱင္းတုင္ ꨀꨱင္းꨟꨯꨤး၊ ꨀꨱင္းမꨯꨲ)လꨯꨳꨅꨤမ္ꨲပူꨳꨓြꨓ္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲပီꨶꨀꨯꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨓꨯ ꨬလꨳꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳသုိပ္ꨲလူင္းမဳးတꨤင္း မူိင္းꨕဳသိူဝ္ꨲတြင္း(လူင္ꨘဳꨵꨖꨤင္း - မူိင္းလꨤဝ္း)၊ ꨀꨱင္းသꨰꨓ္၊ ꨀꨱင္းꨟꨯꨤး၊ လမ္းပုꨓ္း၊ လမ္းပꨤင္း။ သုိပ္ꨲလူင္းမဳးတꨤင္းေမဳꨲလမꨰင္ꨲ၊ မူိင္းတဳꨳမꨤဝ္း(မုတ္ꨵတမ)၊ ပဳꨲ ꨀူိဝ္၊ တဳꨳꨀုင္ꨳတဳꨳဝꨯꨤ။ ꨀူꨳတီꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳမဳးလူꨉ္ꨳꨟꨰင္းသုိꨀ္း၊ ꨟꨰင္းမꨱတ္ꨵတဳꨲ ꨟꨰင္း သတ္ꨵꨅဳꨲꨬလꨳ ꨀူမ္းꨓြမ္းꨟူမ္ꨳꨟြမ္းပꨓ္လီလီ။ ꨡမ္ꨲေပဳးလꨯꨳꨟꨤင္ꨳသုိꨀ္းယ္ꨮꨲလူင္တုိꨀ္းေတဳးသင္ ꨀဳꨳꨟုိဝ္။

တြꨓ္ꨳ(ꨅ)

ꨓ္ꨮးပီ 1321 ꨓꨯꨵ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳꨅတ္း ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမူိဝ္းꨡဝ္ မူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ၊ [မူိင္းတꨯးꨡဳꨟူမ္ꨲ ꨓ္ꨮးထုင္ꨵလိꨓ္ꨡဳꨲသမ္(Assam)၊ ꨡꨓ္တင္ꨳမဳးꨅꨱမ္မူိဝ္ꨳ 1222 ꨓီꨳ]။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳ ꨡြꨓ္မူိဝ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း၊ တꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ꨟꨤꨓ္၊ တꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ 3 ငဳးသုိꨀ္း - ꨡꨓ္မူိဝ္ꨳ လꨱဝ္ ꨀမ္ꨳꨕြင္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳꨟြင္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘သꨯꨤသုိꨀ္း’’။ တူဝ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳယူꨲဝꨯꨵတꨰဝ္းလင္ေသ ꨁပ္းꨁုိင္ꨟꨤင္ꨳ ꨟꨰꨓ္းပꨓ္ꨀꨤꨓ္ငꨤꨓ္းꨀူꨳလြင္ꨳလြင္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။

မီးꨀူꨓ္းꨀꨯꨵယြင္ꨳေယဳးꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ လူိဝ္ေသꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳတုꨀ္ꨵ ယꨤပ္ꨲꨡꨓ္လꨯꨳတုိꨀ္းသုိꨀ္းꨀမ္ꨳပဳꨳꨓမ္ꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ။ မူိꨓ္တꨤင္းဝဳꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨀူꨓ္းယူꨲပဝ္ꨲယူꨲလꨯꨤယူꨲတꨰဝ္းလင္ꨀမ္ꨳꨓမ္ ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨕူꨳတꨰမ္ꨳလိꨀ္ꨳꨬတꨵဝဳꨳ လီယြင္ꨳေယဳးတင္းသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳ၊ ယြꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨳတိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳမုိဝ္းꨀꨓ္။ ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨅဝ္ꨳ သꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ တဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ္ ေတလꨯꨳꨟꨱတ္းꨀꨤꨓ္သြင္ပူိင္ သြင္လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨳꨀꨤꨓ္ငꨯꨤꨳ။ ေပဳးꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨤꨘဳꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨀမ္ꨵလင္ဝꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳ တဳꨲꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵေတ ꨡြꨓ္ꨓမ္းလꨯꨳတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းꨟꨰင္းယ္ꨮꨲꨀုိမ္းꨁူိင္ꨲ ꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨳ။

ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ဝꨯꨤးေသ ꨡဝ္ေပꨵလꨯꨳမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳလီꨲယဝ္ꨵ ꨓ္ꨮးတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းꨁဝ္ မီးလြင္ꨳပူိင္ꨳပꨰꨀ္ꨲꨀꨓ္။

ꨕူꨳꨀြꨓ္းငဳးသိုꨀ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္ꨬလꨳ တꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲꨁဝ္ လꨯꨳလꨤတ္ꨳပူꨓ္ꨵ ပꨰꨓ္လူမဝ္ေတဳꨲ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨡိꨀ္ꨲꨁုꨓ္မူိင္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲꨁဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨀြင္ꨵမီးꨟꨰꨓ္ꨲသင္၊ ꨀူမ္ꨳꨓြမ္းယြမ္း ပꨓ္ꨟဝ္းငꨯꨤꨳငꨯꨤꨳꨀူꨉ္း’’ - ꨓꨯေသ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳတုမ္ꨵတူိဝ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨟူꨵထုိင္လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘တဳꨲေတꨬꨀꨳလိတ္ꨳ မီးလꨯꨤးလꨱဝ္၊ လူဝ္ꨲသင္ꨲသြꨓ္ ꨁဝ္ပꨤꨀ္ꨲꨓဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းတင္းလꨯꨤ’’ ꨓꨯေသ  ေတဳꨲꨓဳꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲꨬလꨳ ꨀူꨓ္းမꨤဝ္းသြင္ꨘꨯꨤꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ လꨯꨳပြင္ꨵထဳꨵသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ ꨟꨮ္ꨳေꨁဳယြꨓ္း ပူတ္းဝꨤင္းတꨤင္းꨕိတ္းတီꨳ ꨁုꨓ္မူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ။ ထုိင္တီꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲတင္းလꨯꨤေပဳးꨅူိမ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮေတဳꨲꨓမ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းမꨤဝ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

လြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵꨟꨱတ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း၊ တꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲꨁဝ္ꨅꨱပ္းꨅ္ꨮေသ လꨀ္ꨵလြမ္ပြꨯꨲꨀူꨓ္းသူင္ꨲ လိꨀ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲတုိဝ္းသုိဝ္ꨳေတဳꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨟဝ္း။ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡꨤꨓ္းꨡဝ္မူိင္းꨀြင္တင္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ ပꨱꨓ္ငဝ္ꨳေသ ꨕꨤတ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲꨁုꨓ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းꨟဝ္း’’ တꨰမ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲ ဝဳꨳꨓင္ꨲꨓꨯ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨟပ္ꨵလꨯꨳလိꨀ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨅ္ꨮꨵတိမတ္ꨵꨀူꨓ္းꨡဝ္လိꨀ္ꨳမဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵ သ္ꨮꨲꨁြꨀ္ꨳꨀမ္း လꨱဝ္။

‘‘ꨁꨤဝ္ꨲꨡꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵမꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨳ-

1ꨵ သင္ဝဳꨳ ꨓြင္ꨵသꨤမ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨅြꨯꨳꨀဝ္ မူိဝ္ꨳꨀင္ထုꨀ္ꨲꨁမ္တူꨀ္းꨀိꨓ္းယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅြင္ꨲꨀဝ္ꨡမ္ꨲတꨯꨤ ယဝ္ꨵꨟုိဝ္?။

2ꨵ ေပဳးꨓြင္ꨵသꨤမ္ꨡမ္ꨲꨀမ္ꨵꨀဝ္ ꨅြင္ꨲꨀဝ္ေတပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ေꨟဳꨁမ္းလꨯꨳ?။

3ꨵ မူိဝ္ꨳꨀဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨓဳꨳသုိꨀ္း ꨕြင္းမꨓ္းယူꨲတꨰဝ္းလင္ꨓꨓ္ꨵ မꨓ္းꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨱတ္းသင္လꨯꨳယူꨲလဳꨲ?၊ ꨀြပ္ꨳ သင္မꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲꨟꨱတ္းꨅꨱမ္မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ? ꨓꨯေသ ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲတဳꨲ ꨀꨮဳꨲတိမတ္ꨵထတ္းသꨤင္ꨬꨀꨳလိတ္ꨳေသ ꨡဝ္လြင္ꨳတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း တင္း တꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲꨁဝ္ ယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝ္ꨳယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨀူꨓ္းေꨀဳꨵꨓုိင္ꨳမဳးꨅြမ္းꨀူꨓ္းသူင္ꨲလိꨀ္ꨳတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ ေပဳးလꨯꨳ ငိꨓ္းဝဳꨳ ေꨀဳꨵသူူင္ꨲလိꨀ္ꨳ လꨯꨳထုꨀ္ꨲတိꨉြပ္းꨁင္ꨁြပ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨓꨰꨓ္ꨳꨟဳသုိဝ္ꨵမဳꨵꨁီꨲလီလီ ေသ မူိဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲဝꨯးဝꨯး။ ꨡိင္ꨓူိဝ္မꨓ္းမီး လိꨀ္ꨳမꨯꨤလꨯꨤးမုိဝ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း ဝꨯꨵ ꨬလꨳ ယြꨓ္းပဳးမဳꨵꨀꨮဳꨲꨅြမ္းတꨤင္းꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨉဳးတင္းယꨤပ္ꨲꨕုိတ္ꨲသင္၊ ꨕꨰဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲ လီꨲယဝ္ꨵꨅင္ꨲꨀꨮဳꨲလဝ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳတꨤင္ꨲꨬꨓတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းꨬလꨳတꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲတင္းသြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳ။

သြင္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵေꨀဳꨳꨟူꨵတူဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ေပဳးꨡမ္ꨲꨁုိင္ဝꨯးဝꨯးꨬတꨵ ꨬတꨡမ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ယဝ္ꨵ’’ ꨓꨯေသꨟဳလြꨀ္း လꨯꨤးပရိꨬယꨲယဝ္ ငူꨓ္ꨵသꨤꨓ္ သ္ꨮꨲဝꨯꨵꨓ္ꨮးꨓမ္ꨵꨀိꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨘဳꨵ။ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ ꨘဳꨵ လꨯꨳꨀိꨓ္မꨰꨓ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ ꨟူꨵတူဝ္ဝဳꨳ - ေတꨡမ္ꨲယူꨲလꨯꨳယဝ္ꨵꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳတꨓ္းလꨯꨳꨁꨤꨓ္ တူꨀ္ꨲꨡြꨀ္ꨲပꨤꨀ္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ꨅဝ္ꨳပီꨳꨓꨯေသ ꨓြꨓ္းꨬꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

လꨯꨤးꨟꨱတ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းꨁဝ္ꨓꨯꨵ လြင္ꨳꨓုိင္ꨳသြင္တꨤင္း ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမꨤꨀ္ꨲလꨤင္း လꨯꨳပဳးတင္းမꨤꨀ္ꨲမူင္ꨳ ꨬလꨳလြင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပြꨯꨲꨁꨤဝ္ꨲꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳလꨯꨳဝူꨓ္ꨵထꨤင္ꨲဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ပꨱꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨟꨱတ္းေတဳꨲꨓြင္ꨵ ꨅꨯꨤးတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲ’’ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ေꨀဳꨵꨡꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္သုိꨀ္းမဳး မူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲထꨰင္ꨳꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳသုိꨀ္ꨀဳꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳဝဳꨳပꨱꨓ္လုꨀ္ꨳ ꨅꨯꨤးꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းေယꨳꨁမ္းလူင္ꨬလꨳ ထုꨀ္ꨲပꨱꨓ္လꨤꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ။ ꨁဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨯꨵေပဳးလꨯꨳ ငိꨓ္းဝဳꨳ - ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းလꨀ္ꨵလြမ္မူိင္းꨀꨮဳꨲꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းꨁဝ္ယဝ္ꨵꨓꨯေꨀဳꨳ ꨡဝ္သတိꨓမ္း ꨓဳꨳေသ ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳမဳးတꨤင္းမူိင္းဝူꨉ္ꨲသဳꨲလီꨲ။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳလြတ္ꨳေꨕးေသꨕꨰဝ္မဳး။ မူိဝ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨤဝ္ꨵ သူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္းတင္းတꨤဝ္ꨵꨘဳꨵေလဳꨲꨁဝ္ေꨀဳꨳ ငြꨯးꨁဳꨳꨟꨰမ္ပꨰတ္ꨳ တꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ꨟꨤꨓ္ထꨰင္ꨳꨬလꨳ ꨡြꨓ္တပ္ꨵ သုိꨀ္းလုꨀ္ꨵꨕုိꨓ္ꨵေတဳꨲမူိင္းမꨤဝ္း။ ေပဳးꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨀဳꨲꨘဳꨵꨕꨰဝ္ယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲꨁုိꨓ္းသူꨓ္းတုမ္ ꨟူꨉ္းပꨯꨤး ꨁုိꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းေတဳးꨕꨱဝ္ꨳမူꨉ္ꨲꨁဝ္ꨬလꨳ လꨯꨳꨟုိင္ꨓꨤꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨀꨮဳꨲ 4 ပီ ꨅင္ꨲꨕꨱဝ္ꨳသိမ္းလꨯꨳ မူတ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨓ္ꨮးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁꨤဝ္ꨲငꨤဝ္းꨡꨓ္ဝဳꨳ ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳသꨤမ္လူင္ꨀိꨓ္မꨰꨓ္ꨳငူꨓ္ꨵသꨤꨓ္ ꨡꨓ္ꨅဝ္ꨳပီꨳꨁဝ္သူင္ꨲပꨓ္ ꨓꨓ္ꨵေသ ꨓြꨓ္းေꨕးꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ’’ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨕꨰဝ္မဳးတီꨳမူိင္းမꨤဝ္း ထုိင္ꨟူေꨀဳꨵပꨱꨓ္ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳ မုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓꨤင္းꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္းယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲမီးꨕ္ꨮꨟတ္းတꨤင္ꨲလဝ္ꨳတူဝ္ꨅဝ္ꨳ သူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း။ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨕိတ္းꨅ္ꨮတူိဝ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮေသ ဝူꨓ္ꨵဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨀဝ္ ေတꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨟူꨵတူဝ္’’ - ဝဳꨳꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳယ္ꨮꨲꨁုꨓ္လူင္ေတꨀိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨀိꨓ္ꨓမ္ꨵꨓꨯꨵ ꨀꨯꨵမီးꨀူꨓ္းꨅိမ္းပꨓ္ ꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းပꨓ္ꨡြꨓ္တꨤင္း။ တီꨳꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨓꨯꨵꨬတꨵ ေꨀဳꨵꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းပꨓ္ꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ။ တꨯးꨓူိဝ္ꨡꨓ္ ဝဳꨳꨓꨯꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵမုိဝ္းꨅ္ꨮꨵေꨅဳꨵ မူိꨓ္ꨟဝ္းတꨯးတ္ꨮꨳ။ ꨅ္ꨮꨵမꨯꨵထူꨲငိပ္ꨳꨀိꨓ္၊ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲတမ္း ပꨓ္မꨯꨵထူꨲလꨰမ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ ꨀူꨉ္းꨬလꨳ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲထꨤမ္ꨲဝဳꨳ-

‘‘ꨟꨱတ္းꨟုိဝ္မꨯꨵထူꨲမီꨳလꨰမ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨀူꨉ္းꨟဳꨵꨅဝ္ꨳꨬမꨳ’’ꨓꨯယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨬမꨳꨅဝ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲဝဳꨳ‘‘ေတဳꨳပꨰတ္ꨲ ꨓဳꨳ ꨘဳꨵမူိင္းꨓꨯꨵ လုꨀ္ꨳယင္းပꨤꨀ္ꨳပꨰတ္ꨳꨓြင္ꨵေသ ꨡꨤꨓ္းꨀြꨓ္းေꨀဳꨵလꨱဝ္။ ꨁြင္ꨓင္ꨲꨡဝ္မꨯꨵထူꨲလꨰမ္ꨳ လꨱဝ္ꨀိꨓ္ꨁဝ္ꨳꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨀူꨉ္းꨬတꨵ ꨅꨤင္ꨳယꨤပ္ꨲသꨤင္၊ ꨀိꨓ္ꨬလꨳꨬမꨳ’’ - ꨓꨯေသꨟꨯꨳ꨷ ꨡဝ္ꨓမ္ꨵတဳ တူꨀ္းယြတ္ꨲယ္ꨮꨲယြတ္ꨲလူင္ယူꨲ။

ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲမဳးထꨤမ္လြင္ꨳတꨤင္းမꨓ္း။ ေပဳးမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳ လꨯꨳꨟူꨵယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ‘‘ယြꨓ္ꨵ ꨀဝ္လူမ္လꨤမ္၊ ꨡမ္ꨲထတ္းသꨤင္ေꨅးꨅြတ္ꨲ(ꨁ္ꨮꨳဝဳꨳꨡဝ္ꨀူꨓ္းတꨤဝ္ꨵသူိဝ္ယꨱꨓ္း လြတ္ꨳပꨰတ္ꨳေꨀဳꨵ ꨓုိင္ꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ)ꨬလꨳ ꨓြင္ꨵꨀဝ္ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳတꨯꨤ။ မူိꨓ္တင္းပꨱꨓ္ꨀဝ္ꨡဝ္တꨯꨤယဝ္ꨵ’’ ꨓꨯေသ ပြင္ꨵꨟꨯꨳယူꨲ ယဝ္ꨵ။

တြꨓ္ꨳ(သ)

တင္ꨳꨬတꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳး လြင္ꨳတဳꨲꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းသုိꨀ္းꨁုꨓ္ꨳတုိꨀ္းꨀဳꨳလ္ꨮေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲဝဳꨳယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵꨡဳꨲꨓဳꨲꨅꨤꨀ္ꨳမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨅြတ္ꨲတူဝ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨀူꨳတီꨳ၊ တြꨓ္းေသဝဳꨳꨀုိတ္းမူိင္းတꨯး လမ္(ပြတ္းꨟြင္ꨲ ဝꨰတ္ꨵꨓꨤမ္း)ꨬလꨳ မူိင္းထꨯးပြတ္းꨅꨤꨓ္းမူိဝ္ꨳလꨱဝ္ꨓꨯꨀူꨉ္း။ လꨯꨤꨁုꨓ္လꨯꨤမူိင္းမဳး ꨀဳꨲရဝမူပ္ꨲꨀူမ္ꨳလမ္ꨟူဝ္ မဳးလူꨲမဳးဝꨯꨳေꨀဳꨳ သင္ꨲꨟꨮ္ꨳꨀြꨓ္းဝꨤꨓ္း၊ ꨀြꨓ္းမူိင္း တီꨳꨕ္ꨮတြꨓ္ꨳမꨓ္း ꨟꨮ္ꨳ ꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨁဳꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္း လꨯꨳယူꨲသူိဝ္းသဳꨲꨟꨀ္ꨵပꨰင္းꨕြမ္ꨵꨕꨱင္ꨲꨀꨓ္။ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟူꨵတူဝ္လြင္ꨳဝဳꨳ- ပꨱꨓ္တꨯးꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨡꨓ္မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳတူင္ꨵတုိꨓ္ꨲလုိဝ္းလင္ ꨕိုꨓ္ꨵꨟူိင္းꨁုိꨓ္းꨓꨯꨵ လꨯꨳꨟꨓ္ တꨰမ္ꨳဝꨯꨵထꨰင္ꨳသြင္ပြꨀ္ꨳꨀူꨉ္းယဝ္ꨵ။

မူိဝ္ꨳပီ 1361 (ꨓ္ꨮးပုိꨓ္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳဝဳꨳꨬတꨵ 1363)မူိဝ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳ သီꨲꨟပေတꨵ မူိင္းသꨀꨰင္း(ေꨅꨶꨀꨰင္ꨲ) တင္း ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓရသူꨲ ပꨤင္ယဳꨳ(ပင္းယ)ꨕိတ္းꨀꨓ္။ ꨀူꨓ္းမူိင္းꨅူိဝ္းပꨱꨓ္မꨤꨓ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးလြင္ꨳ ပꨱင္းေပဳးꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵꨅ္ꨮ ꨀြပ္ꨳထုꨀ္ꨲꨁုꨓ္တꨯးတꨱꨀ္းတꨱင္၊ မီးလြင္ꨳလုꨀ္ꨵꨕိုꨓ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္တꨱတ္ꨲ ꨓိမ္။

ꨕဝ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨓရသူꨲ ပꨤင္ယဳꨳေꨀဳꨳ ပꨤင္းꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ လူင္းတုိꨀ္းꨅြꨯꨳ။ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳ သူင္ꨲသူိဝ္ပꨱမ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨬလꨳ ငူိꨓ္ꨳꨁꨱဝ္ꨘဳꨵ(မꨤင္တီꨳဝဳꨳ - သူိဝ္ꨁီꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨡမ္ꨲꨓꨓ္ သူိဝ္လုိꨓ္ꨳꨘဳꨵꨓꨯ ေꨀဳꨳမီး)လူင္းတုိꨀ္းꨅြꨯꨳ ꨟꨱတ္းꨟꨮ္ꨳဝꨤꨓ္ꨳမူိင္းꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္။

ေပဳးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨅင္ꨲꨡဝ္မူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳ(ပꨤင္ယဳꨳ၊ ေꨅꨶꨀꨰင္ꨲ)မြပ္ꨳဝꨤင္းပꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳတူꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ပꨯꨤ(သ တူဝ္းမင္းꨘဳꨵ)လꨤꨓ္ ꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုꨓ္ယီꨳသꨰင္ꨀမ္ꨲ ေသ သင္ꨲပူင္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳ ꨟꨮ္ꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳꨟꨤꨓ္ꨵ ꨅ္ꨮꨅင္ꨲပꨱꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ပူိꨓ္ꨳလꨯꨳ။ လိꨀ္ꨳလꨯꨤးꨬလꨳ ꨘိင္ꨳꨬငꨳပူိꨓ္ꨳ ပဳꨲေပတꨱꨀ္းတꨱင္။ ꨀꨤင္ꨅ္ꨮပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵ မꨤꨓ္ꨳပꨱꨓ္ꨟုိဝ္ꨡမ္ꨤလူိဝ္ေသ ꨅဝ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ꨁဝ္ ꨅူိဝ္းꨡꨓ္ယူꨲꨅြမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨟူꨵထုိင္ယဝ္ꨵ။ ꨅူိင္ꨵ ꨟုိဝ္ေꨀဳꨳလီ ꨟꨮ္ꨳꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ - ꨀူတ္ꨵꨡမ္ꨲေပꨵသုိဝ္း ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵꨀူꨉ္းလဳꨳ’’။

မူိဝ္ꨳ 1363 ꨓီꨳꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳတူꨓ္ꨁုꨓ္ပꨯꨤ(ꨅဝ္ꨳသတူဝ္းမင္းꨘဳꨵ)ꨅင္ꨲမဳးပူꨀ္းတင္ꨳမူိင္းꨡဳꨲဝဳꨵ ေသ ꨀြꨓ္းမူိင္းမꨤꨓ္ꨳမဳး ꨅြမ္းꨓင္ꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းသင္ꨲꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

ထုိင္မဳး 1362 ꨓꨓ္ꨵတꨤင္းꨕꨯꨤꨲမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲေꨀဳꨳꨟꨓ္ထုိင္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵထဝ္ꨳꨬꨀꨲယဝ္ꨵ ထုိင္ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္းလူဝ္ꨲꨬꨓꨁုိꨓ္းꨡူငဝ္းတူဝ္ꨀဝ္ꨲယဝ္ꨵ’’ - ꨓꨯေသယုꨀ္ꨵꨡဝ္တပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းလူင္လူင္း သိမ္းꨡဝ္ꨓြင္ꨬသ ေသပူꨓ္ꨵမဳး။

ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵꨅင္ꨲꨅတ္းသုိꨀ္း ꨟပ္လြမ္ꨵတုိꨀ္းယဝ္ꨵ သူင္ꨲꨕြင္းꨁꨱဝ္ ꨀꨮဳꨲꨡုပ္ꨲ။ - ‘‘လꨯꨤးꨓꨯꨵ ပꨱꨓ္လꨯꨤးꨀူꨓ္းလူꨵꨀူꨓ္းတꨯꨤလꨯꨤလꨯꨤ။ ꨀဝ္ေꨀဳꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨁ္ꨮꨳꨟꨮ္ꨳသူတꨯꨤ။ သူတꨯꨤယဝ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨡမ္ꨲ ယဝ္ꨵ၊ ေတသုိပ္ꨲတုိꨀ္းေတသုိပ္ꨲတꨯꨤထꨰင္ꨳတင္းꨓမ္။ ꨓ္ꨮးသူမီးꨕ္ꨮꨀတ္ꨵꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲေသပူိꨓ္ꨳ ꨡဝ္ ꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးꨟမ္းꨀꨓ္ꨁꨱင္ꨲတဳꨵေတဳꨲꨀꨓ္တင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲꨀဝ္။ ေပဳးꨟဝ္းꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵ - ꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္ꨟဝ္းတင္းမူိင္း ေတယꨱꨓ္းပꨱꨓ္ꨁြင္သူꨅဝ္ꨳမူတ္း။ ေပဳးသူꨀꨤꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ - လုꨀ္ꨵတီꨳꨕꨰꨓ္ꨲလိꨓ္တꨯးတင္းသꨱင္ꨳ-  သုတ္းꨟူꨓ္ထြꨓ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲꨁုိꨓ္းလီလီ’’ - ။

တင္းꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲꨡꨓ္ထုꨀ္ꨲလြမ္ꨵဝꨯꨵꨓꨓ္ꨵေꨀဳꨳ ꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮေသ ꨓ္ꨮးꨬꨀꨳꨀꨤင္ပꨤင္ꨲလူင္ တီꨳ သုိꨀ္းသြင္ꨘꨯꨤꨲေတဳꨲꨓဳꨳꨀꨓ္ယူꨲꨓꨓ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္ꨡြꨀ္ꨲမဳးꨀူꨓ္းꨁီꨲမဳꨵ ꨕူꨳꨀတ္ꨵꨁꨰꨓ္ꨲꨅူိင္းသုိꨀ္းေꨀဳꨵ ꨓုိင္ꨳဝꨯꨵယဝ္ꨵ။

တꨤင္းတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းတꨯးေꨀဳꨳ ꨕူꨳငꨤꨓ္တင္းလꨯꨤတြင္ꨳထꨤမ္ဝဳꨳ - ‘‘ꨅဝ္ꨳမုꨓ္ယ္ꨮꨲꨟဝ္းေတꨟꨮ္ꨳꨕ္ꨮꨀꨮဳꨲ?’’ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵေꨀဳꨳ ယုမ္ꨵတူꨉ္းတင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲꨅꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲေသ ꨡမ္ꨲတꨀ္းသꨱင္။ ꨅ္ꨮꨵꨟꨤင္ꨳ ꨟꨰꨓ္းမဳꨵꨁီꨲမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳယဝ္ꨵ ꨡဝ္ꨕဳꨳတူမ္းꨓဳꨳေသ ꨁုꨓ္ꨳမဳꨵလꨰꨓ္ꨳꨁဝ္ꨀꨮဳꨲꨅူးꨅꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ။

ꨟꨓ္ꨅꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ တꨓ္းလꨯꨳꨬꨁတူဝ္ ꨀမ္းလꨱဝ္ꨀူꨉ္း။ ꨡဝ္ꨀြꨀ္းꨟူဝ္ပုတ္းတူꨀ္းꨀꨮဳꨲပꨰတ္ꨳ။

မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨅင္ꨲယိပ္းတင္းꨀြꨀ္းꨟူဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵꨁီꨲမဳꨵလꨰꨓ္ꨳꨀꨮဳꨲꨁုိꨓ္းတꨰဝ္းလင္။ ꨕူိဝ္ꨲꨕꨰဝ္တꨰဝ္းꨓဳꨳ သုိꨀ္းမꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨁုိꨓ္းေꨀဳꨳ ꨅင္ꨲပူတ္းꨕဳꨳတူမ္းꨓဳꨳေသ တိဝ္ꨳꨡဝ္ꨀြꨀ္းꨟူဝ္ꨅꨯꨤးငꨤꨓ္ꨬꨁꨲ ယုꨀ္ꨵ ꨬꨓတင္းသꨱင္ꨳ။

ꨁꨤဝ္းယꨤမ္းꨓꨓ္ꨵ ပꨱꨓ္ꨅူဝ္ꨳꨀꨰပ္ꨵ ꨅူဝ္ꨳꨕꨰပ္ꨵတဳထူိင္းထူိင္းလူင္ ꨀမ္းꨡြꨓ္ꨲꨓုိင္ꨳꨀူꨉ္း ꨀူꨓ္း တင္းꨓမ္မုိင္မူိꨓ္ꨲယူꨲ၊ လꨰပ္ꨳꨡမ္ꨲꨟူꨵထူꨉ္ꨳꨅ္ꨮတင္းꨟုိင္။ ဝꨯꨤးꨓꨓ္ꨵယဝ္ꨵ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨅင္ꨲꨅ္ꨮꨵꨟꨤင္ꨳꨟꨰꨓ္းꨁူဝ္းꨘꨤꨀ္ꨲꨁြင္တြꨓ္ꨳသူင္ꨲပꨓ္ꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ၊ ꨅြမ္သုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ ꨕြမ္ꨵလꨯꨳꨅ္ꨮ တူꨀ္းလူင္းꨀꨓ္ꨀုိတ္းသုိꨀ္းေသ တꨤင္းꨘꨯꨤꨲတပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းꨬꨁꨲ ꨅင္ꨲထြꨓ္တပ္ꨵသုိꨀ္းပြꨀ္ꨳမူိဝ္းꨁုိꨓ္း ယူꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

တင္းꨬတꨲꨡဝ္ꨓꨓ္ꨵမဳး မူိင္းတꨯးတင္းမူိင္းꨬꨁꨲ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးသုိꨀ္းသူိဝ္ေတဳꨲꨀꨓ္၊ ပꨱꨓ္ꨡꨓ္ꨀတ္း ꨀတ္းယꨱꨓ္ယꨱꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ ထꨰင္ꨳတင္းꨟုိင္။

ထုိင္မဳး 1364 ꨡဳꨲယုꨅဝ္ꨳလꨯꨳ 73၊ ꨅꨤမ္ꨲေꨟဳꨀိꨓ္မူိင္းမဳး - 53 ပီ၊ ꨡမ္ꨲမီးတꨤင္းပꨱꨓ္လꨤꨀ္ꨲ လꨯꨤးယ္ꨮꨲလူင္သင္ ꨓြꨀ္ꨳေသ တꨤင္းထဝ္ꨳꨬꨀꨲ။ ꨅဝ္ꨳသူိဝ္ꨁꨤꨓ္ꨲꨘဳꨵ ꨅင္ꨲလꨯꨳလပ္းတဳလုိမ္းမူိင္း ꨀꨮဳꨲယဝ္ꨵ။

လꨯꨳꨟူꨵဝဳꨳ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳသင္ꨲꨀꨮꨤမ္းဝꨯꨵ 3 ေꨁဳꨳယူꨲ။ ꨀူꨉ္းꨀဳꨳ ꨡမ္ꨲငိꨓ္းꨀဳꨳလ္ꨮဝဳꨳသင္ꨲဝꨯꨵ ꨡီꨳသင္ဝဳꨳ ꨟုိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤ?။ ꨀြပ္ꨳꨓꨓ္ မꨓ္းꨅဝ္ꨳꨀုိင္ꨲတꨤꨓ္ꨲသင္ꨲဝꨯꨵလုꨀ္ꨳလꨤꨓ္ ꨡီꨳသင္၊ ꨅူိင္ꨵꨟုိဝ္လꨯꨤလꨯꨤ ꨓꨯꨓꨓ္ꨵ ထုꨀ္ꨲလီꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ꨁူꨓ္ꨵꨁꨯꨳ သြꨀ္ꨳတဝ္တူꨉ္းေသ သုိပ္ꨲꨁꨯꨳလဝ္ꨳလꨤတ္ꨳꨬꨓ လုꨀ္ꨳ လꨤꨓ္လုပ္ꨳလိုꨓ္းလင္ꨟဝ္းတိꨀ္းတိꨀ္းယူꨲ။ ပဳꨲꨟꨱဝ္ꨳမꨓ္ꨳꨅဝ္ꨳေꨀဳꨳ ꨡြꨓ္ꨀꨓ္ပတ္းပူꨬမးꨀုမ္း လုမ္းလဳးလီလီတဳꨵ။

သုိꨀ္းတꨯးမူိဝ္ꨳꨀြꨓ္ꨲ

SURKHANFAH

An ever-Refreshing Inspiration

Dedicated to Sao Yanfaah Hsenwi (1912-72)

who wrote "Shan History"

I wanted so much to read about him. But, to my eternal disappointment, nobody I knew was writing about him except in bits and pieces or in connection with other Shan historic figures. So I resolved myself to take up the pen and, to my pleasant surprise, it became a bestseller.

To many, he was a Shan Genghis Khan, but to those who knew him better, he was not merely a conqueror but also foremost, a nation-builder.

W.W.Cochrane wrote in "The Shans": A prince of Mao was the only Shan that ever united these squabbling states into one solid kingdom…Even the Hsenwi Chronicle breaks through its shell of self-adulation and sums up its estimates of this Shan King's character in the words: He was a mighty King.

He was born in 1291 in the palace of Wiangwai, then the capital of the Mao State, a city on the Mao River called Shweli by the Burmese. His father was Khun Pharngkham, his mother Sao Nang Awn. He was the second of the young queen's triplet sons.

Through the jealous intrigues of other queens, Nang Awn was accused of bearing children of a lover and was banished from the court together with her newborn children. However, princess E Khamliang, the King's second daughter of another consort, was believed to have looked after them during their exile- in a distant village called Kaimaw.

Two years later, a rival queen learning that Sao Nang Awn and her sons were still and well, sent assassins to kill them: Fortunately for the poor queen and her children, the plans were leaked to Princess E Kham Liang, who at once dispatched her trusted guards to protect them.

During the ensuing fight and flight, the first of the triplets, Khun Ai Ngam mong, was reported to have disappeared. Some say he reappeared as a wise monk who became his brother's chief counselor later.(This was the version that I liked and subsequently adopted it in my telling of the story).

The third triplet, Khun Sarm Long, Later to be known as Ssrmlongfah the Conqueror, was successfully smuggled out to Monggawng(Mogawng in Burmese), a state in the northwest, where Princess E Khamliang's younger sister, Nang Arm-aw, resided with her husband, the Prince of Monggawng.

The second triplet, Khun Yi Kharngkham(who was to become Surkhanfah), being ill, was with his mother. The few guards sent by E Khamliang were killed, and the young queen fled with her son into a cave only to be confronted by a fierce tiger and his family.

Legend says the big cat was none other than the White Tiger, considered to be the king of tigers. (The Tiger is the national emblem of the Shans, sho, like the noble beast, are intensely individualistic. Thus whenever unity is achieved among Shans, it is said: the White Tiger has come.)

The White Tiger received his uninvited guests warmly and chased off the frightened assassins, who believed both the mother and child were killed by the White Tiger and reported this news to the rival queen.

The infant, Khun Yi Kharngkham, then grew up in peace and safety among the tigers and their cubs. He played with them while his mother worked in the fields nearby. While playing, he was playfully scratched by his mates on his back and front, and as a result, became known as "Surkhan"(Tiger Scratches). "Fah"(Heavenly or Celestial) was the title he was to receive only upon becoming king.

He was later taken to Nawngsae(Tali), where his eldest half-sister, Ye Kham Long, lived, to be brought up and educated there.

In 1295, Khun Pharngkham, died and, believed by many to have left no living male issue, E Khamliang was crowned as the ruling queen. (Burmese history regards Shin Sawbu, the Mon queen, as the only female ruler in Burma). She was said to have accepted the crown only because her half-brothers were still in their infancy and were therefore not ready to don the crown.

Sixteen years afterwards, in 1311, she died leaving the kingdom without a ruler. A horde of neighboring princes vied with each other for the vancant throne, among whom was Surkhan a.k.a. Khun Yi Kharngkham, who finally proved himself to be Khun Pharngkham's legitimate son by slaying a fearsome bear with his bare hands and taming a hungry tiger before his astounded spectators.

To his superstitious audience, this spectacular act was divine evidence of his mother's innocence, which led to the triumphant return of both mother and son to the court. No doubt his younger brother, Sarmlongfah, who was by then already the prince of Monggawng, another his brother-in-law's death, also helped to turn the Official Board of Succession's decisions in Surkhan's favor with the help of his well-trained army.

Cochrane wrote: "Shan Kings could name as their successors anyone they wished, but any appointee might be rejected by the Official Board, who were supposed to be the representatives of the people though not chosen by them."

Surkhanfah ruled for 53 years and during his reign, he helped to improve the Shan script. He also introduced as system where every citizen had a role to fulfill both in times of peace and war.

Youths under 20 were schooled to read and write, to practice self-discipline and shoulder responsibility, and to fight as warriors in wars.

Men between 20-40 were trained to become leaders, trained in commerce and trade and to be good family men.

Men 40 upward were trained to become good administrators and teachers.

According to Zai Zai Zuen, a well-known linguist and historian, Surkhanfah also didn't neglect the role of women in Shan society. He taught them: "Men are handsome because of their bravery; Women are beautiful because of their literacy," "Women who are skillful in martial arts win wars" and "Shan women engage in affairs of state, their glory shall fill Heaven."

Having thus carefully prepared his people, both morally and physically, for two years, he began his quest for unification, in the ways of his time, in 1313.

He is recorded to have conquered and, on many occasions, won over by his diplomacy, charm and wit, a vast region which included most of today's Burma, Southeastern Yunnan, Western Laos, Northern Thailand and Assam in northeastern India.

To some observers, the story of his conquest of southwestern Yunnan, Known as Lanzao(Land of a million princes) and better known as Nanchao (a corruption of Lanzao), seem incredible. Shan historians however note that his ascendancy came at a time when China, under Mongolian rule, was going through a period of flux and instablility Surkhanfah simply saw his chance and took it.

A point of observation is also appropriate here: Laos is known as "Lanxang" (Land of a million elephants) while northern Thailand, "Lanna"(Land of a million paddy fields) pointing to a linguistic affinity and commonality which historical scholars should not ignore before they blithely dismiss and claim that Lanzao or Nanchao is not Shan at all.

He successfully repulsed another Chinese invasion in, 1362 (some say after a duel in which he, at 71, cut off his opponent's head).

Two years later he died peacefully at Wiang Tasop-oo, his third and final capital. (His second capital from 1313-1363 was Selan, between today's Nam Kham and Muse).

After his death, his successors tried to preserve his legacy but they were not successful. In 1405, 41 years later, the Chinese defeated Surkhifah and Surn gamfah and the Mao Kingdom, which had been founded by Khun Terngkham in 753 A.D., came to its end.

I was not satisfied with my penmanship asked if anybody could help.

Help, when it came, appered in a different but welcoming form. My colleague, Saengjuen Sarawin, took it to his press, straightened out my raw Shan and asked a mutual friend, Sailed, to do the illustrations. Then the manuscript was read by a friend in Lashio, who published it and distributed on Shan New Year's Day of 1994. It was an instant success.

Since then, it has been printed twice and made into photocopies several tiems. Still, there are inquiring buyers asking for it yet, reports a distributor.

Surkhanfah's cave was also rediscovered, and has become a place of pilgrimage and devotion for many Shans since, thanks to the tireless efforts of Saifah, a well-respected leader of the Shan literacy movement.

Surkhanfah's name was also given to a famous fighting force of the Shan State Army a few years ago.

So, if you're someone who is looking for somebody to blame for the revival of Shan natioinalism don't look far.

The junta and Surkhanfah are each and both guilty, the former for their relentless and unceasing abuse of the Shan people, and the latter for remaining a symbol and inspiration for today's Shan youth, as he was for yesterday's.

Khuensia Jaiyen

1 Nov, 1999.