ခရစ္ႏွစ္(၉)ရာစု ပ်ဴႏုိင္ငံ၏ပထ၀ီ၀င္အေနအထား

c&pfESpf (9)&mpk ysLEkdifiH\

yx0D0iftaetxm;

ရည္စိန္

c&pfESpf (9)&mpk ysLEkdifiH\yx0D0iftaetxm;

       c&pfray:rD 2-&mpktcgü a&S;w&kwfwkdYonf ,leefe,f taemufbufwGif azsmuf,GJ(ysL0wf)[laom a'o&SdaMumif; odcJh\/ xkdYaemuf c&pfESpf 3-4-&mpkus a&mufvmaomtcg zef,GJ(jA[®0wf)[lí odvmjyefonf/ jA[®0wfonf tdE´, EkdifiHta&SUawmifbufwGif wnf&Sdí ,leefe,fESifheD;uyfaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifvm onf/ xkdYtjyif ,kefcsef;(,ck aygif&Sef;)taemufawmifbuf vDaygif; okH;axmif (rkdifwaxmifcefY)tuGmwGif azsmufukatmf(ysLEkdifiH)&SdaMumif;vnf; rSwfwrf;wif vmonf/ azsmuf,GJ(ysL0wf)onf ysLwkdYae&yf ysLEkdifiH[k teufxGufvmaom aMumifh a&S;w&kwfwkdYonf c&pfESpf 3-4-&mpkwGif ysL0wf[laom trnfftjyif? ysL EkdifiH[lívnf;aumif; ac:wGifcJh\/ azsmuf[laom w&kwfpmvkH;onf ,cktcg w&kwf&kH;okH;bmomtm;jzifh azsmuf[k toHxGufaomfvnf; a&S;tcgü ysL? zsL[lí toHxGufcJhrnfrSm ,kHrSm;zG,f&m r&Sdacs/ ,aeYxufwkdif w&kwfEkdifiHawmifydkif; aumif;wkHe,fom;rsm;u þpmvkH;udk ysL? zsL[k toHxGufjyD; zwfaeygao;onf/

       w&kwfrSwfwrf;vm]]azsmuf}}onf ysLudk &nfnTef;ajymqkdjcif;jzpfaMumif; a&S; OD;pGm xkwfaz:cJhaom taemufEkdifiHynm&Sifonf t*Fvdyfacwfü w&kwfa&;&mt MuHay;yk*¾KdvfjzpfcJhol tD;tdwfcsfywfum; jzpfygonf/ xkdYaemuf jyifopfynm&Sif yg armu©aygvfayvD,dk? t*Fvdyfynm&Sif ygarmu©*sDtdwfcsfvkpfESifhtjcm;tjcm;aom ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; xkdtwkdif;yif qkdMu\/ xkdYaMumifh w&kwfrSwfwrf;vm azsmufEkdif iHonf ysLEkdifiHudk &nfnTef;ajymqkdjcif; jzpfonfrSm tjiif;yGm;p&m r&Sd? ,kHrSm; oHo ,r&Sdacs/

       ,ckvdkae&mwGif c&pfESpf (9)&mpk ysLEkdifiH\yx0D0iftaetxm;udk wifjyvkd ygonf/

       c&pfESpf 3-&mpk w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif ysLEkdifiH\wnf&m ae&mudk a,bk,s tm;jzifhom rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhaMumif; txufwGif qkdcJhjyDjzpf\/ c&pfESpf (9)&mpk wGifrl ysLEkdifiH\yx0D0if taetxm;udk twdtus rSwfwrf;wifvmonf/ ,cka&S; OD;pGm xefrif;quforkdif;a[mif;vm ysLEkdifiH\yx0D0iftaetxm;udk wifjyygrnf/

¤if;usrf;wGif...

       ]]ysLEkdifiHonf ,kefcsef; tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fa[mif; awmifbufrS vDaygif; 2000- ausmf(rkdifaygif; 700eD;yg;cefY)wGif wnf&Sd\/ (xefrif;quf)jrdKUawmfESifhvDaygif; 14000-(rkdifaygif; 4700-eD;yg;cefY)uGma0;onf/ ¤if;EkdifiH\tus,ft0ef;um; t a&SUbufrS taemufbufodkYtxd vDaygif; 3000(rkdifaygif; 1000-eD;yg;cefY)&Sdí awmifbufrS ajrmufbufodkYtxd vDaygif; 3700(rkdifaygif; 1200eD;yg;cefY)&Sdonf/ ta&SUbufwGif usefaomESifhtdrfeD;csif;jzpf\/ taemufbufwGif ta&SUtdE´d,ESifh e,fajrqufpyfonf/ awmifbufwGif yifv,f&Sdí ajrmufbufwGif eefapmEkdifiH apmavmhjrdKU\e,fajrodkY aygufa&mufonf/ ta&SUajrmufbufwGif ,efusL;rD-,,f ESifhvDaygif; 6800(rkdifaygif; 2270eD;yg;cefY)uGma0;onf}}[k qkd\/

       t*Fvdyf rkdifwrkdifvQif w&kwfvD 3'or 3vDcefY&Sd\/ ,lcefcsef;tkyfcsKyfa&; e,fonf [efrif;quf aESmif;acwf(c&pfESpf 25-220)twGif; wnfaxmifcJhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fajrjzpfonf/ xefrif;quf(c&pfESpf 618-907)umvü xkdtkyfcsKyf a&;e,f r&Sdawmhojzifh ,kefcsef;tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fa[mif;[k qkd&jcif; jzpfygonf/ xkd tkyfcsKyfa&;e,f\ tcsuftcsma'oonf ,ckaygif&Sef; Pao-Shan jzpfygonf/ xefrif;qufjrdKUawmf[lonf cseftef;udk qkdvkdonf/ ,ckacwf ,SD;tef; His-An (Xian) teD;w0kduf jzpfonf/ usJefvmh[lonf ,ckurfyl;csm;(uarÇm'D;,m;)jzpfyg onf/ (þtaMumif;udk þpmwrf;aemufydkif;wGif &Sif;vif;ygOD;rnf/) eefapmEkdifiH[l onf ,leefe,fwmhvDukd A[kdjyKí wefckd;MuD;vmaom avmfavmfrsKd;EG,fpkwkdY wnf axmifaom EkdifiHjzpfygonf/ xkdavmfavmfrsKd;EG,fpkonf ysL-jrefrmwkdYESifhrsKd;EG,ftm; jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? bmompum;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; ESD;EG,fonf/ ,ef usL;rD-,,f[lonfum; eefapm\jrdKUawmf(,ck wmhvD)jzpfygonf/

xefrif;quf tkyfcsKyfykHpmwrf;wGif...

       ysLEkdifiHonf ta&SUajrmufbufwGif eefapmEkdifiH rD-,,fusLjrdKUESifhvDaygif; 6800(rkdifaygif; 2270-eD;yg;cefY)uGma0;\/ (xefrif;quf)jrdKUawmfESifhvDaygif; 14000(rkdifaygif; 4700-eD;yg;cefY)uGma0;onf/ ,kefcsef tkyfcsKyfa&;e,fa[mif; awmifbufrS vDaygif; 2000-ausmf(rkdifaygif; 700eD;yg;cefY)wGif wnf&Sdonf/ ¤if; \tus,ft0ef;onf ta&SUbufrS taemufbufodkYtxd vDaygif;3000(rkdifaygif; 1000-eD;yg;cefY)&Sd\/ awmifbufrS ajrmufbufodkYtxd vDaygif; 3500(rkdifaygif; 1200-eD;yg;cefY)&Sd\/ ta&SUbufwGif usJefvmhESifhtdrfeD;csif;jzpfí taemufbuf wGif ta&SUtdE´d,ESifhe,fajrqufpyfonf/ awmifbufwGif yifv,f&Sdí ajrmuf bufwGif eefapmEkdifiH apmavmhjrdKUodkY a&mufonf/

       xefrif;quf tkyfcsKyfykHpmwrf;wGif az:jyaom rD-,,fusL;jrdKUonf xefrif; quforkdif;a[mif;vm ,efusL; rD-,,fESifhxyfwljzpfygonf/ ,efusL;rD-,,fom trSefjzpf\/ eefapmEkdifiH\jrdKUawmf(,ck wmhvD)udk qkdvkdygonf/ eefapmEkdifiHapm avmjrdKU[lonfum; ,ck ,leefe,f usJzef; jzpfygonf/

xefrif;quf orkdif;opfwGifvnf;...

       ysLEkdifiHonf ,kefcsef;awmifbuf vDaygif; 2000(rkdifaygif; 700-eD;yg;cefY) wGifwnf&Sd\/ (xeffrif;quf)jrdKUawmfESifhvDaygif; 14000(rkdifaygif; 4700-eD;yg;cefY) uGma0;onf/ ta&SUbufwGif usJefvmhukef;jrifhydkif; &Sd\/ taemufbufwGif ta&SU tdE´d,&Sdonf/ taemufawmifbufwGif awmfa[mfavmf('Gg&-'Gg&0wD)&Sdonf/ awmifbufwGif yifv,f&Sdí ajrmufbufwGif eefapm&Sdonf/ tvsm;onf vDaygif; 3000(rkdifaygif; 1000-eD;yg;cefY)&Sdí teHum; vDaygif; 5000(rkdifaygif; 1700-eD; yg;cefY)&Sdonf[k qkdonf/

       txufwGifaz:jyaom usrf;okH;usrf;vm ysLEkdifiH\yx0Dtaetxm;onf qifwl,kd;rSm; jzpf\/ xefrif;quf orkdif;opfwGif tvsm;[laom a0g[m&onf ta&SUrS taemufodkYxdudk qkdvkdonf/ teH[laom a0g[m&onf awmifbufrS ajrmufbufodkYtxdudk qkdvkdonf/

       usrf;okH;usrf;wGif az:jyaom tuGmta0;onf wdusaomtuGmta0; r[kwfaMumif;? a,bk,s cefYrSef;csufomjzpfaMumif; pm&Iolrsm; txl;owdjyK&m onf/

       txufwGifaz:jyaom acwfjydKiftaxmuftxm; okH;&yfvm usJefvmh (CHEN-LA) [laom a0g[m&\t&if;tjrpfonf rnfokdYjzpfonfudk ta&SUwkdif; ESifhtaemufwkdif;ynm&SifwkdYu rxkwfaz:EkdifcJhacs/ xkdtrnfonf wkdif; odkYr[kwf &Srf;bmom ''CHIENG-RAPrS vmaomtrnfjzpfí ajredrfh&yf[k teuft"dyÜg,f &Sd\/ w&kwfEkdifiHawmifydkif;&Sd Tai tEG,f0ifrsm;onf cr,f odkYr[kwf urfyl;csm;wkdY \e,fajrudk ''CHIENG-RAP[kac:wGifcJhojzifh w&kwfwdkYu vkdufíusJefvmh[k odvmcJhjcif; jzpf\/ usJefvmh[laom w&kwfpmvkH;ESpfvkH;\a&S;a[mif; toHxGuf onf TISEN-LAP jzpf\/,ckacwf w&kwf&kH;okH;bmomwGifrl xkdpmvkH;ESpfvkH;udk usJefvmh[k toHxGufonf/ xkYdaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmoma&;om;aom ta&SUawmif tm&Sorkdif;pmtkyfrsm;wGif a&S;a[mif;urfyl;csm;udk CHEN-La [kjyonf/ (CH-udk usoHjzifh zwf&\/ csoHjzifh rqkd&acs/) xkdpOftcguaomf cr,f odkYr[kwf urf yl;csm;wkdY\e,fajronf ,cktcgxuf rsm;pGmus,fjyefY\/ c&pfESpf 11-&mpktxd ¤if;wkdY\taemufbufe,fedrdwfonf ,ck xkdif;EkdifiHtxd jzpfonf/ wenf;tm; jzifhajym&aomf xkdpOfxdktcgu ysLEkdifiHESifhpy,fEkdifiH(okdYr[kwf urfyl;csm; odkYr[kwf usJefvmh)onf e,fajrqufpyfvsuf &Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif ysL EkdifiH\ta&SUbuf tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHudk ajymvmvQif usJefvmh(cr,f)jzpfaMumif; tjrJ az:jyxm;onf/

       c&pfESpf 6-&mpk aemufydkif;rSpí usJvmh(cr,f odkYr[kwf urfyl;csm;)ESpfydkif; uGJcJh\/ ajrmufbufa'owGif awmifukef;rsm; &SdaomaMumifh ukef;usJefvmh[lí vnf;aumif;? awmifbufa'owGif pdrfhajrrsm; aygrsm;aomaMumifh a&usJefvmh[l ívnf;aumif; w&kwfrSwfwrf;wGif az:jyvmonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om; aom ta&SUawmiftm&S orkdif;pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGifvnf; Land Chen-La, Water Chen-La [líw&kwfrSwfwrf;vm trnfrsm;twkdif; wdkuf&dkufbmomjyef xm;onf/ usef;usJefvmh Land Chen-La usJvmhukef;jrifhydkif;[lí vnf;aumif;? a&usJvmh Water Chenudk usJefvmhajredrfhykdif;[lívnf; jrefrmbmomjyefqkdvQif oifhrnfxifygonf/

       awmfavmfavmf[laom w&kwfpmvkH; okH;vkH;onf 'Gg& DVRA udktoHvS,f xm;jcif; jzpf\/ xefrif;quf orkdif;a[mif;wae&mwGif awmfavmfay:xD('Gg&0wD) [kaz:jyxm;onf/ awmfavmfavmfESifhawmfavmfay:xD[laom trnfrsm;onf t xufwGifqkdcJhonfhtwkdif; ta&SUwkdif;ynm Oriental Studies udkavhvmonfh t pOftvmt& acwfw&kwf &kH;oHk;bmomtoHxGufjzifh az:jyxm;jcif; jzpf\/ ¤if;wdkY \a&S;a[mif;toHxGufonf DVRA ('Gg&)? DVRAVATI('Gg&0wD)ESifh cyfqif qifjzpfaMumif;udk pm&Iolrsm;ESifhorkdif;okawoDrsm; txl;owdjyK&monf/

       c&pfESpf 9-&mpk umvwGif ysLEkdifiH\ta&SUbuf tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHonf usJef vmh Chen-La (Cheng-Rap) odkYr[kwf cr,f odkYr[kwf urfyl;csm;jzpfí usJefvmh (cr,f odkYr[kwf urfyl;csm;)ESifhysLEkdifiHtMum;? wenf;tm;jzifh ysLEkdifiH\ta&SU awmifbufwGif 'Gg&0wD &Sdygonf/ xefrif;quforkdif;opfvm ]]taemufawmif bufwGif awmfa[mfavmf ('Gg&-'Gg&0wD)&Sd\}}[laom pum;&yfonf oHwGJa'ojzpf aom 'Gg&0wDjzpfonf[k qkdvkdygu ,lqEkdifaomfvnf; ynm&Sifrsm;u rJerfjrpf0Srf; taMuydkif;wGif&Sdaom 'Gg&0wDudkom ,lvkdMu\/ taMumif;rSm acwfjydKifw&kwfrSwf wrf;rsm;vm 'Gg&0wDonf ysLEkdifiHta&SUawmifbuf rJerfjrpf0Srf;taMuykdif;&Sd 'Gg& 0wDudk &nfnTef;az:jyxm;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh xefrif;quforkdif;opf ysLEkdifiHtaMumif;vm ]]taemufawmif}}[laompum;&yfukd pmrla&;om;ol ta&; rSm;jcif; jzpfonf[k oabmxm;í ]]ta&SUawmif}}[k jyifqifzwf&I&rnfjzpfygonf/

       ed*kH;csKyftm;jzifh ajym&aomf c&pfESpf 9-&mpk ysLEkdifiH\yx0D0iftaetxm; onf atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/

(u)ysLEkdifiHta&SUbufrS taemufodkYtxd a,bk,stm;jzifh rkdifaygif; 1000 eD;yg;cefY&Sdí awmifbufrS ajrmufbufodkYtxd a,bk,stm;jzifh rkdifaygif; 1200-rS 1700-txd&Sdonf/

(c)cr,f odkYr[kwf urfyl;csm; odkYr[kwf usJefvmh\taemufbuf e,fedrdwf onf ysLEkdifiHESifhqufpyfaeojzifh ysLEkdifiH\ta&SUbuf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHonf usJefvmh odkYr[kwf cr,f odkYr[kwf urfyl;csm; jzpfonf/

(*)ysLEkdifiH\ta&SUawmifbufwGif 'Gg&0wD &Sdonf/

(C)ysLEkdifiH\taemufbufa'oonf ta&SUtdE´d,jzpfonf/

(i)ajrmufbufa'oonf eefapmydkifeufjzpf\/ taMumif;rlum; c&pfESpf 8- &mpktv,fwGif eefapmwkdY\EkdifiHa&;MoZmtmPmonf oHvGiftaemufbuf rS {&m0wDjrpfnmbufudk ausmfí umr&ly KAMARUPA (a&S;a[mif; tmoHe,f)e,fpyfodkYtxd xkd;azmufvmonf/

(p)awmifbufwGif yifv,fjzpfonf/ ysLwkdY wefckd;MuD;xGm;pOftcgü {&m0wD jrpf0uRef;ay:a'ookdY ysLwkdY EkdifiHa&;MoZmtmPm vTrf;rkd;cJhonf/

ရည္စိန္

rSwfcsuf/  /ÓPfvif;"r®pmya'om? 1983-ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmvxkwf? pmrsufESm(107 rS 113xd)üvm&Sdaom aqmif;yg;ukd jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ &kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/