တြမ္းꨅ္ꨮꨁူိဝ္းတꨯး

wgrf:q[cldof:wh:

Dr.qhm:Omif,thm;

rhmwrf:yyf.

qhm:Omif,thm; wSrf;]]wgrf:q[cldof:wh:}}

yguf;urf:ekdif;

vldefar< 2011

2,000(OgifpAif)yyf.

uK<cef

-

ykdefsz

qhm:Omif,thm;? rguf,ul,Ogh;vSif? Nif:vhm:owf.wh:uof;vuf:

thm;v qgh;xwf:? thm;az, cyf.vduf;Omif,pmif<

wmrfwlofzl;wSrf;vduf; trf,tofuK<rl,vduf;aO vlif:xkef:tdwf,tguf,

wD; rguf,ul,Ogh;vSif yldof;wK,bkdwf:toferf.wgef:uK<yyf.

vl,wmef:xkdif Nif:vhm:owf.wh:uof;vuf:(bef,ukif,)

vrf:e[:

(1)rldif: sv. ykdef:uof,

(2)rldif:wh:wK;ugif(wK<ugif<)

(3)rldif:rmof:vlif

(4)rldif:vmef.qof;

(5)apKcrf:wh:Okdyf,cyf.rK:

(6)vDN.qgrf: ydkef:tdef,wD:bK:

(7)ckefpdef,wl,irf:qgwf,tK,OBK.

(8)DVARAVATI, LANNA

(9)rldif:rgef:

(10)rdlif:IcSif,

(11)e[:vdefrguf,serK:

rdlif: sv. ykdef:uof,

      eldofvkrf;'K.vlifeh.rldof;vAof rldif:rD:pdrf: 200/ qldof.cldof:ulef: uGmrf:vmwf;trf,rldefuefrD: pAifvldof/ ayK:rD:ulef:rK:bof.auK; awrD;qldof.cldof:z[ref:rK:bof;/ ulef:auK;puf.ulef:? qldof;cldof;auK; puf.MrfuSwf,scqldoflcdlof:bof;/ rmifqldof:auK; auK,omef;auK,rldif:? rmifqldof:auK; rD:ulef:Nof? zkifrl,qof; uof,aO trf,yAefauK,rldif:/ ulef:cldof:ekdif; rD:rldif:auK;vD? trf,rD:rldif:auK;bof;? ykdef:qldof.cldof:z[ ref: rD:rK:bl,/ ykdef:eh. rldof;yAefeef. yAefbmif,ekdif;? rldof;vmwf;eef. Orf.yldif;uGK,? wmif,ukif, erfuGK, qldif.ehauK; qmif<rD:/ qldof:tefwSrf;seoh. eif,cofpefeef.auK; rD:wif:erf/ rldof;ymef uof,eef. auK.yAefckefauK; puf.cdlof:ckefcofaO wmif,qldof:yAefcK;cofwif:OAif;bof;/ qldof:puf.qldof. qmwf;qof;cldof:auK; puf.cldof:cofaO pKsy.udefqmof:cldof:yldef;ulnf:bof;/ eefsv; zdwf:arK:? zef:wSif:? pAwf:Okduf:awK,uef erfeK,/

      e[:tef zef:wSif:uef erfxmef,eh. qldof.cdlof:wh: Okdyf,Ohmq[rK: rD:rK: 4000 yD vldofvldofbof;/ rD:ymefuof,rK: qif,rD:ymefr[, rldof;vAof/ rD:rldif:uof,rK: qif,rD:rldif:r[, rldof;vAof/ rD: ykdef:uof,rK: qif;rD:ykdef:r[,rldof;vAof/ rD:ulef:uof,rK: qif,rD:ulef:r[, rldof;vAof/ P;ayK:vh;rD: qldof.cldof: wh:rK: awK,rldof;vAof ckefwh: qldof.cdlof:wh:ymefuof,auK; vh;pAwf:rK:sw.bof./ vh;cmrf,whmaO? qkef.wlofqkef.q[aO tofyldef;whmsy.rK:sv;rldof;vAof wh:rD:qldof.cldof:wh:oh.bl,bof;/ vDcgyf;q[xkdif tofukif,tofrkef ulef:vlifwh: qldof.cldof:wh:bl,bof;/ qldof.cldof:wh: rD:ykdef:rK:? rD:apKcrf:rK:? rD:apK OSif(pkyf;sy.vh;apKcrf:wif:erfaO yAefrK: atuImqf;eh. wh: Mif.oK; apKOSifbof;)rK:/ cl<eK:? cl<rldif:rK: pkdifemef:eK,bof;/

      qldof.cldof:wh:auK; b[,pSif:rK:? rldif:wh:auK;b[,uGmif;rK:bl,sw.bof;/ ayK:awrK:wlnf: e[: ykdef:sc, vgif;zkuf,ph<Ogrf;eK:eh. qldof.cldof:wh: arKrK:qof.eK,sw.bof;/ ugyf;yldof; arKzkuf,eK: qof.sv; cof;erf. ukrf,udefaO cl<eK:r[, cl<rldif:r[,vh;rK: wduf:wduf:pkdof. eh eh.yAefvgif;olef. vgif;ekdif;bl,/ omef,uK;aO Orf.chm.wlef;uK; rK:Ogrf;wD;eK:erf.eh. cof;ref:vh;erfvldof pAwf:ph< bl,sw.bof;/ vhm:zkuf,cof;(eK:erf.)eh. yldef;bif:vhpAwf:tof wD;wh:rK:/ wh:q[.wkdof:uGhm: xheK:? bAyf,cof;rK:/ wh:arKwD.tofqmif.aO q[.wkdof:e[:Okduf:rK:aOtrf,uK: arKq[.qmif.xheK:ugef,bof;/ ykdef:wh:ayK:pKe[:ykdef:sc,eh trf,eK;vAuf.wKwrf,Oif/ rD:ukduf:cofrK:/ bl,qgrf:uefrK: pkdifemef: eK,bof./ qof.vldofymefTzK:ulof,wrK:ugef,bof;/ awK,pmef.sc,cofayK:Mif.rldif:wh: rldof;ymefwK;ugif eef. (AD97, 120, 131 awK, AD 850)yAEf cBLdef;OSif,ulof;(rldif:cD,qmif.)oK;eh/ ohm:eh. Orf.rK:wif; rldif:vmef.qof;(Nan Chao)? qof;wh:Nuf:rldif:vlifwkrfuSef,uef yAefrK: vmef.qof; bof;/ qof;wh:Nuf:qof; rldif:wh:Nuf:rldif:eef.qrf: tguf,OAifsc,oh.oK; (1)rlifOldof;qof<(Mong Shu Sao)? (2)rlifOD<qmof<(Mong She Sao)? (3)wldef<wmef,qmof<(DEarn Tan Sao)? (4)Oldef< vmif;qmof<(Shern Lang Sao)? (5)vmif;cBLifqmof<(Lang Chung Sao)? (6)ab;OD;qmof;(Yae Shi Sao)qldof:eh.bof./ tefwh:pof:oK; ]]qof;}}eef. sc,cof tguf,OAif]]qmof<}}uGK,? Orf.wSrf; qgrf: Chao ehuGK,/ wD;e[:rldif:uvK: OAifwh:oK;qof;eef. uvK:auK;trf,wSrf;qgrf:vh;sv; tof OAifcoftguf,aO wSrf;oh. Chowehbof;/

      vgif;bl,wef:Oof:aOtrf,oK;? rK,eule:aOtrf,oK; vSuf;vhm;qgrf: qef.ref:? ikdef: ref:? tmrf:emwf;ref:? ydif,nK,ref:eef.bl,bof;/ auK.rD:tmrf:emwf;rK:eef. ref:pefcldof:ref: ulnf:bof;/ ulef:wmif,cldof: trf,rD:vh;eK;wK wK,cldof:ref:/ rldof;vAof pof:zSofbl,(21)qlof;ymuf,oh. bof;/ q[c[;N.tefrmef,tefrSef;eef.auK; uldwf,qyf:rK: pif:z[pif:ref:/ tefwh:pof: uK;eluf. bkif:bl,eef. yldef:trf,xmrfpof:aO oK;pof:uK;eluf.udif,uIK,eh/ rldefeif,eef ykdef:wh:wK;ugif trf,vltrf,wlnf:aO wSrf;ykdef:rmef<uGK,? qldof.cldof:rmef< sw,wD;wK;ugifoK;eh/ eK,pmif;wK;ugifyAef ymif,yof,oh.vhmvhm/ trf,rD:OifvK:vK:/ ckefuvK: Okrf:Okduf:aO zSofrK:? qkdof;wK;ugifOrf.vkuf.wD;v[ rK:/ pdrf:wK;ugifeh. rD:yl:urf,uof,uof,/ yl:urf,Orf. yAefuGmrf:Oif/ erf.uAofyAefqkdof;wh:/ rmef<cof Orf.Mif.at,IK,owD,? eh.yAefacK;uGmrf:yIK,rD<? acK;uGmrf:pdef,wlurf:vAofbof;/ 2010 uGK,clwf.wK;ugif vh;pef clof:arK; clof:vdef uvK: urf;zgif;? Orf.azK,oK; eh.yAef clof:ydof,(tefsc,cofMif.zSof;) eef.oK;eh/ ayK:eef uvK:sv. ydof, yAeftefvAofulnf:bof;/ wD;rldif:rmof: pdrf:uRuf.sO,eef. auK; oK;clwf.pefclof:uvK:urf;zgif;sv; wD;eh.auK; yAefrldif:ydof,bof; oK;ehvlifuGK,/ rldif:vlifydof,eh. b[,sw.sw. ehauK; oK;vlifuGK,/ ydof,eh. yAefrmef<rldof;vAofbof; ehauK; oK;vlifuGK,/ cmof:cofwkduf. qkdof;ydof,bl,eef. oK;cofyAefrmef<bof.eh trf,vh;/ emif:crf: sv. qhm:Omrf yAefNdef:vlnf; uefbof.aO rD:vkuf;qhm: Omif,xkef: rK:/ rldof;qof. rldof;emif:crf:yAefOmofbl,eef. uGK,oK; ref: yAefsr;Omif,xkef:cofeh trf,vh;? trf,rSef;/ tl:yK,Iul,auK; vmwf;bl,]]ayK:Olawqkuf:eldofq[puf. cldof:(OK,zhm,pof:vhmvhm)eef.aO wSrf;ykdef:qkdif eef.awtrf,yAefykdef:}}oK;eh/

      e[:rldif:pof: rldof;vAof zl;wSrf;ykdef: sp;yK;sp;zhm, rD:rK:wif:erf/ qldof:rD:rldif:auK; wSrf; vgif;rldif: wldof:vldofuGK,/ qldof:trf,rD:rldif:auK; wSrf;vgif;qldof.cldif: wldof:vldofuGK,/ ugyf;yldof;zSofbl,(21) Nofymuf,yDoh.bof. sv; yAefwh:aOwK. awcwf:q[wSrf;vgif;ydkef: tefqkuf:Okdof;eef.uGK,bl,bof;/ awwSrf;tefrD: wD;bdyf:wD;urf? wD;sevh; wD;urf.wD;uSrf eef.bl,bof;/ qArfrldof; rD:sc,auK;rD: wh:? qArfrldof; rD:wh:auK; rD:sc,eef. vgif;qldof.cldof:wh: rD:bl,e[:yyf.sc,? e[:apKsc,wif:erf/ ohm: vifrK: wh:vh;bl,qyf: rgef:? crK,(crAef)rK:/ ayK:eef e[:ykdef:rgef:auK; awvh;pKwSuf;eldif: qgrf:bl,bof;/ qldof.cldof:uvK: cof;rK:ql:rdlif:wh: rldif:wK;ugifsv; ydkef:UvK:auK; awvh;pKwSuf;eldif: qgrf:bl,bof;/ tefwSuf;eldif:ref: erfuK;pkdof vDceef.bof./

      qldof.cdlof:wh:? sc, qof.vldofymefTzK:ulof,wrK:/ ykdef:rmef< rD:ohm:vifqof;ulof,wrK:/ urf; zgif; c[;P;ykdef:rmef< qof.uGK,sv; rK:oK; ydof,eh. yAefrmef<bof.eh trf,xkuf,/ qkdof;ydof,cof yAefacKacKsv; cofyAefulef:acKacK? uGK,oK; ydof,yAefrmef< trf,vh;/ ydof,cof q[.acK;uGmrf: ySrf,rpD, (Brahmi)sv; cofyAefpdef,wl,bof;/ ydof,cof vkuf.rldif:uvK:rK: (Dr.¨mef:xkef:auK; oK;ehbl,)/ qArfrldof;yh,zSofzif,uAofrK: cofayK:yAefpdef,wl,oh.bl,bof;/ sr;erf.at,IK,owD,(erf.uAof)eh. yAef qkdof;pdef,wl,aO sv; yAefpdef,wl,azK,qyf:oh.bof;/ e[:yyf. Akhand Bharat eef. wSrf;se oh. wD;pdwf,wl,cof zSofrK:bl, wD;sr;erf.uAofeef. wD;eh.Mif.oK;Brahman Desh (yIK,rmef,aw, OK.)oK;eh/ ohm:rK: yAefrK:Burma(zK.rK.)oK;eh/ wD;rldif:uvK: e[:ykdef:cofwSrf;oh.bl, qldif.eh? ulef:uvK:auK; ygif,N.oh.qldif.eh/ pof:Orf. awpkdofwSrf; tefyldif;uefeef./ rldif:uvK: Nif:pAef: qef.Okif yyf.pAef: Geography auK; wSrf;seoh.rldefuef/

      rldof;vAof vgif;rldif: sv. ykdef: awwrf:yhm: wSuf;eldif:qgrf:yldef;aO awwmifseuef uGK,qldif.ehcK;bof;/

(1)ykdef:qAif:wkif rldof;uof, yAefrldif:]]o}}tefoK;eef. ayK:yAefrldif: awvh;rD:acK;rldif:? acK;ckef? wK;ckef qldof:eh.ugef,/ ayK:trf,rD: acK;ref: awpkdofoK;yAefrldif:/

(2)cdif:yK:uldof.(e[:ykdef:wh:ul;cldof:cldof:)oK; ]]ckefapKcrf: rldif:vmef.qof; yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, rK,u x}}oK;oh.qldif.eh/ ckefapKcrf:vmef.qof;eh. eK;wKyAefeK;wKuvK:oh.pkdof.`/

(3)auK.ekdif;Orf.wSrf; ckefapKcrf:vmef.qof; yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, rK:wD;rldif:vmif:uK(OD,Nof,)eh/

(4)e[:ydkef:sc,oK; ckefzcof yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, ckefOK,uD,omif,(cldof:TzK:)oK;eh/

(5)sc, sv. uBK,ymef, ckefapKcrf:cofeh. yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, rK:wD; ckefoef:rldif:zDeh/

(6)uBK,ymef, yhm:uldif:eduhm zhm,ygwf:qmef: ckefapKcrf:cof yAefqldof.cldof:OhmOkdyf, rK:wD;cldof:TzK:? cdlof: rK,uxeh/

(7)NofOkduf:sc, ]]wmef.qkif<zif}}uGK,qgh;ydof,wkduf:vmif:uK tefrK:bK.wofydof,? ugyf;ydof,cofbgef:rK:/ cmof:eef. ydof,auK; yAefydof,oh.bl, sv; coftrf,rD:qdkof;Ogifqldof.Ogif'ef:/ ohm:vif ydof,avK:yAef zruGK,aOwK. qlof;cofyh,avK:phmuGK,eef. uGK,Mif.cofyAef zr xK;oh.eh zdwf:oh.bl,bof;/ yAef ulef:'ef:z['ef:ref:oh.ugef,? ydof,acKacK? zracKacK/

      vgif;ykdef:uof, wldof:wSuf;eldif: wldof:olef.vdkuf.zgif;cK;/

À À À À À À

rldif:wh: wK;ugif(wK<ugif<)

      ayK:awwSrf;vgif;ydkef:? awvmwf;vgif;ykdef:eh awvh;pKwlnf: yDrldif:rldof;cmof:eef.? pmif;eK;vdefrldof;eef.? ulef:bl,wD;eef. rldof;cmof:eef.aOugef,/ ayK:awqkuf:eldofq[puf.cldof:vhm vhmaO wSrf;ykdef:eh awyldif;vgif;yldif;wmif: b[,erfbl,bof;/ ymefrldof;vAofeh. awvh;pKwlnf:vgif; wmif:? vgif;yAefref:eef.aO qkuf:eldofvgif;wmif:eef. qif,wSrf;ykdef:? vmwf;vgif;ykdef:qkdif awwldof:qyf:vgif;qyf:wmif:vDwldof:bl,bof;/

      ayK:ulnf:tmef,pefyyf.ekdif;aO awqkuf:qyf:yyf.eef.uGK,urf:vAofauK; olef.aOugef,/ ayK:rD:yyf.wmif,zkdef vh;wSuf;eldif:aO qif,cyf.vgif;wmif:ref:eh awvDwldof:uGK,bl,atK;/ yyf. tefpefrSef;eef.auK; auK.wSrf;eef. wmif:N.erfuGmif;uK;pkdof/ rldof;ylef.rK: 2500 yDvldofvldof? vgif;ulef:uK.(yvD.u? Ozkuf.O)eef. qkdof;auK;yAefqkdof;uvK:? OAifauK;Orf. yAefOAifuvK:? Orf. vkuf.wD;v[? yhwmif:pkdof:` cD,Ndof:pkdof:` zSofuGK,wD;TzK:yAefqof;/ qof;Ohm<vlif(thm:Owhmif:)oK; wK, vh;wmif:N. P;arKxrfauK.ukdwf:vgif;xmrfeef. ukdwf:ySwf;wmif:N.r[,ref:bof; oK;eh/ rldof;ylef.rK: 2500 yD<vldofvlofeef. sr;erf.uAof? bmof:zSofwD;v[bof. pmif;eK;vdefvkrf;'K. AD 1700 yhm qif,rD:rK:/ i[;erf.uAof? xlrfO[,rK:wduf:wduf:sv; eK;vdefr[,auK; wldof:rK:wduf:wduf:/ wD;zif,erf. uAofeh. ulef:Oifbl,oh./ erf.uAofeh.yAefqkdof;wh:azK,qyf:oh.aO wh:wkdof:oh. Mif.oh. awK,rldof;vAof/ erf.uAof rD:qkdof;uvK:pdef,wl,(tD,IK,owD,)eh.ulnf: awK,oef:rldof;vAof/ zif,erf.uAofeh. ulef:Oif bl,oh./ ulef:rgef:cofOrf. zSofyK,uldof(sy:ulof:)rK:rldof;v[/ eh.sevgif; pof:awvh;wlnf: yD? eK; vdef? ulef:aOsv; qif,vmwf;ehawvDwldof:uGK,bl,eef.bof;/

      ulef:rldif:pof: tgefueftdifeldof (rmef,emef:bK,qodef,) eef. pSif:vldofoh.sw.sw./ auK.ulnf:arKvduf;zreef. trf,rD:yyf.OifxSif;/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf;wh:eef. awwSuf;eldif:vh;wldof: uGK,/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf;sc,xSif;eef. awwldof:pefpmif;zmifref:zgrf.wldof:uGK,/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf;tAif: uvAwf;eef. cSef:vDwldof:/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf;uvK:xSif;eef. vDwldof:xSif;bof;/ auK.arKqgrf:vduf; rgef:qgrf:xSif;eef. cSef;vDwldof:xSif;bof;/ apKcrf:zr(yK.uBD:awK,zbK:)bl,e[:apKref:aO q[. ykif,eK:(yIK,rmef,=ySrf,rK,=uvK:pdef,wl,? ykif,eK:reD.yl:If)? qof;Ipmef:? rl:rmwf;ulef:arKcof? wSrf;rldof;AD1824? P;wSrf;vgif; ckefuvK:(tyD.bK,qK,)zSofwK;ugifrK: oK;oh.]]qof.vldofymefTzK: ckef 33 yK:}}ehsv; rldof;BC.900_800eef. TzK:bif:yhayK,rD:? Orf.ayK:oK;(tyD.bK,qK,)yAef cldof:(Ouf.uBK.)? cldof:TzK:oh.bl,bof./ uhm,cyf.uGK,Nefvif? P;yK.uBD:awK,zbK: yAefcldof:tyD.bK,qK,? ref:Orf.oK; P;yAefcldof:TzK:aO ayK:eef yK.uBD:awK,zbK: yAefcdlof:TzK:uGK,bof.tldof;eh uhm,seoh. qldif.eh/ tyD.bK,qK,Okrf:Okduf:aO tguf,rldif:uvK:rK:? yAefcldof:OifauK; trf,ayK:N.vD? pkdifylef.uGK, (1829+800)2696 yDbof.vl:/ TzK:bif:yh,ayK,? cldof:TzK:cldof:Ouf.uBK. Orf.pkdofNrfqlrf:qgrf:? N. quf:qgrf:vh;/ uhm,zdwf:oh.ulnf:bof;/ TzK:yAefqof;auK; apK:oh.bl,(e[:Okuf.wmef,uK,vreef.)ayK: c[:N. P;xmrf? bK,P;bkrf,ihm;JJoK;eh/

      sr;tguf, qof;OD,xmwf;(Siddartha)yAef rpK,rK,bK,/ qof;ayK;yAef qof;Ol.wlof:we (Suddhodana)apKcrf:rldif:ulof:vD.bK.(Koliya)yAefegif.clnf qof;Ol.wlof:we/ iof;oAif:vlifrldif: ulof:vD.bK.? yAefIK,rurf,(Ramagama)/ sr;tguf,emif:vlifrpK,rK,bK, OAif;umrf,uGK, rldof;qof;OD, xmwf;vh;ySwf,oef:/ ohm:rK: sr;eK.qof;emif:ulof:wrf,rD(Gotami)Okdyf,pyf.yAefsr;qof;rK:/ acK; uGmrf:uvK:pdef,wl, urf,(gama)eh. ygif,oK;omef;_oAif:/ yl:urf,eh. yAefuGmrf:pdef,wl,(Purugama)? oAif:ykif,eK:yl:Il: ygif,oK;eh/ zr(rmef<)Orf.wSrf; ]]yk}}ehbl,? Orf.uGK,tguf,OAif]]y}}vhmvhmsv; uh OAifpdef,wl,uGK,aOwK. yAefuGmrf:pdef,wl,ulnf:/ OAifwh:pof:oK; yl:urf, eef. rSef;oh.bof;/ OAifwh: pof: erf.sr;umif:uK,(Ganga)eef. rSef;oh.bof.? erf.sr;uAif:uK, trf,q[;/

      vkuf.wD;rldif:tK,o? ckdef;uGK,wmif:Mif,127vuf:? pdrf:zif,erf.uAof(qkdof;pdef,wl,Mif.oK; tD, IK,owD,)eef. rD:rldif:wh:wK;ugif(wK<ugif<)/ qgrf:eif,ykdef:e[:apKogif.sc, auK.wD,ykdef:uBD, eguf; vSefvdefrldif:sc,eh. rD:rldif:Omef<ulof;(rldif:wh:)/ rldof;AD-97, 120, 131 qof;apKcrf:wK;ugifMif. qkdof; blif<bAof;wSof,(OAifsc,)eef. Olif,zkifrl,zgif:cAof uGK,seeK;sewK? uGK,sewmif:uwf. wD; apKogif.sc, qkdof; vdof.ul<wD;oAif:iof;rldif: oAif:vlof;bmif;/ ogif.sc,yef wK;ckef]]cmef,wK,wl<olnf,}} P;qof;blif<bAof;wSof,/

      rldof;AD233(yDwh: 327)? bmif:(rldif:bmif:)cof;bK.? uof:? qkwf,? qlefrldif:wK;ugif/ cmof: eef. ckefapKcrf:wh: yAefqof;Omef,rl,wK,(OAifsc,)/ ref:qof;oh.ckeftgefwh: P;zgif:irf:wD; wK;ugifaO wlofref:qof; chm.sw,apKr[,wD; yl:urf,(trf,ayK:uhwK;ugif/ ohm:vif zrrmef<cof Mif. qgrf:oK; tnK,yl:urf,/ umyf;ckefwh: wK;ugif? rK:Okdyf,wD;yl:urf,eh.bof;/

      wD;oAif:yl:urf,(pdrf:wK;ugif)? rldof;AD565? qof;apKcrf:wh: qkdof;Omef,av,qlof:ref:? ref:qof;cGmuf;szar,uGmif;rldif:wh:? ygif'dif;sw,ySif<? cl<ph<cGmuf;eK:/ blif:aOK,bkrf,brfurfqgrf: ykwf.xzK,OK,/ wif;apKzDqof;rldif:/ bK,P;vuf.vgrfpdrfpkyf;uef/ P;cgwf,zef;yef;uSef, yAef zmif;vAof? P;ap.cwf:ulef:cAef/ (awK,cmof:eh.e[:ykdef:wh: ykdef:sc, vgif;ckefuvK:trf,yh,rD:/ vgif;rldif:wh:wK;ugifeh. e[:ykdef:zrrmef< trf,wSrf;O[,oh.Oif/)

      e[:ykdef:pdef,wl, bif:rD:cldof:TzK: cID.OeK:? cldof:ckefyl:Il:orf:OD: chm.tguf,rldif:rK:/ yl:Il: cof Okrf:Okduf:uGK,? tguf,yhm;/ qof.vldofAD233? pdrf:wK;ugif? ayK:rD:omef;ykif,eK:yl:Il:(Purugama =yl:urf,)oh.bl,bof;/ eh.seoK; ykif,eK:pdef,wl,? uvK:ayK:zSofpdrf:wK;ugifaO sw,omef;oh.pif:cof bof;/ ykif,eK:? arKuK,vK:? arKbK sv; omef;yl:urf, ulef:cof;tguf,erfaO ukdef:oh.pif:ref:/ rldof;AD233? qof;wK;ugif chm.apKr[,? sw,wD;omef;yl:urf,? eefsv; yl:urf,auK; yAefoAif:qof;wK; ugifrK:? ckefwh:wK;ugif? rK:Okdyf,wD; omef;yl:urf,eh.bof;/ eh.seoK; ykif,eK:yl:Il: rK:sw,omef;pdrf: wK;ugif? omef;cofMif.oK; yl:urf,(Purugama)eh. qof.vldofwldof:yl:urf,(w[;)1800 yDvldofugef,bof;/ cmof:eef. ykif,eK:pdef,wl,cof vkuf.wD;rldif:uvK:rK:? vkuf.wD; yeD.yl,IfrK:? cofyAefqof;ydif,nK,vlif bof;/ cofvh;qgh;e[:apKwif:erfbof;/ ohm:vif yl:Il:ykif,eK:qldof:eh. rl,b[,rK:sv; wif;rldif:wif;apK tkyf.rldif:pif:ulnf:aO yAefrK:(ydof,)bl,bof;/ rldof;qof.wSr;]]jAL}}aOwK. rmef<trf,q[.OAif]]R=I}} sv; wSrf;]]AsL}}rK:bof;/ eh.aeoK; pdef,wl,uvK: zSofsu;wh:rK: rK:wif;omef;yl:urf,(AD233)/ ohm:vifrK:(AD565)ykwf.xzK,OK, qif,qgrf:vifpdef,wl,? cof;zSofwh:rK:eef.bof;/

      rldof;AD850apKcrf:Okrf:Okduf: rldif:uvK:Mif.qkdof;oK; tzD.IK,qK, qkdif:cof;wK;ugifrK:/ rK: bl,pdrf:erf.uAof? wif;oAif:r[, Mif.qkdif;oK; oAif:pkif<OK,(pmif:OK,)/ ohm:rK: ch.xkdif wK<ay:(wK;sy:)/ ohm:vif ckeftgef,wh: eif;bl,wD;wK;ugifeef. bmif,tguf,uGK,Oof:wD;oAif:qgef</ ckeftzD.IK,qK, ckdef:pAwf:ckefvlif wK;ugif/ ckefuvK:yK:rK: arKbK? arKuK,vK:? arKwSrf;? arKMif.? arKwdefarKrkdof: wif:erfsv; rD:eK;rD;wK/ ulef:wh:cofql:cofwif:erfsv; ckefwK;ugif qif,bmif,bhm.uGK, oAif: qgef</ e[:zkdefwh:? zkdefsc, rD:yDrhmwggif:vDimrf:aOsv; wSrf;wrf:seoh.qldif.eh/ ckefuvK:ylof, r[,rK: wD;wK;ugif rldof; AD850oK;eh/ acK:uGmrf:(ylof,r[,)eh. seoK; uK;ugef,trf,wgef.rD:rK:eef. bof;/ ykif,eK:? uvK:pdef,wl, zSofrK:wD;pdrf:wK;ugif rK;sw,omef;yl:Il:urf,(Purugama)qArfrldof; AD233 aOwK. ckefuvK:ylof,r[, rK:eif;apKsw. AD850qif,rD:rK:/ qkdof;sr;erf.uAofeh.sw. qgrf:eif,ykdef:uvK: Akhand Bahrat seoh. rD:rK:ykif,eK: sv. ulef:uvK: ayK:zSofqkdif:cof; zif,erf.uAofrK: erfrK:bof.sv; cofazK,qkdof;sr;erf.uSofeh.pif:cof? cofMif. acK;uGmrf:pdef,wl,cof ]]tD,IK,owD,}}? wD;ygif,ref: erf.sr;qmif.zlduf, oK;eh? ukduf:oh.awK,rldof;vAof/ cmof:eef. uvK:rK:bl, qgrf:wh:oh.bl,sv; qkdof;sr;erf. yAefoh. qkdof;wh: sv. qkdof;uvK:/ ygwf:eldofsr;erf.uAof rD:wh: erf? ygwf:w[;erf.uAof rD:pdef,wl,uvK:erf/ ohm:rK: xkdifrK: AD573? ulef:cldof:rgef:cof qif,vkuf. wD;wGK,IK.owD,(Dvaravati)chm.rK:wD; yK,uldof(sy:ul:)/

      rldof;ymef quSif:rdef:(yuBD:awK,)AD1829? ref:qof;pyf.ymif: Ipmef:? ykif,eK:? rl: rmwf;? ulef:arK(13)auK.aOsv; P;sr:ukrf:ykdef:zr teftl:uvK:wSrf;oh.eef.eh/

      vkrf;'K.urf,zK,vlifeh. pAwf:pkdofyAefrK:? vgif;ySrf,rK,(Brahman)? vgif;ckefOmif(ySrf,rK,) udefi[<vdefaO yAefulef:rK:? rD:avK:zrK:? vgif;ulef:qyl,wD,y(rldif:uvK:)? vgif;TzK:? vgif;ckef uBmif.urf? vgif;zgif:cAof? vgif;cK;? vgif;qgif;zlduf,? vgif;rldif:vD? vgif;yAefOkduf:? vgif;Okrf:Okduf:? vgif; ckefydrf,yD.OK,IK.? vgif;tuBK,Owmwf;/ vgif;qldof:eh. rD:bl,e[: yyf.so,wK.uBmrf:pdef,wl, OD,uBmrf: eef.bl,/ yAefykif,eK: tgefNofxlof:eK;aO wSrf;seoh./ P;ayK:pmif;vD? P;ayK:ckefqlrf:eef. ulnf:bof;/ Orf.Okdyf,wSrf;uGK, vgif;rldif:wK;ugif/

      ckefuvK:vkuf.wD; rwf.qD.raw,OK. qldof.cldof:OK,iD, qkdof;tzD.IK,qK,rK:sw,rldif:vlifwK; ugif/ qldof.cldof:zrrmef< sw,wif;rK: wD;wK;ugifbof.oK;eh/

      rldif:vlifwK;ugifeh. rldof;ymefTzK: uul,Omef,eef. Mif.qkdof;Orf,OIyl,I oK;eh/ rldof;ymef TzK:auK:eukif, eef.Orf. qkdof;rldif:wK;ugifeh. vSuf;vhm;yAefuGK, Ixyl,IoK;eh/  rldof;ymefTzK:uwf. Oyeef. Mif.qkdof; rldif:Omif:wgh: oK;eh/ rldof;ymefTzK:auK:wr(ulof,wrK:)eh. Mif.qkdof;rldif:wK;ugif oK;eh/ ygwf:wgef<eh.sw. awyAef qof;Ipmef:cof c[;bgif;abK: ckefapKcrf:yuBD:awK,sv; wSrf;  vlifuGK,qldif.eefbof;/ cofqof;wSrf;oh.eef. ckefuvK: zSofrK:wK;ugif qArfrldof;TzK:ulof,wrK:yh,ylof, yh,rD:/ ohm:vif tzD.IK,qK, zSofwK;ugifrK: 200 yDaOugef, qif,rD:TzK:ulof,wrK:-rK:/ ayK:aw olef.qgrf: Ohmvlrf:ykdef:cofwSrf;eef.qkdif cmof:tzD.IK,qK, zSofrK:eef. bif:yh,rD: qof;ulof,wrK: qldif.cldof:OK,uD, pkdofawqkdof;OAifvif<vkdof:vh; xK;oh.tgefwmif:/ ugyf;trf,yh,rD:TzK:ulof,wrK:sv; qkdof;OAifTzK: OD,OltgefeK; eef.auK; qof;apK;seref: trf,yh,rD:ugef,/ ayK:qof;OD,qof; eef. trf,yh,rD:eh qkdof;rldif:vlifwK;ugif tefuof,uof,tefoK;eef.auK; awvh;pAwf:pkdofbdyf:urf tof/ ckefuvK:pdef,wl,? vkuf;egif.wif:rl,zkifauK; yAefuvK:pdef,wl,? qldof:zSofoh.xK; cldof:ykif,eK: yl:Il:cof? pdef,wl,bl,oh.wD;omef;yl:urf,(Purugama)eldofoh.? pAwf:pkdofeh. ukdif.umif.oK;uGK, qof;ckef sv. ulef:uvK:pdef,wl, qldof:eh. yAefzrrmef< uGK,aObof. Okdyf,oK;uGK, qldof.cldof:rmef< sw,rD: rK: wD;wK;ugif-bof.eh/ ayK:acK;sw,eef. trf,rSef;eh acK;qgrf:seref:auK; awbmyf,aw yef,wlif,oh.bl,wduf:wduf:bof;/ tefvgif; ckefuvK: sv. zkifrl,pdef,wl, zSofrK:wK;ugifeef.e[: yyf.wh:? yyf.sc, auK; rhmoh. seoh.bl,sv; eh.awtrf,rD:vgif;xAifOifbof/ yDzSofrK:eef. aw Okdyf,sexSif;bl,/ ulnf:uK; qldof.cldof:rmef< sw,wif;wD;wK;ugifeef.sw. vDckdef:olef.uefvDvD bl,bof;/

      yyf.ykdef: rpK,IK,qodef,awK,uBD:eef. ymefqof;rmif:wkif: ckdef:P;sr:ukrf:ehsv; AD-1867 yAefrK: wl,wdbrpK,IK,qodef, eh ukduf:qyf:rK:bof;/ ugyf;yldof;yDqof;tzD.IK,qK, zSofrK:wK; ukif;eef. cofsw,wif;qof.eK,(BC-900/800)eef.sv; ohm:vifyD;egif.yD;emif: qof;tzD.IK, qK, rK:Okdyf,sw,rldif:r[,xSSif; OIDcwf.OIK? oD.Oel: qldof:eh.auK; vh;cyf.qgrf: yDuof,pAwf:rK:eef. aO yDauK; awyAeftefwldof:qof.uGK,rlwf:bof;/ pof:ckdef:Okdyf,olef.wlnf: zkdefsc, zdkefwh: zdkefuvK:aOugef,/

      wD;e[: yyf.ykdef:rldif:uvK:? auK.wSrf;yAef Jiban Mukhopadhyay, 2009 eh.yAefyyf. ydkef: cofq[.e[:Nif:pAef:rldif:uvK:bof;/ wD;eK;vduf; 52 wSrf;oh.oK; ]]rldof;AD-850? ckefapKcrf: Pala qkdof; Narayana Pala Okrf:Okduf:sv; vh;tguf,yhm;}}eh/

      wD;e[:yyf.Lonely PlanetyAefyyf.uSrfrldif:wK,ulef:rK:tSof,rldif:uvK:? Lonelyplanet.com, 13^th edition, 2009? wD;eK;vduf; 42 wSrf;oh.oK; ]]rldof;AD-850? apKcrf:cldof: Cholas cofwkduf: ay.apKcrf: cldof: PallavasuGK,sv; ckefvlif? ckeftgef, Pallavas cof tgefyhm;}}eh/

      yyf.ykdef:uvK: rldof;yD AD-850 ckefuvK: Pallavas tguf,yhm;eef. rK:ukduf:uefwif:yD AD-850 tefrD:e[: zkdefwh: sv. zdkefsc, vgif;oK; ckefuvK:ylof,r[, qkdof;tzD.IK,qK, zSof rK:pdrf:wK;ugif/ vgif;eh. rK:irf,uefvDeK,/ yK.uBD:awK,P;wSrf;zkdefykdef:apKzr rldof;AD-1829/ yD tzD.IK,qK, zSofpdrf:wK;ugifrK:eef. ayK:awtofyD AD-850 oK;qkdif yAefvgif;wmif: rldof;ylef.rK: 1000 yDeef.bof;/ ugyf;zl;wSrf;ydkef:qldof:eef. c[;bgif;abK:apKcrf:sv; P;ckefuvK: tzD.IK, qK, yAefOK,uDoif,ySwf;aObof;/ tofcldof:tzD.IK,qK, uhm,Okwf.vlif:rK:vgh:vhg: P;ckefapKcrf:zr auK; yAefcldof:TzK:uGK,aObof;/ qkdof;rldif:wK;ugif rD:vhmqkdof;vhmqkdof; qArfrldof;ymef TzK:OD,Ol,tgefeK; qldof:eef. vmrf:Ol:vmrf:OK: O[,oh.ulnf:bof;/ yDtef ckefuvK: tzD.IK,qK, zSofrK:eh.auK; pkdif emef:eK,aO Orf.trf,rD;zkdeftdifref:sv; vmrf:aOoK;uGK, qArfrldof;tgefeK;TzK:yh,ayK, 200- 300 yDeef.aObof;/ ayK:tof yDcofoK;qkdif bl,wD; AD-1829 aO cofuGK,wSrf;vgif;wmif: t zD.IK,qK, rldof;ylef.rK: 2600 yDrldif:eef.bof;/ wlnf:vl:? ugyf;yldof;trf,rD:zkdeftdifsv; vgif; ckefuvK:zSofwK;ugifrK:eh. ySuf,uefoh. 1600 yD/ ykdef:sc,eh.sw. yAefvgif;wmif: e[:apKsc,wSrf; oh. rldof;yD AD-850eef.bof;/

      wD;rldif:uvK:eh. ayK:oK;]]urf<? urf,}}eh ygif,oK; omef; trf,eef oAif: bof;/ rldof;ymef TzK: wD;rldif:ulof:vD.bK.(Koliya)? iof;rldif:yAef oAif:IKrurf,(Ramagama)bof;/ ykif,eK:pdef,wl,? yl:Il:cofeh. zSofrK:rldif:wh: pdrf:wK;ugif(AD-233)rK:wif;omef;yl:urf,(Purugama)aO bl,oh.bof;/ ayK:xkdif AD-565 ckefwh:wK;ugif? vh;bl,vlnf;ykif,eK:uvK:pdef,wl, yl:Il:cofrK:(AD-233)qof. vldofwldof: cofyAefykwf.xzK,OK,(AD-565)eef.bl,bof;/ rldof; AD-233ckefwh:wK;ugif qof; Omef,rl,wK, ch.rK:wif;apK wD;omef;ykif,eK: yl:urf,(Purugama)eh./ yl:urf,pdrf:wK;ugifeh. zr rmef<cofMif.yl:urf,eldof(tnK,yumef,)eh/ yl:urf,pdrf:wK;ugifeh. qof.vldofyl:urf,w[;(taeK,IxK,AD-1044)/

      yl:urf,OgifoAif:eh. qkdof;ref:rldefuefoh.sv; awyAef ykif,eK:yl:Il:cof sw,omef;yl:urf, (Purugama)xK;oh. tgefwmif:(rldefeif,yl:urf,pdrf:wK;ugif)aObof; ckeftaeK,IxK,cof qkdof:cof; rK:bl, omef;ulef:ukdef:aO yAefoAif:apKcrf:uGK,pkdof:` yl:Il: sv. yl; sv. ydof, OAifref:qrfuef eK,sv; yAefulef:uvK:tefvAofuefulnf:pkdof`/ ykif,eK: tefrD:bl, e[:owf.pdef,wl,rldof;vAofauK; oK; ydof,eh. yAefuvK: yAefyl:Il:ulnf:ehbl,/ awK,rldof;vAof cof;ql:cof? cof;xmrfcofauK; vh;bl,/ ugyf;yldof; ckefzrawtrf,qlrf:sv; ykif,eK:rmifqldof:auK; trf,c[;vmwf;? ayK:rkdwf;uefrK:bof.auK; cofauK;vmwf;ykdef:cof rldefuef/

      awckdef:Okdyf,wSrf; vgif;rldif:wh:wK;ugif/ e[:zdkefrhm e[:apKcrf:rldif:sc, ulof;wD,ykdef:uBD, wSrf;seoh. eguf;cgyf,vSefvdefrldif:sc, rD:rldif:apKcrf: Omef<ulof;(rldif:wh:? rldif:OSrf)oK;eh/ rldif:wK; ugifeh. sc,cofMif.xSif; cBLdef;OSif,ulof;(rldif:ulef:cD,qmif.)oK;eh/ rldof;yDAD-97? ckefapKcrf:wh:wK; ugif qkdof;qof;bkif<bAof;wSof, Olif,zgif:cAof sv. rl,ulef:uwf.? Olif,uGK,yguf;ekdif;/ yguf;Ogifrldof; AD-120 ckefyK:vAofulnf: Orf.vkuf.wD; zhm,oef:tguf,qAif:wkifrldof;vAof Olif,uGK,xSif;/ xkdifrK: AD -131 Orf. vkuf.wD;ygwf:Mif,rldif:oD,bSwf.erf, rldof;vAof Olif,zgif:cAof sv. ulef:uwf. uGK,q[:e[: apK vlof;bmif. xSif;yguf;Omrf? ckefwh:yK:eef.eif,uof,/ ogif.sc,auK; ckdef:yef cgifzmuf,? clof: sz:rK:/ Orf.bif: wmif,yefwK;ckef]]cmef,xK,wl<olnf,}}yefrK:/ eh.seoK; rldif:wh:wK;ugifeh.bl, eguf;vSefvdefrldif:sc,(seoK; Oof:acKpif:ulnf:oh.bl,)/ vkuf.wD;wK;ugif bkdwf.bmof:xkdif pdrf:qAif: wkif bkdwf.bmof:vlif:uGK, zSofqArfzhm,Mif,oD,bSwf.erf,oh.bl,bof;/ rldif:wh:wK;ugifeh. rldefOhmpmof.vlif ugwf,qyf:rldif:sc,oh.bl,bof;/ qArfrldof;eef. cldof:wh:bl,cof;qkdif:zSof oD,bSwf.erf,? urf,ayK:wD:bK: (zl,eef,)sv. wGK,IK.owD,(xh:)uGK,oh.bof;/

      e[:apKsc,? yyf.ydkef:cofeef. yK:rK:vgif;wh: qArfrldof;ymef wK;ugif(AD-97, 120, 131) eef.bl,bof;/ ugyf;yldof; ckefwh:wK;ugif uGK,cof;tguf,wD;cof/ rldof; AD-802 ulef:ydof,(yl:Il:)uvK: pdef,wl,rK:ykdif;ckefwh:rldif:vmef.qof;aO P;yK:cofuGK,xkdifapKogif.sc, oK;eh/ ckefwh:vmef.qof;auK; Olif,yefuGK,/ cofuGK,se wmif:uK;ydof,(zSof:)coful;vgif;vgif;/ sc,cofrhmoh. vgif;ph,wkdif; sv. wmif: uK;rldefuvK:oh.vkrf:vkrf:oK;eh/ e[:yyf.ykdef:zr vgif;oK;ydof,(yl:Il:)vh;rK:ql:vmef.qof;ehauK; trf, wSrf;trf,se/ vkuf.oAif:v[rK:auK; trf,wSrf;trf,se/ Orf.oK; ydof,eh. ohm:rK: avK:ulef:ykdef.rldif: aO yAefrmef<rK:bof. ehaOsv; ydof,eh.auK; bkdefP;yAefrmef<uGK,qof.qof.eef.trf,xkuf,trf, rSef;/ rldof;cofq[.wkdof:qkdof; ydof,(yl:Il:)bl,eef. cofwkduf.yAef uvK:bl,vkrf:vkrf:/ ckefzrrmef< bif:yh,rD:/ ykdef:eh. tefuof,Nrf,xkdiftefr[,vh;bl,/ eK;wKulef:tefr[, uGK,Nrf,NefvifuGK, trf, vh;? trf,rSef;/

      yldef;wif:OAif; qldof:q[.wkdof:vduf;Sanskrit(rmef<Mif. wSuf.uw)eef. q[. sa yAef O? rD;zrrmef<vhmvhmulnf: q[. sa yAef tha(¨)/ ugyf;eh tefqkdof;OAifpdef,wl, vduf; Sanskrit? oAif: Sriksetra eef. zrOrf.tofwlofcof qgrf:OAifzdwf:cof wSrf;tguf, Thirikithara ehuGK,aO sv; eK,pmif;OgifoAif:eh. trf,rldefuef? trf,uhm,pdef,wl,/ sw.ref: yAefoAif:pdef,wl,vhmvhmulnf:/ e[:yyf. Guide to Chinese Buddhism, by Zheng Lixin, P-172? zkif:uD:sc, qof;qkdof; Xuangzang eef. tguf,rldif:aO ZSofrldif:uvK:? Orf.zSofrK: oAif:pdef,wl, Sriksetra rldof; AD-643/ e[:oAif:pdef,wl,eef. vh;pef qof;Ipmef:ykwf.xzK,OK, wkif:Ogrf:oK;eh/ uvK:pdef,wl, ydof,(yl:Il:=zSof;)cof uGK,ql: vmef.qof;aO P;yK:cofuGK,ql: ogif.sc, yD AD-802 tefoK;eef. sc:awyAefvh; vkuf.wD; Sriksetra(Thirikithra)eh.uGK,bl,bof;/

      awOkdyf,wSrf;vgif;ykdef:wh:wK;ugif/ rldif:wh:wK;ugifeh. (AD-97,120,131)vkuf.wD;wK;ugif bkdwf;bmof:awK, oef:tguf,qAif:wkif? awK,oD.bSwf.erf,ygwf:Mif,aO rldefOhmpmof.Myf,rldif:sc,oh./ sc,cofMif. rdlif:wK;ugifeh. yAef San Kuoeh/ cBLdef;OSif,ulof;(rldif:ulef:cD,qmif.)ehauK; Mif.qgrf:/ wD;wK;ugifeh. qkdof;ulef:Mif.oK; Siam, Syam sv;qif, sc,cofrhmoh. San Kuo ehbof;/ Tai eh auK; wkdof:bl,? zhm,erfwkdof: Siam bof;/ xkdifrK: ymefrldif:vmef.qof; Orf.wkdof: Tai erfwldof: Saim rK:bl,bof;/ tefpof:oK; wh:(Tai)eef. xh:rldof;vAoftguf,OAif xh:(Thai)eh/ yAeftef vAof? wlofvAof? ulef:cldof:vAofulnf:bof;/ acK; Siam eh.yAefacK;ymefuof,? acK; Tai(Thai)eh. yAefacK;ymefr[,ulnf:/ rldif:wh:wK;ugif Mwf;xkdif oD,bSwf.erf,ygwf:Mif,rldof;vAofsv; wh:rD:bl,e[:rldif: oD,bSwf.erf, tefoK;eef. trf,q[;vgif;vmuf,vhm:Oif/ wD;wGK,IK.owD, tefoK;rldif:xh:(Thai) eef.auK; wh:zSofoh. bl,qgrf:uefvlnf;rgef:cofoh.bl,bof;/ cmof:eh.qkdof;ulef: Siam auK;q[.? Tai(Thai)auK;q[.avK:uefoh.bl,bof;/ e[:rldif:oD,bSwf.erf, rD:cldof:wh:(Tai)oh.bl,? cofOrf.wSrf; qgrf: OAifzIif,OAwf;sv; wSrf;oK; TayehaOwK. tguf,OAif Tai ehulnf: rldefuefbl,/

      qArfrdlof; AD-200 yD? ulef:pdef,wl,rldif:uvK: ayK:tguf,rK:uK.chm q[.wkdof:Ndof:rK:wmif:erf. bof;/ cmof:eef. auK.arKq[.wkdof:Ndof: Orf.qkdef,wlofqkdef,q[aO tguf,cmof:wmif: cmrf;ymif,vhm,w av:aO uGK,uK.chmvh; awK,rldif:oef:tguf, xemofOD,ID.? urf,ayK:q(zl,emef,)? rK,vK,bl.qldof:eh. qkdif vh;ikdef:vh;crf: yAefOax:rK:bof;/ eefsv; e[:ykdef:uvK:qif,oK; qldof:ulef:uK.Ndof: zSof rldif:oef:tguf,eh. rldefuefwif:zSofrK: Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.(rldif:tguf,crf:)eef.bl,bof;oK;eh/ ugyf;eh qldof:yAefvh;eef. ayK:xkdifcmof:uwf:? cmof:trf,rD:vlrf:vSif.eh ulef:uK.Ndof:uvK:pdef,wl,cof tguf,rK: uK.wldof:ulef:ykdef.rldif: qldof:cofOkdof.chm(Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.)erfwldof:rK:wduf:wduf:/ yhm:ydif,nK,? yhm:arK cofOK,wldof:ulef:ykdef.rldif: qldof:cofOkdof.chm(Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.)eef.sv; cofygifomef;ygifrldif:wD;ukef tK,OBK.(Indo-China)eh. ayK:qgwf,uGK,bof;/ wD;urf,ayK:wD:bK:auK; rD:erf.rkdof:pdef,wl, (Ang-korvat)/ wD;tdef,wlof,eD:OBK:auK; rD:erf.rkdof:pdef,wl,uvK:(Borobodur)/ pmif;xmwf;wD;rdlif:I cSif,? rRuf.tl:eh.auK; wif:pmif; Borobodur rldefuefoh.? yAeferf.rkdof:pdef,wl,OAif;OAif;/ pdef,wl, zSofoh.? sw,oh.? tkyf.yldif,irf:rldif:oh.aOsv; qif,ohm:vifzhm,zK,OK,ykwf.xqgrf:rK:/ eefsv; ykdef.ref:awvh;pef ykdef.pmif;pdef,wl,aO pmif;ykef.xzK,OK, O[,qgrf:rK:zgif;eef.bof;/ uvK: wif:OAif; N.ygif,oK; Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.eh. yAefrldif:oef:tguf,wif:vhm/ xemofOD,ID.auK; yK:e[:eh. ulnf:? oAif:Oxkif,eh. yK:e[:Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.eh. tdwf:tgef,ekdif; zSuf,ekdif;bl,/ ulnf:uK; uGK,oK; Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.eh. yAefOxkif,rldefyAif:Oxkif,ehsw. trf,rSef;/ Ol.okef,eK.zl,rD.eh. b[, wldof:? uGmif;wldof: Oxkif,pSif:oh.bl,sw.sw./ q[pof:awuGK,oh.qyf: wmif:N.uof,eef.aO trf,c[; yAef,? trf,c[;chm.eef. awtrf,rSef;/ tefwmif:N.uof,eef. uSyf;uK;pkdof uGmif;uK;pkdof vDcdkyf;qgrf: wlnf:bl,/ wmif:N.eh. tefv[uGmif;wldof: awvh;toftefeef.bof;/ qof;ykdef:vlifzIif,OAwf; G.Coedes(The indianized States of Southeast Asia, 1967)auK; clef.cGK.vDimrf:aO wSrf; seoh.rldefuef/

      rldif:Camboja sv. rldif: Dvaravati auK; qyf:uefoh./ qkdof;rldif: ayK:yAefqkdof;pdef, wl,oh.bl,bof;/ urf,ayK:qeh. sc,cofMif. zl,eef,eh e[:yyf.cofauK; rhmoh.bl,/ e[:rldif:urf,ayK:q sv. wGK,IK.owD,eh. rD:ulef:ykdef.rldif:crK,? rgef:? wh: sv. uvK:? pdef,wl,cof ckdef:pAwf:ckef/ ugyf;yldof; rgef:sv;wh: bl,avK:uefoh.sv; rldof;AD-600 wh:(Siam, Same)pdrftofpmif;apKrgef: cof wD; wGK,IK.owD,/ ehsv; rgef:cofoK; ulnf:ugyf;eK;vdefulnf: trf,vDpAwf:Okduf:bof;/ pof:uGK, tofvh; eK;vdefr[,wif:erf oK;ehaOsv; cofbmif,P;OArf:cofaO rgef:cofchm.rK: wD;yK,uldof(sy: ul:)/ rgef:crK,cofMif. Tai(Thai)oK; OArf:(Same, Siam)ehbof;/ eh.yAef uGmrf:crK, sv. rgef: cof Mif.wh:/ yAefacK;uGmrf:rgef:crK,ehsw. trf,q[;/ qArfrldof; ymefwK;ugif wh:ayK:qkdof; Siam, San oh.bl,bof;/ Siam auK; yAefqkdof;qof;uof,? wh:auK; yAefqkdof;qldof.cldof:qof;uof,/ yldef;Mif.pof: qgrf:qkdof;pof:azK,eef.ulnf:/ ymefwK;ugif wkdof: Siam, San urf;erf/ ymefvmef.qof; wkdof: Tai urf;erf/ Siam sv. wh:(Tai)wkdof:avK:uefoh.bl,wK,aObof;/ ohm:aOwif; vmef.eK: (Lanna, Yonakaratha)bof.auK; rD:rK: rldif:Siam/ rldof;rD:rldif: Siam bl,eh. e[:rldif:oD,bSwf. erf, rD:qldof.cldof:wh:oh.wK,aO,? cofwSrf; Tay ehauK; tguf,OAif Tai ehulnf:/ rldof;ymefuof,auK; Siam, Tai wkdof:avK:uefrK:? ymefr[,auK; Siam, Tai wkdof:avK:uefoh.bl,/ tofrgef:cof vkuf.wD; wGK,IK.owD, chm.rK:eh. rD:e[:yyf.ykdef:rgef:cofoh.bl,/

      rldof;AD-832? wyf.Okduf:wh:vmef.qof; cof;wkduf:rldif:pdef,wl,ydof,cof(pmef,vdef:)sv; rldif:cofauK; vh;vl.vSofySwf;rlwf:bof;/ vgif;eh. wSrf;seoh. e[:yyf.ydkef:zrcofoh.bl,/

      ayK:oK; ymefrldif:wK;ugif ogwf;uGK,bof.auK; rD:rldif:OIDcwf.xIK,(Sriksetra)qkdof;OAifNdof; Ndif:rK:/ (eh. wSrf;qgrf: rldif:tzD.IK,qK, wK;ugif sw, BC-800/900 eef.oh.bl,bof;/) ayK: awtofqgrf: ykdef:wh:? ykdef:sc,? tzD.IK,qK, zSofwK;ugifrK: rldof; AD-850 eef.? awvh;oK; qkdof;OAifckefwh: ogwf;uGK,aO qkdof;OAifckefuvK: Ndof;Ndif:rK:/ rldof;ymef rD:ckefwh:wK;ugifeef.rldif: pdef,wl, Sriksetra ayK:rD:oh.bof;/ Ipmef:sc, Xuangzang, rldof; AD-643 zSofrldif:pdef,wl, Sriksetra rK:/ ayK:tof ykdef:wh: ykdef:sc,oK; ckefuvK:pdef,wl, zSof Sriksetra tgefwmif: t zD.qK,qK,zSofwK;ugif/ e[:yyf.ykdef:zrwSrf;sw. ckefwkwf.wygif,(ydof,)sw,wif;rldif:ydof, Sriksetra oK;eh/ cmof:eef. rldif: Sriksetra eh. wkduf.yAef zif,ymif,vhm,xav: oh.sv; Ndof: ulef:uK.uvK:rK:uK.rK:chm oK;eh/ rldof;vAof zhm,qmef:rldif:ayB,eh. wD;arK,qK,eef. yAefoAif: Sriksetra sv; rD:cl:oAif:uof,oh./ awvh;pef ugif:rl:Omif:xl: ayK:ayK:uBD:? zbK:rK,? pmif;zmifOmif: xl:ugif:rl:qldof:eh. rldefpmif;Omif:xl:pdef,wl, rldif:uvK:eef.bl,bof;eh ykdef:rmef<auK; wSrf;rhmoh. bl,/ wD;rldif:ydof, Sriksetra eh. ugyf;cofawK,cof trf,rSef;uefsv; ckefrgef:cof rK:wkduf:Odrf: tofySwf;uGK,bof; oK;eh qdlif.eh/ ykdef:zreh. ugyf;yldof;uGK,cyf.yDref:qgrf: qzD.IK,qK, BC-800/ 900 (qof.ylef.wD;eK,)sv; ohm:vifcyf.wmrf:rK:qldof:eh. cof;xSofbmyf,uGK,/ wD;Sriksetra eh. I pmef:sc, Xuangzang zSofrK: rldof; AD-643 tefoK;eef. ref;uSef,aOyldef;bof./ urf;wlof ref:zSofrK:aO urf.wlofref:wSrf;oh.vl:/ tefqof.vldofeh. ykdef:zrwSrf; yDref: qldof:eh. aw cyf.qgrf:bmyf,sw.sw./ yDtzD.IK,qK, ckefuvK:pdef,wl, zSofwK;ugifrK:eef. ayK:awruf:ref; qgrf: zkdefwh:? zkdefsc,? zdkefuvK:? oh.P;yAef AD-850 ehqkdif awrSef;wldof:bl,bof;/

      e[:yyf. Dr.tl:¨mef:xkef:(OBLnf,ylof,)wSrf;vgif;yhm:pdef,wl, sv. ykwf.xNrf,irf:eldof rldif:rmef<eef.(rkd;ausmfolpmay? 2010)wSrf;seoh. qkdof;uof,cgifrldif:zrtefMif.oK; yK:rK:(Bur-ma)eef. vkuf.wD;Brahman(jA[®ma'o)eh.yAefrK:/ ayK:wlnf:wD;eh. awvh;pef vgif;qmof: pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:wD;rldif:eh. qof.eK,bof;eh/

      oAif:uof, wD;rldif:zrrldof;vAof yAefulef:uvK:pdef,wl,cof sw,wif;rK:/ rldif:ayB,rldof;vAofeh. qkdof;Sriksetra? yAefqkdof;xgwf;qkdof;rSwf; cgifpdef,wl,cof/ oAif:(wgif,wdgef:)eh.auK; rmef<tguf, OAif yD.welof: ehauK; yAefqkdof;TzK:pdef,wl, Vishnu./ IK,rowD,ehauK; yAefqkdof;TzK:pdef,wl, Ramavati/

      TOK,vliftl:wdef,tgif, wSrf;oh. ulef:rmef< vkuf.wD; rldif:uvK:rK:eh trf,oK;/ IK,qul:rK: If(vkuf;qhm: uBmef,qdwf.wK:)Orf.q[.wkdof:vduf; yK,vD.? rmef<? ydof,? rgef:/ ugyf;eh yl:urf,eh.yAef ydof, sv. rmef< Nrf;uefsw,wif;rK:/ qkdof;yl:urf,eh. yAef ydof,urf,r(Pyu-gama)yAefyl:urf,rK: oK;eh/ ydof,eh. avK:yldef;(umef:bmef,? ¨Swf.)aOsv; phmyAef rmef<uGK,/ ydof,eh. yAefcdlof:ykif, eK: yl:Il:/ yl:urf,eh.auK; yAefvh; Purugama eef.? eh.auK; vDtofolef.qgrf: wSuf;eldif:qgrf: bl,bof;/

      ykdef:rldif:zr tefzrcofwSrf;eh. cofqkuf:eldof q[puf.cldof:cofvAofvAofeef. pSif:ylef. oh.tdwf:ekdif;/ auK.tmef,eef. awvh;eldif:wSuf; ykdef:yldef;pdrf:Mrf:aOugef,/ wD;wK;ugifeh. rD: rldif:wh:? ckefwh:oh.eh trf,seoh./ ckefuvK:pdef,wl, tzD.IK,qK, vkuf.wmif:rldif:uvK:ygwf:Mif, qkdif:cof;xkdif wK;ugifrK: rldof;BC-800/900/ yguf;urf:Ogif ckefuvK:pdef,wl,eif,uof, qkdof; wq IK,qK, oK;eh/ vkuf.wD; rldif:uvK:ygwf:qmef:cof;rK:ql:wK;ugif xSif;urf:ekdif;/ cmof:eef. ulef:pdef, wl, qkdif:cof;zif,erf.uAofauK; rD:wif:erf/ ydof,yAefcldof:uvK:sv; ydof,zSofwD;v[ pdef,wl,zSofwD; eef./ ykif,eK:(yIK,rmef,)zSofwD;eef.eif,uof,bof;/ ckefuvK:Ogifrl, zSofwK;ugifrK:ehsw. clof: cgiftefcofclwf.pef wD;wK;ugifeh. yAefclof:ydof,oK;eh/ uvK:pdef,wl,cof arKpAwf:arKwkdof:cSyf:wgif:? arKavK,cSyf:idkef:qArfqof.bof;/ eef.sv; cSyf:wgif:? cSyf:ikdef: tefclwf.vh;rK: awvh;pef pmif;pdef,wl,? pmif;OBD,oK.? pmif;iSrf<OmrfvSrf? pmif;quf.uK.? pmif;olof:? pmif;Ndef:? uGmif? eluf.bkif:? pmif: OK,? Mhcmof? Oofomif:? cgef.zwf.? arK;erf.? pmif;yK qldof:eh.bl,bof;/

      zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh. qof.wldof:vldof zK,OK,ykwf.x yAefpAifyDref:bl,bof;/ vgif;rD:ckef quf.uBK,oaw:? Omrf,OIK,? vgif;IweK,qAwf:yK:(quf.uK.? qmif.? rK.? ywrBK:? ar:emif:? Oax:? vkuf;qhm:vlif)qldof:eh. rD:oh.e[:uBmrf:ao,wpdef,wl,cofaO qkdrf:cof;uBmrf:ykwf.xrK:/ OdefpK;OAef;eh. auK; yAefacK;ckefquf.uBK,oaw: ylifpmrf;oh.bK,cK;q[yldef;? bK,vuf.? bK,zdwf:ar:yldef;? bK,ySwf. bK,chm,? bK,udefvof;rof:urf/ e[:ykdef:zrOrf. wSrf;vgif; ckefquf.uBK, seoh.bl,/

      e[:rldif:zreh. yhm:olef. vgif;pAwf:Omif; yhm:rldif: qldof:eh. tofhm:pdef,wl,sv. yhm:ykwf.x qof; Nrf,irf:oh. oK;eh/ ugyf;yldof; pdef,wl, rD:rK:qof.wldof: pdef,wl,zSofwD;sr;erf.uAof xK;oh.qof. eK,sv;(rldefuefwif: rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:)ayK:oK; yhm:pdef,wl,Nrf,irf:oh.tgefwmif:aO yhm:ykwf.x qkdif:cof;rK:zhm,vif ehqkdif awwldof:rSef;vDbl,bof;/ yhm:ykwf.xrK:zhm,vifaOwK. ckef sv. ulef:rldif: qlrf:tofyhm:ykwf.x wldof:rK:/

      e[:yyf. G.Coedes wSrf;seoh. - rldof; AD-1278 wyf.Okduf:sc, pkyf;wkduf:tofomef; rlof;(Bhamo)? AD-1283 wyf.Okduf:sc, Okdyf,wkduf:vlif:qgrf:erf.uAofrK: zSofiOgif,uBmef:/ qlof; wyf.Okduf:sc, yh,zSof yl:urf, apKcrf:zr eIK,OD,pyaw. tguf,yhm;ySwf;yl:urf,bof;/ wyf.Okduf:sc, Nrf,irf:rldif:wK;ugif rldof; AD-1284 eef.bof;/ rldof;apKcrf:zr awckdef:rK:ql: yl:urf,eef. vkuf;qhm:qof;uof,ref: tofref:whmySwf;rldof; AD-1287 wD;rldif:ayB,eef.bof;/ wyf.Okduf:sc,cof; Nrf,irf:yl:urf, yDeef.eif,uof,bof;/

      e[:yyf.ykdef:wh:? ykdef:sc,? ykdef:zhm,tAif:uvAwf; wSrf;oh. vgif;wK;ugifaO trf,uK: wK; ugifyAefrldif:wh:eh seoh.vDvDimrf:imrf:bl,/ yyf.ykdef:zrOrf.wSrf;vgif;wK;ugifbl,? ulnf:uK; cofsw, wD; ckefuvK:pdef,wl, tzD.IK,qK, zSofwK;ugifrK:eef.aO vgif;wK;ugifyAefrldif:wh: trf,wSrf; trf,rhm/ ykdef:zr rmef,emef: wSrf;seoh. vgif;tzD.IK,qK, zSofwK;ugifrK: rldof; BC-800/900 qldof:eh.v[? vgif;oK; tzD.IK,qK,vkuf.rldif:TzK:rK:aO yAefcldof:TzK:(Ouf.uBK.)v[? qkdof;oAif:wK;ugif? ckefwK;ugif cyf.wmrf:wSrf;seoh. qldof:eh.v[? wK,awpyf.Okdyf,wkdof:uGK, bmyf,sw.sw./ ydkef:rldif:z r? ykdef:rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:? ykdef:rldif:xh:urf;zgif; yAefykif,eK: tgefwSrf;urf;erf/ ykdef:tefyAef bl,rldof;cmof:wSrf;eef. rSef;oh.bl,/ tefcofwkduf.vmuf;NefvifuGK,eef. trf,qyf:wmif:ref:/ ykdef: sc,ulnf: wSrf;rldof;ref:pef? tefref:pefeef.ulnf:/ e[:apKsc, MrfOdrf:vduf;wlofxlyf:yAefoh. bl,eef. rD:oh. 5000 yD awK,rldof;vAof/

      ugyf;eh ykdef:wK;ugif teftofwKwh:wSrf;eef. vDrD:bl,/ awvh;clef.cGK.pKaOwSrf;bl,/ zl;wSrf;vduf; pKtguf,rK:ceh. cyf.wrf:serK;qldif.eh P;yAefykdef.uSef,cSifwK,Okdyf,clef.cGK.uGK,xSif; eef.aOurf:/ Okdyf,clef.cGK.xSif;aOurf:/

À À À À À À

rldif:rmof:vlif

      e[:qldof;AD-567-1448 (yDwh:661-1547)ckefvl:? ckefvh:? Ogifqof;yD;egif.tofrldif: rmof:(ymif,yAif:pdrf:erf.rmof:)wif;yAefiof;rldif:/ Nrf,irf:ylef. erf.clif:? erf.uAof? Nrf,awK,Mwf;qAif: wkif? qAif:OSef? qAif:rh,/ xkdifrK: ymefqof;tl:wAif, Nrf,vh;wldof:xSif; xkdiferf.sr;Mif;Nof;/ erf. sr;yIK,rK.ykwf.wIK,(erf.yl,vK<rK:zl:xldof;vK<)auK; ir:zSofuGK, e[:ymef apKOSifOldofcmef,'K./ ayK:tofrldif:wh:rK:oK;qkdif yAefcmof:irf:vh; uGmif;wldof:vldofsw.sw.? omef;rldif:auK; udkef:xK:cdkef;b[, r[,Okifoh./

      bl,rldif:rmof:aO wif;rldif:wldif:uK:/ rD:cK;omef;ulef:rldif: rdkef,OSefNdef:/ ygh,Okduf:wkduf:qdif:? ayK:vh;bof.wD;ekdif; ygh,P;vkuf;qhm:uGK,ugef:irf:auK.ekdif;/ rD:uGmrf:ruf:wdef,P;cof e[:ekdif;yDP;rK:Omuf; yefcldif;cgif xkdifiof;aq< oAif:vlifrldif:rmof: ekdif;yguf;oK;eh/

      vkuf;qhm:vlifckefvl: Mif.qkdof;ckefvlif irf:ugef:wK;ugif/ ckefzK.irf:ugef:rldif:bmif:? rldif: rlof,? ekdif;yD rK:Omuf;rK./ ckeftl irf:ugef: vrfymif<? qAif:OSef? ekdif;yD rK:Omuf;qmif./ ckefuldof olnf,'K. irf:ugef: rldif:abK? ekdif;yD rK:Omuf;crf:/ ckefvK; irf:ugef: oAif:qK<vAif,? ekdif;yD rK: Omuf;eluf.uKerf./ ckefqK; irf:ugef: tK,oK.? rK:Omuf;OSif/ ckefOl,irf:ugef:rldif:bl./

      bl,e[:umyf;ymefrldif:rmof:eh. umyf;ckefwldif: yAeftefqkdof;OAifNdof;Ndif:oh./ ckefvlifrldif: vmef.qof; rK:urf.qgh;ref:/ ckefwldif: pAwf:qof;apKcrf:rldif:rmof: vh; 72 yD? tK,bl. 88 yDOAif; umrf,/ OAef;wmif:uGK,vDrK:Mwf;/ vgif;uK.chm tldif,wldif:rldif:pof: sv. wmif,ukef? wmif,wldif:uK: yAefvD ar,cmuf;Ndif:xK:/

      awOkdyf,wSrf;vgif;ckefwldif: bmrf:rldof;vAuf./ e[:omef;aq<wgif; rldif:rmof:? vkuf;qhm:wh: Ndef:ekdif; qkdof;thm;/ b[,rK:aO wif:emif:euK: pyf.ySif:uef? yAefNdef:/ rldof;AD-730 yDeef. rD:vkuf;qhm:rK:auK.ekdif; P;qkdof;ckefwldif:oK;eh/ ckefwldif:rldof;vAuf.eef. vAef;pdrf:erf.pdrf:egif/ zkduf:pAef:cSef.? pAef:uK; vhm:wdefvhm:rkdof:/ wgif;xmrfvgif;umefomef;rl:rldif:/ rD:q[c[;uGK,w[;rK:eldof/ rD:pmif;zmifqof;qgrf/

      ckefwldif:b[,vh; 16 yDrSef;rldof; ckefvlifrldif:vmef.qof; vlduf;? qmrf:? pKvkuf;clnfqof;/ vkuf;bdif:qof; eif;bl,wd; ukefvAof? apKvAof erf.Myf;oh./ ayK:oK; zl;v[trf,q[.Ndof:sy:OifaO zSofvh;wD;emif:qkdif awpyf.P;yAefclnfqof; oK;eh/ ckefwldif: ugyf;rD:sr;euK:qgh;xSrf;sv; wh: eldofzdoferf.aO xkdifapKigef< emif:Omofeef.vh;bof;/ emif:auK; qlrf:puf.sv;  clefwldif:vh; emif:bof;/

      rldof;AD-762 (yD;wh: 856)? ckefvlifrldif:vmef.qof; rldif:wh: pyf.Mif:P;ckefwldif:(vkuf; clnfqof;)yAefckefapKcrf:rldif:rmof:aObof;/ ckefvlifrldif:vmef.qof; ygh,ulef:arKrK: P;qgh;auK,pmif;apK rldif:rmof:sw.bof;/ ohm:eh. ckefwldif:cGmuf;rldif: vh;yK:eldofclif:? qAif:wkif? qAif:rh,? rldif:vmof:? rldif:ab; emef;ygwf:Mif, qldof:eh.bof;/

vgif;qof;apKcrf:emif:vl:

      ohm:aOumyf;ymef ckefwldif: sv. vkuf;vmef(AD-762-954)? cofqAuf,uef? zef:uef? pdrfpmif;pdrfapKsv; awK,ayK: trf,rD:vkuf;ckefuGK,/ qif,Orf.rD:rK: vldwf;ckef-emif:vl: ckdef;yAef qof;emif:apKcrf: wD;oAif:aq<vmef. rldof;AD-954/ qlof;vkuf;ymefvmef eif;apKcrf: awK,AD-1330 (yDwh:1084-1424)bl,bof;/

      vkuf;qhm:emif:vl: qof;wlefNof ckdef;yAefqof;apKcrf:aq<vmef./ ref:qof;sv. ckef wof. zgrf.uefvDimrf:/ rldif:rmef< rK:wkduf:aq<vmef.? coftrf,rK:qrfvh;? cofvh;yguf;rldof:rldif:cof/ ref:qof;ygifOmif;sr: rldif:rmof:vlif/ cGmuf;ar,vh; rldefuof,bof;/ ulef:wif:vhm Mif.ref:qof;]]qof; 'K.vlifMif:rldif:}}oK;eh/(AD-1024)

emif:rgef:vK;

      qof;wlefNof rD:vkuf;qhm: qof;auKvmif: sv. vkuf;bdif: qof;rgef:vK;/ ugyf;yldof;c[;P;rD: vgif;vD wK,ulef:rldif:sv; qif,tofvkuf;bdif: yefqof;taeK,IxK, P;yAefemif:ar:/ ohm:vif emif:eif,uef chm,uefoK; ref:rD:zldof.eh vh;ckdef:rldof:rldif:rmof:aq<vmef./ rldof;uGK,auK; rD:rl,qldif. emif: cD,qmif.uGK,? cD,qmif.rldof:Ndef:/ emif:rgef:vK; sw,xmwf;Olnf,qK,bmef,/ qof;auKvmif:rK: pyf.? ref:emif:ayK:OAif;umrf, wD;OD,yguf;(OD,ayK.? arK,cAof;ulof)bof;/ ckrfOmif:OSif:ref:emif: rD;bl, wD;OD,ayK./

umyf;apKcrf: cldof:Ndef:Oldof

      e[:qlof; qof;apKcrf:rldif:rmof:vlif(urf;zgif;auK; bgif;yAefrldif:ulof:qrf,yD,)rD:qof;Oldofcmef, 'K. wkduf:Okduf:zef:rldif:bl,wK,aO,/ OldofNrf,'K.? Oldofirf:'K.? Oldofckdef;'K. cofauK; yAefqof; cdlof:Ndef:Oldof/ iof;oAif: chm.yAefvhmwD;/ aq<phm:? aq<vmef.? wK<ylof<? qAif:vkdef:? ugif:apKcrf: (ymif,ykif,)? rldif:ugifqldof:eh.bof;/

      ugyf;yldof;eK;Okduf:wkduf:awK:trf,xmwf,? qof;Oldofcmef,'K. blif:aOK,P;ulef:rldif:ul;auK. P; uwf.cSef,oK;eh/ ekdif;yDekdif;yguf; pAwf:ymifsc.cAif,cSef./ zhm,'dif;si;ehauK; Orf.blif:aOK,P;arK ]]atK;cK;}}awK,uef/ P;ulofbrf xgrf,uGmrf:xof;su, oK;eh/

      eK;vdefrldif:rmof:vlif ekdif;pkdifekdif;b[,uGmif;/ yD AD-1331 ref:qof;P;egif.qhm:ref:qof; Omrfvlif cgwf,Okduf:wkduf:awK: zhm,oef:wluf:(zSofyIK,rK.ykwf.wIK,)/ Okduf:qof;Omrfvlif rldefzK. zK,rh. pkyf;vh;vhmrldif:vhmwldif:/ ohm:rK: wldif:b[, wldif:tgef, rK:ugrf:awK,rldif:rmof:vlif/ Oldofcmef,'K. pyf.yAefapKOSif(at,uISwf.)bof;/ aw,qArfrldof; AD-1342 ogif.sc, rdef.Oof. rK:wkduf:rldif:rmof: (vl.Ogef<)vhmyguf;vhmyD trf,cof;vh;? yhm;cdkef:rldof:uGK,bof;/

     

clofqlrf clofzl:

      vhmumyf;ylef.uGK, OldofNrf,'K.cdkef;eif;rldif:rmof:vlif/ ugyf;pAwf:vh; vof; sv. emif:bdif:? rldof; AD-1384 ref:qof;wif;umwf,r[,/(iof;oAif:yAef ymif,ugif:apK? ymif,ykif,/ clofqlrf clofzl: rD: su; ymif,ykif, sv. rl,aq< rldof;vAof)/ umwf,eK;uAif; sv. uhm,clofqlrf(bl,oh.e[:erf.? Ogifrh.)wK, ulef:eK;uAif;/ umwf,eK;vhm: sv. clofzl:(clofOrwK<)wK,ulef:eK;vhm:/ ref:y[.wlnf: cKvof:emif: bdif: qldof:vh;wh,clofqlrfeef./ ref:yAefapKcrf:bkyf:auK.ekdif;ulnf:sv; zgif:rldif: sv. ulef:rldif: zgrf.uefaO ydef;awK,ref:? ref:vh;tguf,yhm;uGK,xkdif rldif:aO/

ckdef:sr:rldif:

      qof;Oldofimrf,'K.(irf:'K.)? vkuf;qhm: OldofNrf,'K. Okdyf,ckdef;eif;rldif:/ ref:qof;qgrf: 'dif;'K.ygifrldif:(10)yldifeef. vDimrf:/ P;wdefzgrf.q[/ cgwf,Okduf:wkduf:awK:/ trf,ayK:vhmyD tof vh; rldif:rSef: awK,xkdifrldif:aO/ omef;rldif:Ndof;Ndif:yldif:O[rK:/ ulef:rldif:auK; rD:q[vDq[qlrf:qgrf:rK:/

rldif:rmof:vlifvl.umef.

      ugyf;yldof; qof;Oldofimrf,'K. pdrfirf:vh; eK;vdeferfwldof:rK:aOtrf,uK: Orf.qkdif:ckdef; wmif:rldif:eldof rldif:sc, uGK,wduf:wduf:sv; ogif.sc, rh;q[c[;qK.aO ylifuGmrf:P;pkyf;tofckdef: vSef vdef/ ehsv; rD:rK: ykdef:vlif]]wkduf:vl.Ogef<(rldif:rmof:vlif)Omrfyguf;}}ehbof;/ e[:qlof;cmof:ySwf,yD rK:wkduf:rldif:rmof:vlif Omrfyguf;/ Okduf:sc,rD: 350,000? Okduf:qof;'K.wh:rD: 200,000 sv.qmif./ awK,yguf;Ogif sc,Okrf:umef.? yguf;OmrfrK: rldif:rmof:vlifauK:qrf,yD,auK; vl.umef.uGK,bof;/ trf,rD:rldif: wkrfuSef,aOyAefrK: qof;'K.tgef,tD;wif:erfbof;/

qof;'K.rldif:wD:

apKrldif:wD:(umyf;rdef.Oof. awK,xdkif umyf;Odef<Oof.)rD:oh.awK,rldof;vAof qof;'K.rldif:wD: rldof;qof. qkdof;wof.ukif,rldif:/ ohm:rK: ckefsc,Orf.ylifyefwK;ckef-ykdof;zl<qmif:/ ohm:vifOrf. bkuf; ref:qof;xSif;? P;yAef OSef<zl<qmif:/ rD:wyf.pSif:b[,P;y[.yK:Nrf,vlrf;xkdifqArf rldif:rSef:/ rldof; AD-1444 Orf.bkuf;xSif;wK;ckef P;yAefOSef<zl<Okdof</ 'dif;wmrf, ayK:wmif:zdwf:oof(rof)P;r[? ayK:wmif:zdwf:b[,euf:P;tofwhm/

'dif;si;'dif;rgef:

      ulef:vlifvkuf;tgef, tgefuefuK;bmif:(omef;)? ugifrgif:bmif:? ugifrgif:Oldif:/ uK;ugiftSef (ugifyAefOdyf: yAefOmof:)? pknfugif? pyf:ugif qldof:eh./ uK;eluf.bkif:(bldif;eluf.bkif:zl; bgyf,uK;)/ uK;rK.Odyf:Ogif yAefwmif:uK;wh: ymefuof,uof,? uGK,uK;xkdif ogif.apKOSifvlof;bmif;/ cof;oK,? pmifoK, yluf: Oofcgef, tguf,oK; ygh,Nif:wkdif<rdef/

vduf;vmofuof;Nnf,

      qArfrldof; uK,vK:uvK:(eyf.qgrf:vkuf;oef:udlwf,)yh,zSofwh:rK:eef. wh:ayK:rD:oh. vduf;wgif xef? rhmqSef,oh.]]vlwlnf:vmofuof;vSif:}}(eyf.qgrf: vmofvSif:uof;vkuf;)/ Ndef:bl,qAif,wmif: yAef Oif/ rK:pKrldof;vDbmrf:imrf:/ pAwf:pkdofawyAefpSif:xSif;uef/ vldefrmif;(vldefvgif;)? vdlefrmwf,? oef:rmwf, qldof:eh. rK:ygifqgrf:uef? pKOmif;? pK;udef/ eyf.yef vgif;tguf,wK;yhwmif:/ vlwlnf: eK;(Ohm)vdef vDtrf,vD/ yDwh: qof.vldof yD AD uGK, 94 yD/ wlnf:qgrf: uK,vK:NofuhauK; rD: ugef,/

wh:arKvD,erf.qArfqof.

      erf.wuf:wD;erf.arK,? urf;zgif; trf,ayK:O[ erf.rD:cmef</ ugyf;eh wh:pAwf:vD,erf. aO vD,ySwf; qif,wkdof:? udefrK:bof;/ wD;ulef:Ogif:vlif Oldof,umyf,qgif<rgif:? wgifwlnf? Orf.tof rmuf,pdefwAifO[,/ eldofref: Oldof,Ohm:cmof? Oldof,xmef,/ ayK:q[.vD,qldif.eh vh;wkdof:erf.vD erf.O[ bof;/

Ndef:wh:

      tofrh.qdif? rh.rlof,? rgif,Odof,aO wif;eldofvkuf;rmuf,pdef/ rkif:OD,eK;? rkif:cK:zh:/ yAef Ndef:pmif; rD:qmef:/ zlnf:Ndef: pmrf.qef:? erf.zlefqAof:bSwf:? sp.vlrf:/ OmrfMif;? pK;Mif;/ eldofNdef:rD: zD:'h:? arK;erf.? erf.wof;/ qgrf.zKOmef? vhm:rguf,zKOmef rD: 12vhm:/ zKvSef< umif cef;Mif,/ e[:Mif, rD:clofvhvlif:Ndef:/

      pmif;Ndef:pmif;ekdif;sw. tofrh.qdifOgef<wldofof,/ tofvkuf;(ugef;)vdefvgrf.OmrfeK;trf, rD:N:vSif:wD;zK/ eldofNdef:sw. O[,N:oK; OD,qAif,/ Mif;Ndef: yAefuduf;? rD:Omrf? pK;? qAwf:Mif;/ ulnf:uK; OmrfMif;urf;erf/ Okdif,rkdof.Okdif,'h: qyf:oh.wmif:Mif,acKacK/

      xSif;pmif;ekdif;sw. tofrh.qdif rh.rlof, avK:uefauK,yAefNdef:/ ekdif;Mif; wmif:wkdof:vhm bmif,/ rkif:Ndef:rD: OD,eK;? O[,qmef:Ogifzhm,? yAefNdef:pmif;/ rkif:cK:pmrf.qef:qkdif erf.qAof: bSwf:sv; cK:auK; emef:vl.emef:eof;/ ukif:Ndef: sv. zlnf:Ndef:rmifqldof: arKpAwf:P;vdwf: cdkef;rK:tdwf:ekdif;aO Orf.pAwf:vhmqef.sv; tguf,pmif;vhmpmef.oh./

tlof;yArf, OmrfavK:

      ykrf,Olduf; ckefOmrfavK: emif:tlof;yArf,? wh:ul;wD; ul;rldif:? ul;N.quf:bl,bof;/ yAef'dif; si; Olduf;ydkef:wh:bof;/ wD;rldif:wh:eldof(bl,emef,)auK; rD:? rldif:udkifr? rldif:qAif:wgif:/ rldof;uof,yl, rgef,ehm:bK:pof: yAefwh:eldofeif,uefbof;/ vkuf.rldif:ukdifrchm.rK:wmif:qmef:auK; rK:wif;rldif:ukdif eh ulnf:bof;/ vkuf.rldif:qAif:wgif: wmif:eldof chm.vlif:rK: wmif:qmef:auK; rK:wif;qAif:wgif:ulnf:bof;/ ohm:vif vgif;cof;ql:uef? cof;tguf,uef trf,rD:uGK,sv; yl,rgef,ehm:bK:pof: vkuf.wD;v[rK:ehauK; pof:trf,pKtrf,qgrf:bof;/ wD;rldif:wh:eldof vduf;vgif;tlof;yArf,OmrfavK: rD:wif:erf? oguf:? uGmrf:? vduf;vlif/ wD;rldif:wh: eldofclif: rldof;ykwf.xzK,OK, trf,yh,zSofcofeef. OAifwh: trf,rD:]]e}}? trf,rD:]]n}}/ ugyf;eh vldif<? Ogif? Omrf? vrf.vlrf:? vldofNdef:/ ykwf.xzK,OK,zSofrK: rldof; AD-600/700 ehauK; coftofqgrf:wlef: Sanskrit(wSuf.uw)sv; tguf,OAif]]tlof:}}/ tlof<uK<OK.? erlof<wO? Omrfvlof:/ ygwf:qmef:Orf. tofqgrf:wlef:OAif Pali(yK,vD.)sv; tguf,OAif]]atK:}}/ atK:uK,O earK:wO? OmrfavK:/ vkuf.eh.uGK,eK; bK,P;vh;oK; wh:ySuf,uef? uGmrf:wh:trf,rldef uef/ eh. trf,vDoK;bof;/ vDwkdof:acK;vDwldof:(wh:trf,ySuf,uef? uGmrf:wh:rdlefuef)pmuf;wh:tef vAofeef. vDwldof:cK;atK;/

cl:oAif: apKOSifaq<vmef.

      uofcK; yAefulef:aq<vmef.aOwK. trf,Ol;OD,OD,? yef,Myf;ymwf;vgrf.cl:oAif:P;ayK:ygif, Nofygif,pmif qgwf,uGK,eef./ cl:oAif:aq<vmef.eh. ayK:oK; cl:oAif:Oldofcmef,'K. ehauK;vh;cK;bof;/

      ugyf;yldof; qof;arKydkef:wh:cof cl:vlifwD;qef.qgrfcof e[:rldif:bl,emef, sv. rldif:wh: tofvgif;clef.cGK. vSrf:tguf,rK:qldof:eef. tofrK:wSuf;uefaO ilyf.iD.uef? zgrf.qgrf:uefaO pAwf: tguf,vh;rK:]]ymef:ODOlduf;cldof: umyf;omef;udif:rldif:wh:-Tai Kingdom}}rldif:rmof: 2007/ rldof;qof.Orf. rD: cl:vlif ydlof;? uAyf:MrfwgrfpKyyf.wh: e[:rldif:bl,emef,(vduf;xlof,iguf;? wlofygwf:? wlofbmof:)pdrf: 30 yD/ eh.auK; awvh;wmif,zdkefcgyf;q[xkdifref:qof; vDimrf:sw.bof;/ e[:apKsc, vlof;bmif;? yldof.qdef<(qdif<)qldof:eh. vgif;e[:apK z[rK:cof;tguf,? uGK,wkduf:rldif:v[? z[rK:uof:? vgif;rldif:pdrf:Mrf: qldof:eh. cofwSrf;rhmoh.vDimrf:? Odrf:ySif:oh.vDimrf:sv; rldof;vAof qldof:arKvduf;vhm:sc,eef. pKtguf, vh;wD;eef.vDimrf:bl,/ zkdefe[:apKeef. yAefzkdefrhm qgrf:yD qgrf:oef:oh.bof;(ohm:vif qif, vmrf:vmrf:aO wSrf;O[,? wSrf;rhm qldif.eeftrf,q[;)/ ulef:rldif:oef:wluf:? ulef:zIif,sw. cof clef.cGK. pAef:tof wD;pdrf:Mrf:aO wSrf;wrf:oh.yefuGK,bof;/

      wD;aq<vmef.auK; rD:ckefrK: vhmumyf;vhmymefbl,/ wD;apKvlifrldif:rmof:? ohm:aO umyf;ymef ckefwldif: sv. vkuf;vmefref: cofqSuf,uef zef:uef sv; awK,pmef.ayK:trf,rD:vh; qof; awOkdyf,apKuGK,/ qif,Orf.rD:rK: vldwf;ckef-emif:vl:? ckdef;pAwf:apKcrf:(AD-954)tofaq<vmef. yAefiof;rldif: rldif:rmof:vlif/ ugyf;ehsv; ulef:rldif:aq<vmef.cof Mif.aq<vmef. oK; oAef:vmif: (emif:)ehbof;/

      qof;Oldofcmef,'K. Nrf;uefwif: qof;Omrfvlif'K.aO wkduf:vh;rldif:rdwf;bof.(AD1331) auK; rK:eif;apKwD; aq<ph:/ bl,wD;eef.aO ygifomef;ygifrldif:/ P;pAwf: cl:oAif:aq<vmef./ wmif: vkduf.ref: xlrf;qlof;rh.yluf,/ Mr.RigbiauK; rK:wlnf:uGK,rldof; AD-1896 sv; ref:auK;wSrf;oh. wmif:vkduf.rD: 25-ft ehbl,/ qof;Oldofcmef,'K. ylifuGmrf: P;pAwf:cl:oAif:aq<vmef.]]ekdif;Ndef: ekdif; eK;wif,OSif:}}/ yK:qArfzuf:wlcl: oAif:OD,zhm,? yK:qArf auK,uSefq[rldif:? apKqldof:eh.sv; pkdifuGK,Omrf yD/ eefsv; ]]ekdif;Ndef:ekdif;eK;wif,OSif:? OmrfvldefvSif:(OmrfyD)qif,bof.}}rD:uGmrf:oh.qldif.eh/

      qof;Oldofcmef,'K. sv. qof;Omrfvlif'K.(qof;OmrfwK)Okdyf,wkduf:Okduf:trf,zK:trf,ygh,? ar,cGmuf;omef;rldif:/ eefsv; rD:oh.acK;uGmrf:]]auKvmif: Omrfrkdef,Ndef: rD:ulef:wKqldef:ayK:qgwf,/ aq<vmef. Omrfrdkef,omef; rD:ulef:cKpmef; ayK:qSwf,}}/ ugyf;ydlof; oAif:auKvmif:(auK:vdef: rldof; vAof)yAefwyf.umif, sv; vh;wkduf: vh;zdkuf:vh;bkdof:umif,eK,eef. qof;umif,wKayK:qldef: wif:erf bof; oK;eh/ aq<vmef.sw. ulef:wkduf:Okduf:auK;erf? ulef:rmwf,auK;erf? ulef:cKpmef;auK; eK, pmif; ayK:qgwf,qSwf,uGK, ul;wD;bof;/

      pof:cK; bl,qgrf:cl:oAif:rK: wif:OmrfymefaOwK. pof:cK;uldof:oK; pof:pefbl,N.bl,eef.trf, pKvAyf;pAef:oh.vDvD/ xkdifrK: AD-2006 qif, pof:cK; auKvduf;vhm: oAif:rlaq< sv. aq<vmef. qif,zgrf.uefaO uGK,rlef.? uGK,wof cl:oAif:awK,ayK;qgwf,? awK,ayK:ygif,uefuGK,bof;/ rldof;qof.tgef uefoK; cl:oAif:aq<vmef.yAefcl:oAif:Omrfpmef.(Omrfxmyf;)oK;eh/ eK;vdefe[:oAif:(cl:oAif:awK,cl:oAif:) eK;oef:tguf,awK, eK;oef:wluf: rD:1.6vuf:/ eK;Mif,awK,eK;qmef: rD: 2 vuf: vldofvldof/ wlif,cl:oAif: yAefoh.Ogifwlif,? wlif,e[: pmrf.Okufwldof:/ vhm,erf.vhcof;xkdif wlif,e[:? ayK:vlef.Orf. vlef.O[, cl:oAif:wlif,eguf;/ vhm,erf. vhcof;wlif,eguf;auK; rD:oh.pif:ref:/ Mif;(Mif<)erf.Ogrf,rldof; vAofeh. yAefzhmykwf:uGK,sv; yAefMif;erf.vhcof;ql: egifbif,uGK,/ pdrf:wlef;pkif: qlof;yh,zSofegif bgif, rD:ymif,tkifchm:/ uGK,vAef;eldofref:? eK;vdefwkduf.bgyf,oh.bl,/ ulef:clwf.cl:oAif:cof qwf:umef cSef,sw.bl,/ cl:oAif:wlif, eguf; vhm,erf.cof;? cof;wmif:Mif,? cl:oAif:ykwf:wK,erf.vlef. rD:wmif: qmef:/ cl:oAif:ykwf:eh. vAyf;uGK,zhm,qmef:uRif:Mif, eh.aOsv; ykwf:oh.wD;eef.bof;/ erf.vlef. awvlef.qgrf:Oefvghvlif:uGK,/ erf.vlef.eh. awuGK,bkdif;oh.bl, wD;egifbgif, sv. tkifchm: rldof; vAofeh.bl,bof;/

      arKay,wmif,uK,vK:eh vDwK,auK.eh. qK.wK,auK.eef.bof;/ vDwK,rldif:eh. qK.wK,rldif: eef.bof;/ wyf.sc,rK:bK.vhmyguf;trf,vh;? trf,sy.sv; pKq[.vhm:arKuK,vK:aO qkdif:vgh:vgh:bof;/ qkdif:bK.aq<vmef. awK,pmef. ckefwh:ayK:chm.apKuGK,wD; ymif,apKcrf: ymif,ykif,(erf.ykif,)eef.bof. (AD-1384)/ rldof;ymef rof,qD,wkif:? P;sc,cofrK:bl, qldof:ymif,ugif:apKaO P;zkuf,wlef;bmif bl, bof;/ rldof;yD;emif: qof;apKcrf:rldif:xh: rK:tSof,xkdif rldif:rmof:eef. ref:emif:bgef:wlnf: ymif,apK crf:/ sc,cofoK; coftrf,N. oK;eh/ yldef;sw. yldef;vAyf;pAef:ykdef:wh:vDvDaOqif,rK:/ eefsv; ref:emif:vh;pef yD;egif.wh:eldof sv. Ndef:wh:eldof uGK,vhmvhmulnf:/ rldof;vAofsw. ugyf;c[;rD:vgif; qefq[ ulef:vmof:rldif:sv; ymif,ugif:apKeef. cdkef:wD,zAof;ySwf;rlwf:aO ckdef:auK,ckdef:apKuof,wh: ckdef:bof;/ ayK:rD:ulef:rK:tSof,rldif:rmof:erfauK; cSuf,awvlef.rK: wmif:rl,aq< erf.crf:/ ulef:c[; rldof:pef cl:oAif:aq<vmef.auK; awwldof:rK:bl,bof;/

ulof:qrf,yD(auK:Orf,yD,)

      oAif:rldif:rmof:auK; zl,wSrf;vduf;urf;zgif; bgif;abK:aO azK,ukduf:? wSrf;udkuf:(ulof:Orf,yD,)eh uGK,/ ulef:rldif:sw. z[trf,qgrf:N./ rldefeif,eef rldif:OSefoDauK; ugyf;yldof; c[;P;xSif;O[, ukif,tl rldif:OSefoDsv; zl,wSrf;vduf;urf;zgif; tofqkdof; auK:Orf,yD, wSrf;ukduf:uGK,/ eh.auK; ulef:rldif:trf, N./ auK:Orf,yD,eh. rK:e[:ykdef:TzK:? yAefoAif:e[:rldif:uvK:eh. oAif:ekdif;/ eif,eef oAif:bgifNnf; (bgif;Nnf,? ngif,Olnf,)eh.auK; urf;zgif;wSrf;qyf:oh.oK; yAefrldif:auK:Orf,yD,eh/ eh.auK; ulef:rldif: trf,N.? trf,qyf:Olyf:/ tefyAefvh;sw. rldif:rmof:vlif Nrf,vlrf;rldif:qldof:eh.rlwf:rlwf:sv; ugyf; ydlof;bgif;abK:rldif:rmof:vlif yAefrldif:auK:Orf,yD,eef. rldif:qldof:eh.auK; Nrf;uefbdkefqyf:uefoh. bof;/ ayK:yAefrldif:wh: awvh;rD:qkdof;wh:aOugef,/ qkdof;auK:Orf,yD,eh. yAefqkdof;uvK:? yAefqkdof; e[:ykdef:TzK:sv; yAefqkdof;uSrfulnf:/ yAefqkdof;iof; qkdof;yxK,e trf,v[;eef. vDN.qgrf:uefvh; bl,bof;/

      ayK:awrK:wlnf: rldif:rmof:vlifqkdif ref:trf,b[,trf,pSif: wmef,rldif:sc,vlifauK; ref:b[, wldof: rldif:zroh.sw.sw./ ayK:wlnf:eK;vdef tefqof;Oldofcmef,'K. irf:vh;Nrf,rK:eef.auK; erfoh.sw.sw./ ulnf:uK; rldif:wh: rK:rD:bl,e[:su; rldif:sc,sv. rldif:zroh./ wmif:Ogifrldif: trf,c[; pefwh:pSif:b[,rK:/ pKvhm:bK.qdif: P;bgh< P;vAuf.uGK,eef.bl,bof;/ zhm,zrcof vh;wmif:N.ykif,eK: rldif:uvK: xSrfolef.xSrfygif/ e[:rldif:uvK:auK; qkrf:ekdif;sv. vkrf:ekdif; yAefOkduf:uefbl,wK,aO sv; vhm:uof,wK,uof:ulef:cAefpof:eef. wldof.xkuf,uGK,auK;rD:(rK:wif;rldif: sp.vSefvdefcof 43oAif: rldof;ymef tel.Ikuf.xK,)/ rldif:sc,sw. vh:pefcofyefpSif:ulef:arK? yewK<ckef? rD:ymifxmrfvduf; vDvDimrf:imrf:/ ugyf;ydlof; rD:ulef:arKerfrK:eef. ulef:qgh;pSif:zkduf:yhm:ydif,nK,wK,qgh;ygif? qhg;olef. yef ckefwh: pSif:tlef;oh.tdwf:ekdif;/ eefsv; tefyldef;tofarKyldef;rK: bK.qdif:pof:eef. pof:trf,'mif.vh;? trf,pefvh;uGK,/ vhm:cSif? vhm:Okduf: pof:sy.bl,aO vhm:tlef;vhm:ekrf,? vhm:ydif, nK,eh. pSif:pof:tlef;uGK,wD;eh.aO yldef;auK;N.wD;eh.? yldef;auK; cof;bK.wD;eh. pSif:pSif:bof;/

      rldof;ymefqof;wlefNof(AD-1024)rldif:zr rK:wkduf:rldif:aq<vmef.? trf,cof;vh;sv; vh; NefuGK,/ ohm:vifrK: rldof;qof;tel.Ikuf.xK, zSofrldif:rmof:rK:? tmif;c[;rldof:bgef: qhg,awK,iK:OSifeef. trf,zSofvh; rldif:sc,/ ckefwh:rldif:vmef.qof; yefref:pmif;TzK:uGK,bl,/ cmof:eh. wh:rldif:vmef.qof;? wh:wD;rldif:rmof:? wh:wD;wK;ugif ayK:yAefcof;qmof:ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.rlwf:bof;/ ugyf;yldof; wif:ckefrldif: zr bK,P;rD:vgif;Okduf:Oldofoef:eK;eef. rldif:awK,rldif: pAwf:eK;wKvDawK,uef? uhm,clofidkef:clofcrf: awK,uefeef. qif,tofvkuf;bdif:ref:qof; emif:rgef:vK;(qArfrldof; bl,wD;eldif:rmof: ayK:yAef ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ a':cifrsKd;cspf wSrf;oK; emif:rgef:vK; zSofyl:urf,bof.aO qif,yAefykwf.x zK,OK,rK:eef. trf,rSef;Mh:ykdef: ykwf.xzK,OK,cgifwh:)/ ckefwh:sv. ckefsc, vh;urf:urf:wkduf: awK:uefoh./ Okduf:vlifOmrfyguf; wkduf:uefwif:sc,eef. yAefymefqof;Oldofimrf;'K.(AD-1384)/ rldof; AD1442? sc,wkduf:rldif:rmof:? e[:ykdef:rmef< rhmoh. NofOkduf:sc,eh. qkdof; okef,cBD,oK;eh/ e[: ykdef:sc, ykdef:wh:sw. NofOkduf:eh. qkdof;wmif;bD, oK;ehatK;/ cmof:eef. ckefwh:vh;chm.uGK, rldif: bmif:bof;/ cmof:eef. rldif:bmif:auK; rD:oh.bl, e[:rldif:rmof:vlif/ apKuof,wh:wD;rldif:bmif: yAefwD; wyf.zrbl,oh. rldof;vAofeh.bof;/

      e[:rldif:rmof:vlifeh. rD:rldif:rmof:/ rldif:rmof:vlif yAefapKOSifat,uImwf;? rldif:rmof:yAefqof; 'K.(apKcrf:)/ ugyf;ydlof;eh ayK:pof:pKykdef: awvh;vlwlnf:qgrf: yDref:cmof:eef.sv. vlwlnf: qgrf: eK;vdefref:cmof:eef./ ayK:awrK:vlwlnf: eK;vdefoef:eh.aO uGK,vmwf;vgif;oef:rldof; uof,eef.eh wh:rmof: yAefyD;egif.wh:eldofoh.bl,urf:vAof/ vduf;wh:eldof? wh:rmof: yAefvduf;wlofbmof: (vduf;wlofiguf;)eh.urf:vAof/ yD;egif.wh:ygwf:qmef:(urf;zgif;auK; Mif. wh:vlif)eh.auK; eif,eef/ yl,tguf,ehm:bK; yD;egif.wh:vlifauK; vkuf.wD;wmif:eldof chm.bhm.rK:ulnf:sv; pkdifvgwf;Mif.yAef wh: eldofvh;/ yD;egif.wh:pof: zSofwD;r[,aO pyf.qkdof;ukduf:wD;r[,eef.uGK,aO Orf.qAof:vkdrf:ySwf;wD;uof, rldif:uof,pof:eef.uGK,tdwf:ekdif;/ auK.oK;]]wh:rmof: trf,q[;wh:vlif(b[,)? wh:blef:trf,q[;wh:}}eh auK; bif:rD:ugef,/ ugyf;eh vDpKxgrf, zl,clef.cGK.seyefpof:rK:eef.bl,bof;/ wh:yAefwh:tef vAofwif:OAif;bof;/ qkdof;uof,auK;yK:? qkdof;r[,auK;yK:bof;/

À À À À À À

rldif:vmef.qof;

wh:rD:rK:rldif: sv. vgif;'dif;irf:rldif: pkdifemef:bl,bof;/ rldof;vAof 'dif;uof,pof:urf;zgif; uGK,rdlefsc,oh.eef.]]P;JJeef.yAefcgifsc,}}eh xkdrf;ySwf;uGK,oh:eK,/ rdlefeif,eef 'dif;si;pof:? acK;uGmrf:pof: uGK,Ogef.cgifrmef< bl,eef.eh.auK;]]P;JJeef.yAefcgifrmef<}}eh xkdrf;ySwf;uGK,oK; eK,/ tefwh:blef:Mif. ]]OIlof:}}eef. rldof;vAofrmef<cofOrf.Mif. ]]¨blof:}}eh/ clof:ymef.? clof:uguf:? yAefwh:blef: auK,wif;wrf:rK: wD;yl:urf,eh.sv; acK;uof,ref: yAefacK;wh:]]OIlof:}}eh. ulnf:/ zrrmef<cofOrf. 'dif;si;uvK:pdef,wl, tzD.IK,qK, Nrf,eK;vdefwD;eh.rK: rldof;eef. qkdof;rldif:auK; qkdof;Brahman Desh? sr;erf.auK; qkdof;Irrawaddy/ coftrf,ayK:c[;vmwf; vgif; 'dif;yldef;Nrf,xkdifcof/ ayK:qSuf,wlnf:vldwf;ulef:zr bif:awavK:yK:vldwf;uvK:oh.bl,/ yD;egif.wh: pof: ayK:cgifpof:rldefyldef;tdwf:ekdif;auK; awtofxkdrf;ySwf;rlwf:rlwf:bof.pkdof:/ wh:auK;oK;]]omef,}} sc,auK;oK; ]]omef:}}/ tar,ID.umef,oK;]]uK:}}? uBK,ymef,auK;oK;]]uK:}}/ wh:rD:rldif:b[,rldif:vlifrK:sw.bl,? rD:oh.awK,rldof;vAofbl,? bK,olef.oK; wh:trf,rD:'dif;si;eef.aOurf:/ pof:rD: thm;? bD<? Omrf? Oh,? yldef;trf,rD: thm;? bD<? Omrf? Oh,/ tldof; thm;? bD<? Omrf? Oh, pof:eh.bof. yAefcgifpof: 'dif; pof:/

rldif:wh:wK;ugif(BC-110-AD-850)eh. rD:rK:awK, ckefuvK:r[, cof;qkdif:rK:/ rldif:rmof:? rldif:rmof:vlif(AD-567-1448)rD:rK: awK,Okduf:vlifsc, rK:bK.Omrfyguf;aO umef.phmuGK,/ rldif:vmef. qof;(AD-650-1252)ckefwh:irf:bl, wD;z[wD;ref:auK; yDref:yAefcmof:vAofoh.auK; vh;pefbl,/ eK;vdefqldof:eh. ayK:cgef;uef tofqyf:uefaO vlwlnf:qkdif ref:trf,vAuf.? b[,sw.sw./ ulef:cldof:tefrD:'dif; cl<eK:? cl<rldif:aO Nrf,irf:rldif:vh; b[,xmef,eh. yAefulef:cldof:rD:ukif,rkefrK: bl,sw.bof;/ vgif;qldof.cldof:wh:eh. ayK:ulnf:awwlnf: yyf.uof,tgef,yyf.ekdif;aO vmwf;uGmrf: eef. awtrf,ukrf,vh;bof;/ yldef;trf,wSrf;yefpof:? yldef;awqefzhm,yldef;aOwSrf;eef.auK; awrD:wif:erf/ ehsv; yD;egif.wh: awvh;arKvduf;vhmbmif,vhmzef:aO pKtguf,vh;rK:? clef.cGK. rK:? wSrf;tguf,vh;rK:bl,bof;/ rldof;vAof zdkefuof, zhm,rldif:sc, tguf,rK:bl,b[:b[:/ ulef:wh:? ulef: arKwh: qkdof;yAefqkdof;sc,aOwK. e[:rldif:sc,auK; rD:bl,wif:erf/ vDwldof:cof;uefaO pKOkwf.ql: uefbl,/

rldof;AD-650ckefvlif cldof:thm;vmof:(ihm;vmof:)pkyf;wkrfuSef,Nuf:rldif:vlif-

(1)rldifOldof;qmof<(Mong Shu Soa)?

(2)rlifOD<qmof<(Mong She Sao)?

(3)wldef<wmef,qmof<(Dearn Tan Sao)?

(4)Oldef<vmif;qmof<(Shern Lang Sao)?

(5)vmif;cBLifqmof<(Lang Chung Sao)?

(6)ab;OD;qmof<(Yae Shi Sao)? ehaOsv; P;yAefrK: apKOSifwh:rldif:vmef.qof;ehbof;/ (ygif, oK; qof;rldif:qmef:? qof;irf:vmef.vmef.)/ qof;apKcrf:wh: trf,q[.qkdof;vAof? q[.wkdof:vhmqkdof;/ cldof:Ndef:Oldof? qkdof;tgef,? qkdof;vlif qldif.eh/ rldof;wh:yh,rdkwf;yK,vD.? rldof;trf,yh,yAefqmof:ykwf.x eef. wkdof:]]v}}urf;erf/ vrf.(erf.)? vldif<(ekdif;)/

      e[:yyf.]]ykdef:wh:ul;cldof:cldof:}}qAif:rh,? 1987? eK;vduf;-8 wSrf;oh. vgif;vmef.qof;/ Okdyf, rK:Orf.vh;pef vduf;rhmwgif: cgifsc,wSrf;oh.oK; ulef:cldof:tefrK:sw,wif;rldif:vmef.qof;eh. ref: yAefulef:qkrf:cldof:rkif:? cldof:vkif:? cldof:yK: eef.bof;(Omrfrldif:wkduf:uef bK.wofulef:yK:)/

      qkdof;wlif,oAif: e[:rldif:vmef.qof; sw,Nofref:oK;]]wK;}}eh wif:erf/ wK;rkif,ulof.? wK; cBmif:Nof:ulof.? wK;OAifulof.? wK;cBdif:ulof.? wK;bdef:edif:ulof.? wK;cBLif,ulof.? wK;ODulof./ uGmrf:sc, ]]wK;}}eh. ygif,oK;]]b[,}}/ ulef:uGmif:wkif<cof? wlofvduf;sc,]]wK;}}eh. cofOrf.tguf,OAifoK;]]wh:}} Tai ehbof;/(ulef:wif;oAif:ref:oK; ]]wh:}}aO sc,rhmwSrf;qgrf:OAifcof]]wK;}} uGK,pkdof:)/ wK; sv. wh: ygif,oK;]]b[,}}eh.Orf.rldefuefoh.bof;/

      ckefapKcrf:sc, qkdof;]]bl.}}wif;rldif:rldof; BC-2208/ ohm:vif ref:qof;tguf,wlnf:vSef vdefrldif:ref:/ pdrf:rldif:ref:eef. rD:rldif:vlifvkuf;ekdif; qkdof;]]rldif:wK;rkif:}}? rD:pdrf:]]Okdof.cRef:}} rldof;vAof/ qldof.cldof:wK;rkif:? tefrD:e[:ykdef:sc, rldof;ylef.rK: 4186 yDeef. yAefulef:qldof.vAof uefwif: ulef:cldof:tefrK:wif;rldif:vmef.qof; rldof;yD BC-1715 eef.bof;/ tefsc,cofMif. ulef:]]yK:}}eef. ref:rD:vhmqkdof;vhmOAifaOwK.auK; ohm:rK: cgef;uefaO yAefcldof:wh:oh.bof;/

      vduf;tefclif,'K:qkdof, wSrf;vmwf;oK; ]]ykdef:sc,eh. rldof;ymefckefapKcrf:]]bif}}BC-1375 rldif:sc,bif:yh, wif;omef;wif;rldif:uSef,vh;vD}}ehbl,bof;/ cmof:sc,wif;rldif:bl,eef. ulef: cldof:wK;rkif:? vkif:? yK: ayK:rD:omef;rldif:oh.bl,eif,uof,bof;/ vgif;ulef:qldof:eh. vgif;wh:auK; vh;N. e[:vduf;vhm:sc,eif,uof,/ arKbKwgwf.wSrf;oh.oK; ]]ayK:tmrf:emwf;wh: trf,b[,vlifsw.sw.qkdif sc,cofpkdofawuGK,pyf.Mif:oK;]]b[,}}ehaOtdwf:}}ehbof;/ eguf;aOsc, cofwSrf;rhmvgif;yldef;eef. cofMif.yldef; ulef:vldif:(rmef;)ehvhmvhmulnf:/ sc,cofMif.]]yK:bD<}}ukduf: uldef:vldif:oK;(rmef;)ehulnf:/ wh:auK; Orf.Okdyf,Mif. ulef:vldif: wmif,qkdof;oK;(rmef;)ehulef:eif,uof,/

      ykdef:vmef.qof;auK; bmof:sw.sw./ ohm:vif iof;rldif:chm.uGK,wK;vD/ tefoK;qkrf:ydof,cof c[;uGK,ql:ogif.sc,eef. cofvh;rK:ykdif; qkrf:wh:vmef.qof; P;vmef.qof;yK:cofuGK,ql:ygif,sc,/ e[:ykdef: zrrmef< vgif;ydof,cofrK:ydkif; wh:vmef.qof;aO yhwmif;eef. trf,O[,yK:/ rldof;vAof cofoh.wlof rmef< yAefydof,oh./ sw.ref: uGK,oh.qldif.eef trf,rSef;/ ydof,bif:yh,phm Orf.uGK,tofcofphmxK;/ rmef<bif:yh,uldwf, Orf.tofrmef<rD:oh.xK;eh.trf,q[;ykdef:/ cmof:eef. ulef:ydof,(pdef,wl,? cldof:TzK: cIdOBfeK:? yl:Il:)cofrK:yAefckefoh.? ulef:zrrmef< yAefulef:cK;bl,? trf,rD:tmrf:emwf;? Orf.aw tofcof uGK,oh.wD;ckef wD;ygifrldif:xK;oh.eef. trf,qyf:vgif;ref:/ ohm:aOymef tel.Ilwf.xK, 'dif;auK; yAef'dif;uvK: Nrf,oh.urf;erf/ ydof,auK; bif:q[.oh.vduf;pdef,wl, ySrf,rpD,(Brahmi)oh. bl,/ vldwf;tel.Ilwf.xK,auK; bif:awyAefuvK:oh.bl,/ cofbkdefyAefzrrmef<rK:sv; vgif;zr auK; rD:ukduf:ykdef:rK:/ ckefwkwf.wygif, wkduf.yAefckefpdef,wl,uvK:bl,sv;? uGK,wkduf.whm:P;yAefrmef< eef. yldif;wmif:ref:pSif:eK;bof;/ rldefeif, qmof:ykwf.x tofukif,rkefcldof:TzK:(Ouf.uBK.)eef. eif,uof,? cldof:pdef,wl,cofauK; tofukif,rkefcldof:TzK:cof(yl:Il:oifOD)eef.bof;/ ]]oifOD}}eh ygif,oK; cldof:ref:? yl:Il:oifOD? ehygif,oK; cldof:yl:Il:ehulnf:/ ayK:oK; yl:Il:ehauK; ukrf,bl,bof;/ wD;omef;wD; oAif: uGmrf:pdef,wl,Mif.oK;]]urf? uIrf}}ehbof;/ ugyf;eh wD;cldof:yl:Il:bl,eh. yAefyl:Il:urf,? yl:urf,bl, bof;/ vldwf;zrrmef<auK; awavK:vldwf;uvK:oh.wif:erf/ rldof;vAof tof DNAxwf:wlnf:vh; bl,/ vldwf;wh:auK; sc:awavK:uefwif:vldwf;sc,oh.uK;pkdof/ eh.auK;rldof;vAof tof DNA xwf: wlnf:vh;bl,/ ykdef:eh. vDwSrf;qgrf: tefref:yAefrK:eef.ulnf:/ qefckdef; qefvlif:aOwSrf; eh. trf,q[;umyf;ref:bof;/ awvh;oK; tmrf:emwf;zrrmef< auK,wif;rD:rK:sw,wD; ckeftel. Ilwf.xK,(AD-1044)eh.ulnf:bof;/ qof.vldofeef. wkduf.yAef ydof,? pdef,wl, cofoh.bl,/ e[:apK ckeftel.Ilwf.xK,eh. rl:xmrf:rmef<auK; awerfrK:? emif:ar:apKcrf:auK; awyK:rmef<erfwldof:rK: sv; tel.Ilwf.xK,auK; ildif.yAefckefzruGK,? bkdefyAefckefzruGK,eh.auK; vDtofcof;q[bl,/ vgif; ydof,awwSrf;xSif;acKacKbl,/

      sc,Orf.oK; qkdof;wh: trf,rD:]]cldof:Ndef:}}? qkdof;ckefrldif:vmef.qof; Orf.seoh. cldof: Ndef:/ ugyf;eh ckefrldif:vmef.qof; awtrf,yAefvh;wh:eh cofpKxAifbl,qldif.eef/ ugyf;yldof;eh ulef:arKwh:pof:auK; vDrK:wmif,se wmif,zkdefvgif;wh:? rldif:wh:bl,/ qldof.cldof:wh:eh.(qkdof;cldof:Ndef: auK; q[.bl,? rD:bl,/ qkdof;rldof;vAuf.(Mif.qdkof;vlif? toftK,bl.qkdof;eef.cyf.rK:)? qkdof;rldof;b[,(Mif. qkdof;tgef,? eh.auK; toftK,bl.qkdof;eef.rK:cyf.eif,uof,)qldof:eh.auK;rD:/ sc,cof c[;oK;ulnf:bof;/ qkdof;Nuf:rldif:vlifauK; yAefqkdof;qof; qkdof;rldif:auK; yAefqkdof;qof; (Sao, Chao) oh.ulnf:eif,uof,/ eldofvkrf;'K.zl;wSrf;ykdef:urf;erfsw. oh.vmef.qof; yAefrldif:wh:? cldof:wh:oh.bl,/ rldif:vmef.qof; sv. rldif:rmof:vlifauK; qArfrldof;ymef ckefwldif: rD:vgif;cof;tguf,uefrK: wif:erf/ rldif:wh:vmef. qof;? rldif:wh:rldif:rmof: wif:bl, irf:bl, Oof:qgrf:uefoh.? bl,cmif:uefoh.bl,bof;/ rldif:wh:rldif:wK; ugifauK; bl,qgrf: rldif:Ogifrldif:eh.rK: awK, AD-850 bl,bof;/

      rldif:rmof:vlifeh. ckefOkduf:sc,cof rK:vlrf,Omrfyguf;Omrfurf:aOsv; vh;vl.uGK,rldof;omif;bD, rK:wkduf:rldof; AD-1447 eef.bof;/ rldefeif,eef rldif:vmef.qof;vlifeh. ugyf;yldof;ckefwK,wK,cof cof;rK:vlrf,sv; ymefckefwh: vh;vl.uGK,rldof; AD-1252 eef.bl,bof;/ ymefrldof;uof,eef. ykdef: rldif:rD:wD; tmrf:emwf;ckefulnf:/ ayK:ckeftrf,rD:tmrf:emwf;auK: trf,rD:ykdef:rldif:bof;/ vmef.qof; vl.bof.aOsv; qif,rK:sw,rldif:rmof: trf,q[;/ rldif:rmof:ayK:rD:oh.bl,bof;/ rldof;ymefOldofcmef,'K. ref:pkyf;irf:vh;apKcrf:wif:erfaO yAefrK:apKOSifeef. rldif:rmof:vlifauK; rD:rK: yAefrK:qgrf:bof;/

À À À À À À

apKcrf:wh: Okdyf,cyf.rK:

(u)e[:rldif:zr rldof;vAof

      wD;e[:rldif:sc,cmof:eef.pSif:wK,wK, rkif,ulof:cof ckdef;b[,OkifxK:rK:sw.sw./ ymef]]qdif< udwf.qfcmef,}} (AD-1206-1227) ref:wkduf:sy. omef;rldif:wif:erfsv; yAefrK:apKOSif (at,u Imwf;)/ ymefvkuf;qhm:ref:]]tlof,uwSif:}}(AD-1227-1241)eh.auK; Okdyf,cGmuf;rldif:sv; ayK:zSofrldif: oef:wluf:uGK,/ ohm:eh. Orf.rD:rK:]]ul,yavcmef:}}(AD-1260-1294)/ ref:qof;wkduf:tofrdlif:bl, emefaO tofoAif:yD,udif:(yh,qAif<)pAwf:iof;rldif:aO pyf.yAef atuImwf;rldif:sc,ehbof;/ ymefwK, wK,eh.bof; rldif:vmef.qof;auK: ughphmuGK,bof;/ wh:pof: rldif:vlif trf,rD:bof.sv; yAefrK: qof;'K. tgef,? rldif:tgef,wif:erfbof;/

      ckefwh:rldif:vmef.qof; rK:wkduf:rldif:ydof,(uvK:pdef,wl,)vl.vSofuGK, rldof;AD-832/ cmof:eh. qkdof;OAifckefrmef<zr trf,yh,rD:/ ayK:oK; zrrD:tmrf:emwf;eh qkdof;ydof,(uvK:)trf,qmif;ukduf:oh./ erf.uAofeh. rD:qkdof;zhm,wh: sv. zhm,uvK:pdef,wl,(at,IKowf.=qmif.zlduf,TzK:pdef,wl,cof)ulnf:/ rldefeif,]]ul,yavcmef:}}bkdefyAefat,uImwf;sc, uGK,eef. tel.Ilwf.xK,auK; bkdefyAefckefzr uGK,wD; yl:urf,(Purugama)w[;eh.bof;/ ohm:aOeh. ymefwK,wK, bif:yh,ohm:? rldof;AD-1287 rK:bK. vl.ySwf;rldif:yl:urf,w[;bof;/

      qArfrldof; yl:urf,w[; yh,vl. cldof:ckefrldif:rmof: yhm;Okduf:sc, yK:wif:vkuf;egif.way:wif:erf (rldof;ymefeIK.yaw.AD-1260)rK:bl,xifoh. wD;]]rdef,qhm:}}/ wh:arKzkuf,Ogrf;vDimrf:sv; cl<eK:? pAwf:eK: rD:cof;erf.wmif:udefvldif,rK: awK,ayK:vh;urf.xdkif e[:apKcrf:bl,bof;/ ugyf;yldof; cofqgh; yefapKcrf:zr? Orf.qgh;ngyf:yefulef:rldif:sv; e[:apKzr bgif;ukif,ckefwh:Omrfwlef yefqkdof; e[:apK P;yAefrK: twdif,cIK,? IK,qK.Omif:uBmef,? OD,pwl,ehbof;/ ugyf;yldof; ckefwh: rD:pSif:yhm:rldif: pSif:irf:rldif:vh;eef. qof;wh: OD,pwl, auK,rldif:r[, wD;ydef:bK.(ymifbK.)rldof;AD-1312 aO eif; pAwf:ckefapKcrf:wD;eef.bof;/

      qof;blef:(vkuf;qhm: qof;twdif,cIK,)sw,wif;oAif:r[, oAif:aq<uSif:(quSif:)rldof;AD-1315 aOeif;pAwf:ckefapKcrf:wD;eef. awK,xdkifAD-1312bl,bof;/ ugyf;yldof; ymifbK. sv. aq<uSif: zdwf:uefsv; qof;vlif(atuImwf;)rldif:bmif: rK:wkduf:wif:Ogifrldif:aO tofyK:ckefcof rldof:uGK,rldif:bmif:ykef.bof;/

      qof;wwlof:rdef:zbK:(vkuf;qhm:qof;blef:)pkyf;tof ymifbK. sv. aq<uSif:aO pAwf: ckefapKcrf:bof;/ ohm:eh. ref:qof;wif;rldif:r[, rldif:tK,o(wD;erf.ymifvgif: cof;ql: erf.uAof)rldof; AD-1364 aO sw,wif;cldof:ckeftK,o uGK,bof;/

      rldif:rmof:vlifeh. sc,rK:bK.aO iof;rldif:vl.uGK,aOwK. iof;rldif:chm.uGK,wD; rldif:bmif:aOOkdyf, rD:bl,wD;rldif:bmif:/ ugyf;eefsv; ayK:wSrf;vgif;rldif:bmif:eh yAefrldif:rmof:vlifulnf:bof;/ e[:ykdef: zrrmef<auK; wSrf;eif,eef/ rldif:bmif:eh. cofrhmoK; ]]wh:rmof:}}(arK:OBmef:)ehulnf:/ qof;vlifeh ygif,oK; qof;'K.vlif? ygif,oK; at,uImwf;bl,bof;/ e[:ykdef:rmef<wSrf;oh. aqK:vlifehulnf:/ yAef ckefvlifrmif:TwK: rldif:bmif:ehauK;awK;wSrf;bl,/

      qof;vlifrldif:bmif: pkyf;Odrf:tof uK;vldof,(uav:)rldof;AD-1425/ qof;vlifrldif:bmif:sv. vkuf;qhm:qof; OldofNrf,'K. Nrf;uefaO wkduf:awK:aq<uSif:/ Nrf,irf:vh;rldof;AD-1524/ Orf.Okdyf, Odrf:tof tK,oK. rldof;AD-1525/ qof;OldofNrf,'K.cdkef;pAwf:apKcrf: wD;rldif:tK,oK. rldof;AD-1526 eef.bof;/ ref:qof; Nrf,irf:tK,oK.(16)yD/ rdef:uBD:nlof, tofqof;OldofNrf,'K. egef:sz:ySwf; aO wD;tK,oK. yAefwD;wh:pSif:? wh:Ndof;Ndif:oh.sv; qif,ckdef:pyf.ymif: ckefwh:wD;OD,yguf;(OD,ayK.) qof;tkif:ygif,ckefrldif: rK:eif;apKtK,oK. rldof;AD-1542/ xSofvgif;iof;rldif:qldof:eh. sw,wD;yl:urf, w[;vl.AD-1287 awK, ymeftkif:ygif,ckefrldif:AD-1545/ eh.yAef umyf;wh:Nrf,irf:rldif:zrrldif: rmef<bof;/ vlof;cmof:ymefwh: ygifrldif:zrpkdifuGK,/ 258 yDbl,bof;/ sw,qArfrldof;cmof:eef.wh:sv. rmef< avK:uefbl,wduf:wduf:bof;/ cmof:eef.auK; yAefcmof: Nofulef:wh:? eK;vdefwh: erfvldof rmef<oh.bl,/

(c)eguf;rldif:zrrldof;vAof

      tefpof:rkdwf;Olyf:]]wK;Ndof:}}eef. wh:ehg.cofMif.oK;]]xK;Ndof:}}eh/ pof:oK;]]wmif:eh.}}cof oK;]]xmif:eD.}}/ pof:oK;]]wD;eh.}}cofoK;]]xD;eD.}}/ wlof]]w}}sv. wlof]]x}}eh. yAefwmif:wkdof: tefvAof? OAifeldof sv. OAifw[;Ndif:uefoh.tdwf:ekdif;eef.ulnf:/ wh:auK;yAefxh:? xh:auK;yAef wh:? c[;wSrf;qldif.pkdifauK; trf,zdwf:/ wmif:wkdof:ref: yAeftefvAofulnf:bof;/ e[:rldif:xh:auK; rD: rK: rldif:apKcrf:wh:wif:erf/ e[:rldif:vmof:auK; yAefrldif:wh:oh. pif:acKacKref:/

(u)rldif:wGK,IK.owD,(Dvaravati)

      rldif:eh. qyf:uefoh.wif: rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:/ rldif:eh. zrrmef<cofwSrf;rhmoK; yAefrldif: xh:ehulnf:/ awK,rldof;vAof rldif:eh. rldof;yh,wluf:e[:rkdof:Siam(wh:)? yAefrldif:rgef:crAefcof xdif:irf: oh.(5-7 century)/ ugyf;yldof; wh: sv. rgef:cof bl,qgrf:uefoh.sv; apKrgef:qif,qmif; wluf:e[: rkdof:wh:bof;/ cmof:eef. ulef:vlifrgef:cofoK; ugyf;yldof;eK;vdefeh. ulef:awwhmerf? bK,P;yAef bof;? eK;vdeftefr[, rD:wif:erf? pof:chm.uGK, tofeK;vdefr[,aO vDbof.eh cofqif,chm.rK:wif; rldif:e[, wD;yK,uldof(sy:ulof:)eh. rldof;AD-573 eef.bof;/ yhm:olef.ulef:vlifrgef:cof Okifoh.bl,sw. bof;/

      wD;rldif:uvK: pdrf:ygrf,ay,(rrf,yhm:)rldof;vAof bmrf;rD:rK: rldif:sv. cldof:ulef:urf,ayK:qK. (Kamboja)/ rldof;2-qlof;ymuf,eh. ugyf;yldof; wmif:uK.(yhwmif:erf.)vDwldof:rK:sv; ckeftgef,rldif:urf, ayK:qK. zSofqgrf:rK: rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:rldof;vAof(qkdof;rldif:sv. qkdof;ckef yAeftefvAofuefulnf:)/ ckefKambojaeh. vkuf.wD; Kambojadesa zSofrK:oK;eh/ ugyf;yldof;eh rldof;vAof qkdof;Cambodia/ ckefuvK: yAefyhm:pdef,wl,sv; owf.Angkor yAefvhm:rkdof:pdef,wl, b[,b[,vlifvlif/ qlof;yhm:vif Orf. yhm:ykwf.xzK,OK, zSofrK:aO ugyf;yldof; trf,rSif,ulef:qef.eef. qef.eh.ehsv; yAef tefulef:rldif:qlrf:pyf.sw.sw./ eefsv; wD; Angkor Wat eh. qAif,ekdif; O[,xSif;wK,qmof: ykwf.xcofyefbof;/ 'dif;si;rldif:uvK:? 'dif;si;pdef,wl, qof.vldofoh.sw.sw./

      wD;Dvaravati eh. Siam sv. rgef: bl,qgrf:uefoh.aOwK. yhm:'dif;si;? arKwdef? arKrdkof: yAefyhm:rldif:uvK:? yhm:pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:pSif:oh.bl,bof;/ yhm:pdef,wl,rD;oh.eef.sw. vkuf.wmif: urf,ayK:wD:bK: Nrf,irf:xkdifrK:/ wD; Dvaravati eh. rD:wlif,ulif:xrf,rqmuf;? clwf.tguf,vh;oh. yAef ymef6-qlof;ymuf,/ eh.seoK; wD;eh. ayK:rD:qmof:ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ ugyf;eh rgef:sv.wh: (Siam)ayK:yAef ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ wD;e[:rldif:Dvaravati eh./ ayK:eef vduf;xrf:cgifwh: sv. vduf;rgef:rldof;vAofauK; uldwf,yK:qgrf: qmof:ykwf.xrK:ulnf:sv; vduf;Ogifqldof.Ogifzef:eh. rD: rK:wD;Dvaravati bof;/

      ohm:aO ulef:rgef:cof yAefqmof:ykwf.xzK,OK, aOtrf,uK: rD:vduf;rgef:bof.aO cofvh; chm.rK:sw,rldif:r[, wD;yK,uldof(sy:ul:=Nif,OK,owD,)bof;/ zldof,rgef:cof chm.uGK,wmif:oef:wluf:bof.auK; wh:auK; ar,uK:rK:xSif;? wif;rldif:r[, wD;vmef.eK: rldof;AD-639 oK;eh/

(c)rldif:vmef.eK:(Lanna)

      tefoK; rldif:blef:vlifeh. yAefrldif: qAif:rh,? qAif:phm:? qAif:wkif qldof:eh.bof;/ vmef. eK:eh. yAefuGmrf:wh:/ sc,Orf.Mif. yK:yhmODzl:(Pa-Pai-Si-Fu=rldif:emif:apKcrf:rD: 800=OSef< ao,Okdof<)oK;eh/ uGmrf:pdef,wl,(Sanskrit)Orf.Mif.Yonakaratha(Yonok Na Khon)/ wh:urf;zgif; Orf.Mif. rldif:blef:vlifehbof;/ urf;zgif;Orf.oK; qArfrldof;ymefapKcrf:uvK: tK<Olof:uK. Olif,qof; Omif,cK,cof tguf,rldif: P;rK:auK,OK,OeK,ykwf.xqof; rldof;yDOK,OeK,vh; 235 eef. qof;blof: eluf;zSofrK:sv; qkdof;blef:ukduf:rK: qArfrldof;eef. oK;eh/ (eh.sw.awqof.wldof:pSif:uGK,tdwf:ekdif;/ tofqkdof;uof,? ymefuof,? ykdef:uof, rK:q[.wkdof:ymefr[,sw. awcyf.qgrf:yDykdef: ihm;tdwf:ekdif;)

      wmif:uGmif;rldif:blef:vlif(blof:eluf;ecgef)eh.Michael Freeman clef.pKrK:sv. wif: tefyAefrK:bl,sw.eef. clyf:uefvDoh.bl,/ yK:qAif:wkif? Odyf:Ogifzef:eK:(qAif:pkif;)? yK:qAif: rh,? vrfykef<? vmef.eK:(vrfymif:? zaI<? emef? cBAif:Ihm:(qAif:phm:)? zbmof? sr:Mif;Ogef)qldif. ehbl,bof;/

(i)rD:rldif:apKcrf:Siam OSrf? wh:/

(q)rD:rldif:apKcrf: Lao vmof:/

(O)rldif:apKcrf: tK<Nrf:(Assam)

      cldof:Ndef:Oldof(OldofuK;'K.)wD;rldif:rmof: wif:yD;egif.uef trf,ayK:rSef;uefeef. rldof; AD-1214 pmif;pSef:tguf,uGK, wmif:oef:wluf:bof;/ yK:qmif.? yK:wyf.rK.? yK:pSif:Okduf:OmrfpAifarK;wgif: oK;eh/ arK;wgif:ekdif;arK; awyAefwK,ulef:vhmauK. trf,eefsv;auK; yAefwK, eK;Ndef:vkuf;ar: vkuf;tgef,eef.pkdof:/ cofpmif;pSef:tguf,wmif:trf,ckdef:rK:bof. ehsv; eK;Ndef:vkuf;sr:auK; aw vh;yK:uGK,bof;/ cofyhuGK,wmif:OAef;wmif:vghqAwf:vkuf;(rldof;vAofMif. vghymwf,uh,(Patkai)/ wD;eh. cof xldofymwf,acK:uh,aO tofvldwf;uh, wwf:sw,wD;eh. yAefvdefuofbof.eh Okdyf,cmof:wmif:uGK,oef: wluf:xSif;/

      cofygh,ulef:cof uGK,wmif:eK;? pAwf:xSif;? pAwf:Okrf.bof.aO qkrf:qof;OldofuK;'K.qgif,qgrf: cof;rK:vgh:vgh:/ wif:qkdof;wif:Oof:? cmof:zlefvkdof;zkuf,cof;bof.aO qif,Okdyf,yhxSif;/ wD;pdrf:vgh ymwf,uh, Orf.ukdwf:qkdof;xSif; vduf;vghwD;ekdif;eef. qkdof;ref:ukduf:rK:awK,rldof;vAof ymifqof;(Pang Sao)eh/ ymifqof;eh. rldof;vAof yAefvSefvdefrldif:tdef:wD:bK: sv. zreef.bof;/ wmif:tguf, vghwdefvgh rD:omef;egifbmif: awK,rldof;vAof/ cmof:eh. Odyf:pK;oef: wif;umwf,(wvmwf,)ekdif;oef: aO chmclof:sc,? clof:uvK:? clof:udef oh.bl,bof;/ wmif:wluf:vgh wdefvgh rD:omef;ykif,(rD:erf.ykif,) awK,rldof;vAof(omef;eh. rD:e[:vSefvdef rldif:tdef:wD:bK:bof;)/

      rldof;NofyD 2011 zl,wSrf;vduf; sv. TOK,qhm:tgifxkef: zSofrK: oAif:vD,wlof,(Lido)/ oAif:tgef,eh. yAefwD; NofOkduf:vlif Stilwell wif;wyf.Olif,clof:Okduf:eef.sv; rD:ymif,Ndof:odefuof, rldefymif,Ndof:odefoAif:rl,aq<oh./ wD;eh. rD:wh:tK<Nrf:(cof;pdef,wl,bof;)? rD:zef:cmifOdif,zlof,(cof; qmof:ykwf.xbof;)? rD:zef:wh:crf:wD;(yAefykwf.xzK,OK,)/ wD;vghymwf,uh,tguf,crf:sv; zh,eh. clwf.oh.b[,b[,vlifvlif? vgrf.oh. uGmif;eK,? trf,yefz[cof;/ rD:umwf,? rD:qef.qgrfauK:vAuf.? rD:Nif: bK? rD:wyf.Okduf:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:/ rmifzof,rmifcK: ulef:yAefegifbmif:? pmyf,uefpmrfuefrK:/ ayK: yAefsw.eh wyf.Okduf:cofauK; P;uGK,Nif:bKcofbl,oK;eh/

      qof;OldofuK;'K.cof pkyf;tof erf.vdefpdefzK qgrf:sr;erf. yIrf,rK,ykwf.wIK. uGK, wduf:wduf:/ yK:qArf uaO:reD.yl:If? eK,uK. wif:vlif/ ref:qof; tofpSif:Okduf:ref: vgrf.yldef; rlwf:bof. qif,vmwf;uGmrf:awK,ulef:vlifcof/ wif:cl<eK: wif:pAwf:eK: wif:cl<rldif:sv; pkdifuGK, 13 yD qif,pkyf;vh;eK;vdef wK,wif;rldif:apKcrf:/ rldof;eef. wD;rldif:eef. tK<Nrf:eh. awyAefqkdof; ckefzDvlifpkdof:? ckefulef:vlifpkdof: trf,N.vh;bof;/ qof;OldofuK;'K.oK;-]]uofyAef tK<pkrf:bof;}}eh/ ugyf;ehsv; ulef:qgrf:ref:qof;auK; yAefulef:qgrf: qof;tK<pkrf: sv; rldof;vAof yAefwh:tK<pkrf: ehbl,bof;/

      qArfrldof;AD-615? rldif:rmof:ayK:yAef qmof:ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ vkuf.wmif:rldif:blef:rK: auK,yefbof;/ qof;OldofuK;'K.cof yAefqmof:ykwf.xoh.bof;/ rldof;coftguf,uGK,? yK:uGK,ulef: yAefrkdef, aOwK. qof;Oif,cK,trf,qmif;pkdofpyf.ymif:uGK,vh;eef. vduf;wldif,umof,cof awK,rldof;vAofoK;]]qof;vlif tldnf:? qof;TzK:? qof;TwK:? qof;Oduf.uBK:J}}eh/ cmof:cofuGK,eef. awtrf,wef:'mif. wK,yK:arK vduf;arKvhm:uGK,blof:/ vduf;Sanskrit wif:vlifeh. sw,]]u c I q O n}}ehulnf:ulnf:/ vduf; wh:tK<pkrf:Orf. yAefoh.]]u c i e w y z o r b q x I v oQ eK: p t}}oh./ auK.ckdef:wSrf;ckdef:eef. awpmrf.vkdrf:vkdrf:oh.aOuK;vh;pAwf:uGK, eif,ref:yAefvh;eef.bof;/ yAef oh.ceh.? rD:oh.ceh. awvh;bgif;abK:uefulnf:/ yyf.ykdef: yl,Ief,uBD:cof wSrf;oh. zhm,wh:? zh,uvK: (Assam)wSwf;eSwf;oh.bl,vDimrf:/

      qkrf:qof;OldofuK;'K.cofeh. OK,eldof.vldifsv; eK;wKvDimrf:oh.oK;eh/ eif,pkdofqldof.cldof: eldof.vldwf;zef:wh: awtrf,phmeef. cofauK; rK:pyf.ymif:tof emif:wh:? wD;rldif:ugif:uGK,bl,/ ulnf: uK; zhm,ykwf.xzK,OK, trf,rD:iof;qif;cmrf,ref:sv; zhm,pdef,wl,cof qkdif:cof;e[:apKrK:wduf:wduf: bof;/ awK,pmef. qof;e[:apKcof rD:rK:qkdof;Ogefzef:? qkdof;wh: qkdof;pdef,wl,(Sanskrit)eef. bof;/ vgh:vgh:auK; cofcof;pdef,wl,uGK,wduf:wduf:bl,bof;/ ayK:cof;pdef,wl,bof.auK; umefoh;? umefyl, qK, yAefulef:ykif,eK:(Brahman)cof ygifOmif;yefOAif;sv; cmof:vmwf;uGmrf:wh:? cmof:wSrf;wkdof: vduf;wh: trf,rD:uGK,bof;/ eefsv; uGmrf:wh:? vduf;wh:auK; ogwf;qgrf:uGK,wduf:wduf:bof;/

      xkdifrK: ymefrldif:rmof:vlif qof;Oldofcmef,'K. cofckuf:q[vh;rK: qof;OldofuK;'K.cof tguf,uGK, rldif:ao,OK,vDvlif trf,rK:Omuf;? trf,rK:egrf:auK; pkdifbof;/ eefsv; pyf.P;qof;Omrfvlif(qof; OmrfwK)cgwf,Okduf:aO qgrf:uGK,(rldif:vldefOlefcrf:)rldof; AD-1332/ e[:qlof;cmof: 3 yD? Okduf:qof; Omrfvlif ckdef:zSofrK: erf.wD:(rldif:ugif:)/ rldif:wh:tK<pkrf:auK; bkdefyAefw[;rldif:rmof:vlifbl,? eef sv; trf,wmyf;yAefOkduf:OldofOif/

      xkdifrK:AD-1815 e[:apKwh:tK<pkrf:? zgif:rldif:vlifauK.ekdif; c[;P;cofyAefpdef,wl,uGK,vkrf: vkrf:bof.oK;eh/ zgif:rldif:vlifauK.ekdif;Orf. bK,P;pdyf,uef cof;pdef,wl,sv;eh trf,xkuf,uef bof;/ cmof:eef. ckeftAif:uvAwf; ayK:irf:rldif:tdef:wD:bK:oh.bl,bof;/ trf,yh,zSoftK<pkrf:/ zgif: rldif:rhmOgifeh. tguf,uGK,ql: ckef:tAif:uvAwf;? uGK,bgef:wmif:qgh;xSrf P;pmrf;zgif:rldif:rhmekdif; bK,tof yhm:bkrf,brf cof;rK:e[:apKeh/ ckeftAif:uvAwf; trf,qmif;qgh;/ zgif:rldif:auK.eef. qif,Orf.tguf, rK:ql: ckefzr/ ulef:e[:rldif:tK<pkrf:urf;zgif; awqgh;bl,sv; rldof;AD-1819 ckefzr qif,Olif, NofOkduf:vlif ymef,wl.v wyf.Okduf:qgrf:uGK,bof;/ e[:wyf.Okduf:ymef,wl.v qof;'K.wh: vh;yefuGK, vkuf;Okduf:wh:wif:erf/ wh:awK,wh: trf,c[;pSrfuefsv; cofauK; uGK,vmwf;awK, zgif:rldif:rhmekdif;/ P;xgrf,uGmrf:aO pof:bK,zef:uefbof;eh/ ref:trf,xgrf,uGmrf:aOtrf,uK: uGK,wkduf:Okduf:ymef,wl.v sv; yldef;tofcofwhmySwf;OAif;bof;/ clof:cgifulef:rldif:auK; tgefuefpdrftofrlwf:bof;/ wif:rlwf: ulef:wh:tK<pkrf: vh;whmySwf;uGK, 38,000 auK.bof;/ ulef:NoftK<pkrf: whmySwf;wif:erfbof.sv; pSif:tK<pkrf:auK; tlef;uGK,sw.sw.bof;/ wh:tK<pkrf:qldof:eh. qgh;pdef,wl,cof wkduf:Okduf:rl,Ovdrf, ySwfaOtrf,uK: pAwf:P;rldif: Assam ckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:bof;/ ckeftAif:uvAwf;qif,oK; sy.Okduf:auK; awtrf,vh;tofulef:whmerfxmef,eh.? awtrf,vh;pdrfclof:cgifyldef; ehsv; rldof; AD-1824 tof wyf.Okduf:ref: rK:vkdyf;ySwf; Odkuf:zrymef,wl.vcofySwf;bof;/ cmof:eef.eif,uof, tAif:uvAwf; cof Odrf:tof xemofOID, sv. rldif:bef,ukif,bof;/ rldif:wh:tK<pkrf: vh;bl,w[;ckefzr(ymef,wl. vK.)aO 5 yD ohm:eh. wluf:w[;rkdof:tAif:uvAwf;uGK,bof;/ rldof;vAof rldif:tK,Orf, tguf,eAif;? tguf, erf.ref:sv; cSef:q[bl,/

(n)rldif:wh:crf:wD;vlif(Arunachal)

      rldof;qof;Omrfvlif vkuf.wD;rldif:rmof:vlif ckdef;Okduf:uGK, rldif:ao,OK,vD, AD-1332eef. Okduf:qmif.? Okduf:rK.? wyf.wdef? wyf.umif,? wyf.xlof:eK;? wyf.urf.zhm,vif? yK:wif:emif:ar:rl, ulef:bdif: yAefvhmrkdef,Nofulef:/ ayK:wyf.trf,pSif: trf,qmif;sy.yldef;vh;ihm;ihm;/ qArfrldof;pof:yh,rK: xkdif yldef;ayK:N.xK;eif,uofbof;/ uGK,ao,OK,vD,aO yguf;rK:? qof;Omrfvlif rK:OAif;umrf, wD;erf. wD:sv; vkuf;egif.way: trf,yguf;rldof:rldif:rmof:vlifbof;/ qkdof;uof,cofyAef wh:eldof wh:rmof:(ayK: wlnf:uGmrf:vmwf;cof N.qgrf:vh;bof;)/ qkdof;r[,cof yAefrK:wh:crf:wD; sv. wh:vSif/

      e[:wyf.Okduf:eh.auK; rD:cldof:qof;zef:qof;bl,sv; crf:wD;auK; rD:rldif: rD:qof;'K.rK:acK acK/ rldof;eef. crf:wD; sv. wh:vSif ekif;ulefwh:Nif,blif. sv. Oldof;wh:so.eK; rldefuef vlnf; wh:wif:ykdef.bl,/ xkdifrK: AD-1700 yhm/ cofvh;cof;tguf, e[:apKrmef< erfwldof:rK:/ apK crf:rmef< yefcgifzmuf, P;qof;'K.crf:wD; zK;egh.(vkif:uBD:? yl.Olof:? wgif.sp.)rK:sv; ulef:rldif: tgefuefekif;qgrf: zK;egh.uGK,/ emif:bdif:sw. ayK:yAefNdef:eh eldofzK;Odef;cof vh;ymif:zK; vmif:omwf;(rdlefwh:eldof)awK,rldof;vAof/

      xkdifrK: AD-1800 yhm? ckefwh:crf:wD; uGK,e[:apKcrf:rmef</ yD;egif.Ogifqof;trf,xkuf, rSef;uefrK:/ yguf;rK:aO qkrf:yD;thm; oh.q[vDwldof: uGmif;wldof:aO wif:vkuf;egif.way: vkuf;vmif: ar:emif: chm.cof;rldif:tdef:wD:bK: tAefpSif:yAefrkdef,/ rK:vlduf;bl, wD; Arunachal rldof;vAof/ rldif: cof? omef;cof bl,eef.auK; yAefqkdof;wh:oh.ulnf:eif,uof,/ ayK:wh:bhm.chm.wD;v[auK; yD;egif.cmif (qAif<azK<)chm.qgrf:wK,aO,/ wD;eh.auK; yK:cmifrK:/ cofbl,eldofvgh pAwf:umefrl:Oldof:? wh:bl,Omyf, erf. pAwf:eK:/ cmifauK; rD:ulef:Nofcof Mif.oK; wl,oK: xdif:ugef:4-5 omef;cof wD;eldofvgh/ wh: crf:wD; yAefykdef.rldif:wD;erf.Ohm: oh.bof;/ wh: sv. cmif yAefykwf.xzK,OK,rldefuefoh.bof;/ zkuf,eAif;? zkuf,cof;? zkuf,zuf:umwf,(wK,toferf.ref:zuf:umwf,)? zkuf,ref:uvK:(tK,vl:)? rD: vdefuGmif;aO Ndef:trf,cmef.eef. cSef:q[oh.sw.bl,bof;/ OAifoh;TzK:cof yAefOAifwh:blef:/

      rldof;AD-1824? wyf.tAif:uvAwf;cof cof;rldif:tK,Orf,rK:? rK:wkduf:wyf.rmef<ymef,wl.vK./ qof;'K.crf:wD; Orf.trf,c[;P;yldef; rK:irf:wD;bl,crf:wD;/ eefsv; pyf.wkduf:tAif:uvAwf;/ wlof qof;'K.(qof;eK:IK,qK,)tofNofOdkuf:vlif tAif:uvAwf;whmySwf;/ tK,Orf,auK; wluf:e[:rkdof:tAif:u vSwf;uGK,bof;/

      AD-1824 ? tAif:uvAwf; Odrf:rldif:rmef< ygwf:w[;bof;/ AD-1885? cofOdrf:tofrldif: tK,o rmef:wav:bof;/ wD;oAif:Oldof(okef:¨lof,)rD:qof;'K.wh:vSif? qof;tgif,rBmwf;? cofauK; ugyf; yldof;trf,c[;P;yldef; rK:irf:cofeef. vkuf.zkdef.tAif:uvAwf;bl,bof;/ pSif:trf,zAif,uefsv; vh; umef.bof; qof;tgif,rBmwf; yhm;cof;ql: qof;'K.wh: e[:rldif:sc,/ bl,wD;eef. awK,ayK:xof;aO qif,ckdef:cof;rK:rldif:wh:/ tAif:uvAwf;Orf.pefuGK,/ wh:eh.ySif:qif:cofpSif:eK,ehbof;/ zldof,tAif:u vAwf;Odrf:vh; rldif:crf:wD;vlifyl,w[:(Pu-Tao yl,wK,tlof,)? coftrf,yefeK;wKvDwD;wh:bof;/ qof; 'K.wh:crf:wD;vh;yAefulef:rldif:vhmvhmaO vh;xheK:pKudefulnf:qof;uof,bof;/ tAif:uvAwf;Nnf:vh;cmif P;cof;cID.bef,/ qldof:cof;cID.bef,cofyefpSif: yhm:ynf,nK,sv; qef.ydif,nK,cmifauK; Okifwldof: rK:/ tAif:uvAwf; wlnf:eK;cmifwldof:oh.aO xSrfrguf, xSrfygif P;cldof:cmifrD;vh;tmrf:emwf;rK:bof;/

      wh:crf:wD; yl,w[: sv. erf.Ohm: cof;tguf,uefrD:oh.bl,/ uGmrf:auK; yAeftefvAofoh.bl,/ cmifauK;eif,eef cof;tguf,uefrD:oh.bl,/ ulnf:uK; zK,OK,cof trf,rldefuefbof;/ wD;vD,wlof, cmif cofauK; auK,wif;oh. Oofremof cof b[,b[,vlifvlifoh.bl,/ omef;wh: wD;vSefvdefqyf:wmif,rldif: rldof;eef.auK; rD:rK: omef;wh:sv; yAefqkdof;wh:oh.bl,/ ayK:yldef;qkdif:cof;rK:eh wh:arKbmif,yhm;/ wD;egifbmif: OAif;wmif:vlif awykdwf,rK:bof.sv; vDrD:omef;wh:oh.bl,/ yD;egif.crf:wD; sv. wh: wmif,qldof: vDarKbl,qgrf:uefbof;? vDrK:wif;omef;qgrf:uefbof;/ wh:wmif,qldof:auK; vDzkduf:tof uGmrf:crf:wD;aO Okwf.ql:uefbof;/ ayK:awcof;rldif:uvK: uGmrf:crf:wD;? uGmrf:tK,Orf,? uGmrf:tAif:u vAwf; yldef;arKyldef;vmwf;qldif.eefsv; pof:auK; awvh;arKqgrf:qldif.eef qif,qmif;cof;ql:uef vh;bof;/ yD;egif.wh: wK,ekdif;auK.? wK,ekdif;Ndef:auK; vDolef.bl,/ wK,cgef:uef? wK,Nrf;uefwif: wh:wmif,qldof:eef.auK; trf,vDvlifvkdrf:/ vghymwf,uh,zhm,wmif:pof:eh.auK; awtrf,vgwf;tguf,crf:/ ugyf;eefsv; qif,oK; wD;egifbmif:vDrD:omef;wh:bl,eef.bof;/

      OAef;wmif:vlif Stilwell vkuf.rldif:tdef:wD;bK:(vD,wlof,)awK,rldif:sc,awckdef:pAwf:ckdef: bof;/ vkuf.wD;vD,wlof, cof;ql:rBdwf.uBD:eK:Orf. cof;rldif:sc,/ ygwf:rBdwf.uBD:eK: awK,rldif:sc,auK; pAwf:bof;? Omif;bof;/ vkuf.e[:rldif:uvK: zSofvD,wlof,auK; OAef;wmif:vlif pAwf:bof;? Omif;bof;/ ukdwf:oh. ygwf:vD,wlof, awK,rBdwf.uBD:eK:eh.ulnf:/ ayK:OAef;wmif:vlifeh. ygif,uGK,bof. vDvDimrf:imrf: qkdif ulef:uGK,oh;TzK:wD;ykwf.xuK,bK,(azK:xD.crf:=ywD:crf:)auK; awihm;wldof:rK: awerfwldof:rK:bl, bof;/ ayK:rD:OAef;wmif:vlifauK; wmif:uGK,wmif:rK:? wmif:uK.wmif:chmauK;I awOK,qgrf:rK:bof;/ yD; egif.wh: qldof:pAwf:OlefpAwf:eK:auK; P;rD:wldof:rK: bl,pdrf:wmif:yAefrl,yAefomef;aO uK.chmauK; vDrD: qgrf:rK:bl,bof;/ P;zSoferf.wD:aO vAyf;pAef:wlnf: egifbmif: sv. ymwf,uh,ugef,sv;/

      ykdef:eh. trf,qmif;Nefvifckdef:bof;/ olef.vgif;vAyf;v[aO wmif,tySwf;yldef;bl,auK; trf,ckduf. trf,yAefumefOkdyf,cmof:wmif:vh;/ ymefrldof;vAof tefpof:pAwf:ykdef:bl,eh. P;vDwK,uGK,uef eK;ulnf:vK;/ vkuf.eh.uGK,eK; e[:su;wh:wif:erf? cmifulnf:awvh;yAefNof ehsw.trf,rSef;bof;/ wh:auK; awc[;bl,qgrf:wh:acKacK/ ulef:Nofwh:acKacK eef.auK; awtrf,rSef;cmof:bmrf:ref:bof;/ rmef<auK;eif,eef? wD;v[auK; awvh;yAefref:qD.Oif, qif,vh;ehauK; trf,rSef;bof;/ OAif Okwf,apK:xrf:wh: ayK:rSef;qef.urf,'K,oh.bl,bof;pkdofqmif;Okwf,apK: qgrf:OAifrmef</ awvh;tof eK;vdef wif;iof;ref:aO ulef:qldof:bl,eldofeK;vdefeh. awvh;arKbl,qgrf:uefuGK,eef.bof;/ auK.qkuf:eldof vdefuof? cgifuofeef. awrD:tlnf:auK.at,uGK,/ auK.pKydif,nK,aO pKrmuf;rD:eef. awrD:tlnf:auK.erfwldof:rK:/ qldof.cldof:auK; vDOdkyf,rD:bl,/ ulnf:uK; z[trf,vDzdwf:z[? pof:awK, pof: cSef:trf,vDzdwf:uefbof;/ ykdef:auK; vDpK? vDwSrf;? vDrD:bl,/ zl,wSrf;vduf; wSrf;yyf. wSrf;rhmykdef:rldof;vAofeef.auK; vDOkdyf,rD:oh.bl,atK;/

À À À À À À

vDN.qgrf: ykdef:tdef,wD:bK:

      rldif:pof:qyf:uefvlnf; rldif:tdef,wD:bK:? qkdof;pdef,wl,auK; rD:e[:rldif:pof:wif:erf ykdef: uof,tefpof:vh;ukduf:uhm,uefrK:eef. trf,vDvkdrf:ySwf;? trf,vDomif:ySwf;/ trf,vDodef,ohm,vdrf,ySwf; eK;wKref:/ ayK:awvmwf;vgif;rldif:tdef,wD:bK: awvh;N.quf: vgif;pdef,wl,zgif;bl,bof;/ zK, OK,pdef,wl,eh. qof.vldof? xof;vldofzK,OK,ykwf.xqof;eK,eK,/ acK;uGmrf:wkdof: e[:pdef,wl,(Omrf,O IK,? Odef? uBmif.urf)Ogef.uefwif: yyf.ykwf.xqof;wif:erf/

      e[:uGmrf:bgef:Ol:pdef,wl,cof oK;oh.]]vgif;yhm:olef.tefvD rD:oh.bl,ul;zhm,zhm,eef. P;xkdif pof:cK;aOurf:}}/ eh.seoK; cofpyf.vgif;oK; rD:yldef;? rD:pof:? pof:bl,qgrf:yldef;? yldef;bl,qgrf:pof:? pof:vDbl,qgrf:uef ehbl,bof;/

      rmifqldof:auK;oK; pdef,wl,eh. trf,q[;zK,OK,? yAefvhm:bl,vhm:Omif; e[:ymefulef:eh/ e[: rldif:tdef,wD:bK: rldof;ugefeef. rD:cldof:ulef: tK,ID,bmef,(Aryan)cofvkuf.wmif:rldif:oef:wluf: zSof cof;rK:/ cofyK:rK: 'dif;cof xkif:cof pmrf.Okifoh./ wif:ulef:ykdef.rldif: avK:uefaO rD:rK:'dif;TzK: ySrf,rK,(Brahmanism)/ rmifqldof:auK; azK,oK;umyf;ao,w(Vedism)eh/ sw,wD; TzK:ySrf,rK,aO Okdyf,yAefrK: TzK:pdef,wl,(Hindunism)bl,bof;/ zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh. trf,oK;ulnf:rD:TzK:Ol,vAof/ iof;ref:rD:rK:TzK:vlifyIrf,rK.(Brahma)/ yyf.iof;TzK:pdef,wl, zK,OK,pdef,wl, awvh;pefe[: Bhagavadgita, Mahabharata, Ramayana qldof:eh.bof;/ ohm:vifrD:rK: TzK:oD.Oel:(Vishnu)? ohm:vif ref:qof;Orf.cdkef;uldwf,yAefrK: Krishna eif,uK;seoh. e[:yyf.Mahabharata/ e[:yyf. Ramayana Orf.seoh.oK; TzK: VishnuOrf.ckdef;uldwf,yAefrK: Rama oK;eh/ e[:yyf. Mahabha -rata eh. wSrf;oh. vgif;TzK:OBD,o(Shiva)ugef,/ rldof;ymefckefapKcrf: ukyf:wK:cof(Gupta, AD-400-600)ref:bkrf,brf TzK:oD.Oel: pSif:eK,/ TzK:ODB,oauK; rD:qkdof;OAifsw.sw.bof;/ qArfrldof; ylef.rK: 3000 yD(rmifqldof:auK;oK;BC-1500)awK,xkdif AD-600 rK:eh. e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:yAef TzK:pdef,wl, zK,OK,pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:rK:bof;/

      rldof;ymef ckefapKcrf: ydrf,yD.OK,IK.(Bimbisara, BC-550-450`)rD:rK: zK,OK, tef rSif,tguf,e[: zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh.rK:bof;/ rD:rK: zK,OK,qmof:ykwf.x(Buddhism)sv; zK,OK,qmof: pAef:(Jainism)/ e[:AD-700 eh. vkuf.wD; Prophet Muhammad, wD; Arabia aO yAefrK: zK,OK,rl,Ovdrf,(tD,Ovmrf,)Islam bof;/ xkdifrK: AD-800 auK; zK,OK,tD,Ovmrf, cof;zSofrK: tdef,wD:bK:bof;/ zK,OK, Jainism cof q[.OAif Prakit oK;ehbof;/

      zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh. aOqof;qof; wif;sw,rK: trf,q[;sv; trf,rldefqmof:ykwf.xsv. tD,Ovmrf,/ zK,OK,pdef,wl,eh. sw,rD:rK:pkdifaO yK:rl,qlrf:ulef:cldof:vhmqldof. vhmwD;oh./ ulef:vlif zK,OK,pdef,wl,auK; Orf.Okdyf,wSrf;xSif;bl,b[:b[:? z[auK;seql:uGK, ymefuof,Rig Vedaeef.sv; eK,pmif; yAefrl,vAof wgh:vAofoh./ yyf.pdef,wl,rmifqldof: teftrf,rK:rldefuefauK;rD:/ qof;ulef:Nof qkrf: wSrf;uGmrf:oh;TzK:pdef,wl,vhm:wrf: vhm:yhm: vhm:cyf. vhm:vl, vhm:wmef: auK.tefsr:qgrf: vhm: qof;uof,auK;rD:/ eh.seoK; ulef:vlif sr:vhm:uof, rD:rK:eef.bof;/ rmifqldof:uldof:oK; tefref: tgefpAwf:eh. yAefvhm:r[,/ sw.ref: ref:vkdrf:iof;ref:oh.ulnf: qldif.ehauK;rD:/ rmifqldof:auK;oK; zl;tefvmwf;se TwK:pdef,wl,eh. cgyf,ref:uGmif;eK,? awK,xdkif trf,rD:cgyf,ref:uGK,bof;eh/ trf, tofwlofq[yldef;whm? vgif;udefqhm? vgif;qef.ulef:ySuf,uef qldof:eh.vgif;olef. vgif;ygif trf,rdlef uefvh;/ wD;ekdif; sv. wD;ekdif;sv; rD:vhmpmef.vhmqldof./ xAifxgifuefoh. vhmqldof.oh.bl,/ zK,OK, pdef,wl,eh. rD:bl,? ulnf:uK; ref:uGmif;eK,? pkdifeK,? uof,eef.ulnf:bof;/

      vhm:oh;TzK:pdef,wl,Mif.oK; yl,uBK,(Puja)eh/Pu eh. ygif,oK; rguf,bK;/ urf;erfsw. vl, wmef:rguf,? rmuf,? cof;? 'h:(wAef:)/ Orf.tof'h: chm.oh; pAwf:wlif, e[:vlrf:Ogif,eK;TzK:aO ckdef; umyf;wrf:bof;/ rmifyguf;auK; Ogef:erf.yefTzK:? rmifyguf;auK; vl,yefzK;rh wD;TzK:/ qldof:tefvl, wmef:bof;eef. yAefOmuf;TzK:sv; rD:yK:wmif:vD xmwf;TzK:bof;sv; rSif,uefudefvh;oK;eh/

      e[:owf.pdef,wl,urf;zgif; vh;pefpkef,pmif; vmif,uK,qhm:/ eh.sw,rK: qArfrldof;(AD-100) e[:ymefShungas/ arKrkdof:cof pAwf:tguf,pmif; vmif,uK,OBD,o? wmif:OkifrD:5-rh./ wD;eldofvmif,uK, eef.auK; rD:pmif;OBD,o ekif;clof:omifomifaO vmif,uK,ref:auK; seqgrf:oh./ TzK:OBD,o yAefTzK: bgif;abK:qgh;xSrf? Orf.bK.vl.uof:ughsv; ulef:bgef:Ol:auK;rD: ulef:bgef:P;sp.uif;auK;rD:/ pmif; vmif,uK,eh. seoK; rD:oh. TzK:OBD,o ehbof;/ rD:ulef:oK; cofpefpmif;vmif,uK, tguf,rK:e[:rkuf.'h:? Orf.TzK:OBD,o tguf,rK:e[:wlofvmif,uK, ehbof;/

      rD: Ipmef:sc,Faxian(Fa Hsien)uGK,zSofrldif:tdef,wD:bK: rldof;AD-402/ bl,vhmyDaO ref:yguf;ckdef:rldif:sc,? wSrf;yyf. vgif;cmof:wmif:ref:/ wD;rldif:ref:zSofrK:rdlif:tdef,wD:bK:(e[:ymef ukyf:wK:)eef. auK.tefvh;wluf:wmrf, awtrf,vh;pAwf:rlduf;eldof;ref:xSif;/ auK.tefvkuf.zdkef. ckefauK; ulef:tofrkdof:ref:cgefcGK zef:ySwf;ulnf:/ e[:rldif:eef. trf,vh;tofwlofq[Owf:whm/ ulef:trf,vh;udefvof;rof:urf? zuf:rD,vSif zuf:rD,zlduf,auK; trf,udefoK;eh/ qldof:ulef:udefqldof: eef. yAefulef:qef.wrf,handalas or Pariahs cofulnf:/ xkdifrK: AD-640? Ipmef:sc,Xuan  Zang Orf.rK: rldif:tdef,wD:bK: xSif;yK:ekdif;/ e[:yyf.ref:wSrf;seoh. zl;tofyldef;whm? ulef:rlduf;? ulef:vuf.vgrf trf,vh;bl,e[:oAif:? vh;bl,eguf;oAif:ulnf:eh/

      e[:zK,OK,pdef,wl, vgif;qef.ulef:(Caste)auK; ySuf,yldif;oh./ e[:vduf;Rigveda(ao, wK.)wSrf;oh. ulef:eh. qef.ref:rSif,rK: qArfrldof; qK,wD.(Jati)uldwf,eef.bof;oK;eh/

(1)Brahmans(Priests)                                          yIK,rmef,ykif,eK:

(2) Kshatriyas                    cwf.xID.b     ckef? ckefOkduf:

(3) Vaishyas                       ao,OD.b       qof;eK:? ulef:uK.

(4) Sudras                           Ol,wIK.       ulef:uK;? cK;q[.

(5) Panchamas                  ymef,qrK.      ulef:bK,wldof.(Untouchables)

      (Harijan=vkuf;TzK:/ Dalit=wAuf:wrf,/ Scheduled Caste=qef.rhmoh./)

      e[:rl,Ovdrf,auK; ySuf.Orf.oK; e[:TwK:cof trf,wSrf;oh.aOwK. vkuf.wD;pdef,wl,aO cof; rl,Ovdrf,rK:eef. 'dif;qef.ulef: rSif,uefqArfuldwf,eh. Okdyf,q[.? Okdyf,rD:oh. e[:su;rl,Ovdrf,oh. bl,/ ulef:pdef,wl,cofauK; pyf.tof rl,Ovdrf,qldof:yAefckef Ashraf(Arabic sharif=Nobleman) cof cof;yK:e[: cwf.xID.b yefbl,bof;/ Ashraf cofeh. yAef Arab rl,Ovdrf, qArfqof.aO zSofcof;rldif:tdef,wD:bK:rK:eef.bof;/ qldof:trf,rD:qkdof; Ashraf eh. yAefpdef,wl,ykdef.rldif:bAef: pyf.tof rl,Ovdrf,uGK,eef.bof;/

e[:Ashraf eh.Orf.rSif,xSif;(4)qkrf:-

(1)Sayyids (aObdwf.)cldof:vkuf;vmif: Muhammad

(2)Sheikhs (OBAuf.)(Chief)ulef:NoftK,Imyf.

(3)Pashtuns(yK.Owkef:)ulef:vmwf;uGmrf:Pashtoe[: Afghanistan sv.Pakistan/

(4)Mughats(rl,uldof:)ulef:wyf.Turkish/

e[:Non-Ashraf(trf,qkdof;Ashraf Orf.rSif,xSif;(3)qkrf:-

(1)Rajputs(IK,uBykwf.)

(2)Julahas(uBLvp)ulef:uK;? awK:pkuf,/

(3)Untocuables(ulef:bK,wldof.)/

      ulef:bK,wldof.eh. qef.cofoh.wrf,aOyldef;bof;/ ulnf:uK; Nofulef:cofOrf. erfaOyldef; (rD:18|)/ eefsv; ulef:vlif]]uef,wD,}}Mif.cofvkuf;TzK: oK;eh/ Orf.pAwf:P; ulef:wmifwlofcof yAefrK: wSef:zgif:/ rldof;vAof cofvh;oh.27|/ ohm:aO ulef:rldif:oef:wluf:Aryancof cof;rldif:tdef, wD:bK:rK:aO vgif;rSif,qef.ulef:eh.auK; rD:rK:qgrf:eif, qef.umef? qef.arKcofeef.bof;/ trf,uK: 4-5qef.? rD:xSif;erfoh.bl,/ Rajput urf;zgif; ckdef;yAef Sheikh rK:/ eK;Ndef:avK: qef.uefauK;rD:bl,/

      wD;e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:eh. qkdof;OAif]]cwf.xID.b}}sv. ]]ao,OD.b}}trf,ayK:Nif? trf, ayK:vkdof:aOwK. qkdif;OAif]]yIK,rmef,}}sw. Nifpmif:aOyldef;bof;/ cofvh;pAef:tof ao,wK.ODuBmrf: aO cofarK ay,wmif,uK,vK:? arKbK? arKvhm:pAwf:Omif; e[:apK? arKqgyf,yefckef? arKqgh;olef.yef vgif;uK.vgif;chm qldof:eh.sv; vh;oK;cofyAef qof;ydif,nK,vlifbof;/ ugyf;yldof; rD:Nif:pAef:ykif,eK:rK: sv; yIK,rmef,auK; rD:erfwldof:rK:wduf:wduf:bof;/ wD;tefpyf.Mif:wkdof:cofauK; erfqgrf:rK:eif, uof,/ rldof;AD-600/700 qldof:eh. yIK,rmef, tguf,wD; Lata(Gujarat)auK; erfoh.bl,sw.bof;/

      uGmrf:vmwf;? uGmrf:Mif.? uGmrf:oguf: OAif Sanskrit rD:rK: qArfrldof;BC-1400 qldof:eh.bof;/ pAwf:uGmrf:bgif;abK:TzK:Aryan cofrK:bof;/ eh.Mif.oK; acK;uGmrf:Rigveda ehbof;/ acK;uGmrf:qldof:eh. sr:qgrf:rK:vgh:vgh:? rD:vgif;ckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:/ rD:Grammar (yldif;whmvhm:wSrf;ref:)rK:/ ugyf;ehsv; uGmrf:Sanskrit eh. oK;yAef uGmrf:wArfxlef;(Tongue Perfect)ehbof;/ vduf;Sankrit sw. sw, rldof; AD-100 wSrf;wkdof:rK:bof;/

      rldif:TzK:ykwf.x yAefMagadha? TzK:yAefqof;auK; q[.uGmrf:rldif:Magadha ulnf:uK; cmof: eef. trf,yh,qmif;wmif,zkdef/ xkdifrK: ymefapKcrf:Asoka? OAifuGmrf:vmwf; yldif;Magadha uof, eef.rK: tdwf:ekdif;/ acK;wmif,zkdefeh.Mif.oK; Pali oK;eh/ wD;e[:rldif:OD,Nof,eh. yyf.TwK:wSrf; OAif qArfrldof;AD-100 oK;eh/ wD;e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:eh. yyf. Sanskrit auK; phmuGK,wif:erf/ ulnf:uK; Orf.uGK,rD:oh. wD;rldif:Tibet / qlof;trf,yh,yAefPali? vduf;eh.Mif.oK; Prakrit ugef,oK;eh/ vduf;Brahmi(jA[®[D)eh. e[:rldif:Bengal sv. OD,Nof, wkdof:bl,wif:erf/ yyf.TwK:qof;ykwf.x tofvduf;Pali wSrf;wD;OD,Nof,/ vkuf.wD;eh. zSofuGK,Dvaravati(rgef: sv. OSrf)? Kamboja (Cambodia, Angkor)?Lanna(blof<eluf.ecgef)? Hongsavati(rldif:rgef:)/ AD-1056qif, Okdyf,zSof rldif:yl:urf,(zr)/ vkuf.wD; vmef.eK: rldif:blef: Okdyf,zSofuGK, Odyf:Ogifzef:eK: sv. rldif:rmof:vlif/ zSofrK: Borobudur(tdef,wlofeD:OBL:)/ yyf.TwK:qof;ykwf.x tofvduf;Sanskrit wSrf;wD; eD,ayK:vf/ vkuf.wD;eh. zSofuGK,rldif: wD.ySwf.? sc,? uBK,ymef,? rlif,ulof:vD:bK:? wuf.uD. Ofwmef, sv. rldif:oef:tguf,cof/

      e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:eh. Nofulef:pdef,wl, erfwldof:aO zK,OK,wmif,qldof:/ ugyf;ehvduf; pdef,wl, tof Sanskrit, Brahmi wSrf;qldof:eh. yAefpdef,wl,urf;erfbof;/ Orf. uBmrf:ao,wK,OD, uBmrf: qldof:eh.auK; yAefpdef,wl,? yIK,rmef,wif:vhmauK; yAefpdef,wl,/ ulef:vlif:Nif:pAef:aO yAef yIK,rmef,rK:ehauK; erfwldof:rK:/ ehsv; wK,pAwf:umefvlef.tguf,rldif:rK:wduf:wduf:aO rK:pKxmrf: umefimef:e[:apKwmif,wD;wmif,rldif:bl,bof;/

      rldof;ymefuof,(AD-100)eef. pmif;rldif:pof: trf,yh,rD:/ sr;erf.uAofrD:qkdof;wh:sv. qkdof; pdef,wl,Iravati(Irrawaddy)qkdof;qmif.zlduf, TzK:pdef,wl,cof/ qkdof;rldif:ayB,rldof;vAof qkdof;uof,yAef Sriksetra(qkdof;TzK:pdef,wl,)? wgif,wgdef:uBD: yAefVishnumyo? Oxkif, yAefSudhammawadi? wgif,wgdef: yAefRAmavati? sy:ul:(yK,uldof)yAefHansavati? bef,ukif, yAefUtkala/ qkdof;oAif: qldof:eh. yAefqkdof;pdef,wl,vgef.vgef.sv; oAif:rldif:pof:qldof:eh. yAefpdef,wl,uvK:cof rK:sw,wif; oh.sv; ukdwf:qkdof;cofulnf:bof;/ ckefref:auK; yAefckefuvK:pdef,wl, qif,qkdof;pdef,wl,ukdwf:vh;oh. bof;/ e[:yyf. tl:¨mef:xkef:(OBLnf,ylof,)2009 wSrf;oh. pdef,wl,rK:wif;oAif:acKacKcof qArfrldof; AD-100 eef.bof;oK;eh/ ugyf;yldof;pdef,wl,cof rK:wif;oAif:qgrf: sr;erf.uAof(Irrawaddy)sv; wD;qldof:eh. vkrf:uefaO Mif.oK;Brahma-Desh(Desa)? ygif,oK; yAefrldif:TzK:pdef,wl,Brahma ehbof;/ ohm:rK: vSuf;vhm;yAefrK:Burma oK;eh/ qArfrldof; qmof:ykwf.x trf,yh,zSofpdrf:sr;erf.uAof  qmif:pdef,wl,cof ykif,eK:cof ayK:zSofrK:tgefwmif:bof;/ yyf.ykdef:ulef:zr rD:rK: zhm,vifTzK: ykwf.xulnf:sv; qof.vldofeh. ykdef:coftrf,rD:/ ckefzr rD:rK:rldof;AD-1044 ulnf:sv; qof. vldofeef. yAefckefpdef,wl,ulnf:bof;/

      e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK: rldof;ymefuof,eef. rD:ckef sv. ulef:rldif: Puru Vangsi bl,wD; yD,pK,ygwf:qmef:/ e[:Rigveda wSrf;oh. cldof:Puru sv. Bharata Nrf;uefbl,oh.wD; Sarasvati (Brahmavarta)oK;eh/ qkdof;apKcrf: Puru cof seoh. 29yK:/ ckef Puru cof tkyf.yldif,irf:rldif: uGmif;oh.eif,uof,/ yK:qArfAgra, Benares/ rldif:cofvl.uGK, tgefeK; ymefTzK:ykwf.xqof;eh.ulnf:/ qArfqof.eef. ulef: Puru cof cof;wif;oAif:pdrf:zif,erf.uAofoh.bl,/

      tofykdef:wh: sv. ykdef:sc,rK:se? ckef sv. ulef: Puru cof rK:sw,omef;pdrf:erf. uAof zhm,w[;wK;ugif qof.vldofAD-232oh.ugef,bof;/ wD;cofbl,eef. Mif.oK;Puru-gama(Puru-gama)yl:urf,ehbl,bof;/ ohm:rK: ugyf;yldof;rD: yl:urf,w[;(AD-1044)rK:sv; yl:urf,uof,(AD-233) eh. Mif.oK; yl:urf,eldof(tnK,yl:urf,)ehbof;/ vduf;zrcof wSrf;qkdif wSrf;Pu-gambl,/ ulnf:uK; rldof;coftmef, Orf.tmef,Pa-ganehsv; eK,pmif;trf,yAefoAif:vAof/ Pu-gama sv. Pa-ganyAef oAif:vAofaO yAefoAif:pdef,wl,ulnf:bof;/ ulef:zef:Puru cof chm.rK:bl,qgrf: erf.uAof(Irrawad-dy)eh. cofayK:yK:rK: zK,OK,pdef,wl,cof? ykif,eK:(Brahmin)cof? arKwdefarKrkdof:cof? (cmof:eef. arKwdefarKrkdof: wD;Gujarat ayK:OkifpSif:oh.sw.bof;)sv. vduf;pdef,wl,cof(Brahmi)eef.bof;/

      rldif:Puru-Vangsi cof vl.uGK,tgefeK; ymefTzK:ykwf.x(BC-563-483)tgefeK; rldif: Magadha trf,yh,Ndif:rK:eh.ulnf:/ TzK:pdef,wl,? zK,OK,pdef,wl,? uGmrf:Sanskrit ayK:rD:oh. qof. vldofykwf.xzK,OK, sv. uGmrf:Magadha(Pali)oh.bl,bof;/ ulef:Puru qldof:rK:(Okrf:Okduf:aOchm. rK:)wD;yl:urf,(Pu-gama-AD-233)eh.awtrf,yh,yK: qmif:ykef.xrK:ugef,/ cofyAefpdef,wl,vhmvhm ulnf:bof;/ pdrf:erf.uAofeh. cofrK:wif;omef;wif;oAif:aObl,pif:cofsv; ckefauK; yAefckefcofsv; qkdof;pdef,wl,auK; qif,ukduf:qgrf:oh.bof;/ cofyK:rK: 'dif;uK,vK:ay,wmif,? azK,qkdof;qgrf:vkuf;oef:? bK;bKqgrf,ugrf,? avK,cSyf:idkef:qhm, tefyK:rduf;ckefcof? tefyK:rduf;pdef,wl,cofeef. yK:rK:vgif; rmuf,qgh.rmuf,qif;? yK:rK:vgif;wlifcof;ylduf, cGmuf.? sy,? chm:? aqK:/ yK:rK: vgif;yefuK;cdif:(uK;erf. elrf:sr;)rldof;pAwf:cSuf,yAefNdef:? rldof;yAefNdef: tofrhrwf.rkdof:yefcofyl,tguf,qldof:eh./ qArfumefe[: apK vDpAwf:Oif? trf,vDpAwf:Oif? vh;xmrfykif,eK:cofrK:/ ykif,eK:cofauK; wrf:yldifref:yefrK:vgh: vgh:/

      ckefuvK:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:Mif, Okrf:Okduf:? qkdof; tzD.IK,qK, Orf.zSofwK;ugif(rldif: wh:pdrf:erf.uAof)/ qgrf:eif, ykdef:wh:ykdef:sc, ykdef:uvK:ckefuvK:(Palavas)Okrf:Okduf:aO tguf, yhm;rK: OAef;wmif:vdef rldof;AD-850/(e[:ykdef:zrrmef,emef: yefoh.yDref: qof.pSif:eK,? se oh.BC-900/800 qldof:eh./)ugyf;yldof; yhm;Okduf:sv; cofyhm;uhuh qif,zSofrK: rldif:wh:wK;ugifbof;/ cofN. oh.xK; wD;pdrf:wK;ugif rD:omef;ykif,eK:(Puru-gama)yl:urf,sv; qgrf:rK:wD;eh.pkdof/ qkrf:ckefuvK: pdef,wl,(wqK.IK,qK.)Orf.rK:wmif:vdefzhm,vif? Orf.zSofrK:xSif;pSif: wD;wK;ugif(cmof:eef. oAif: wh: wK;ugif yAefckefuvK:cof yldif,irf:uGK,bof;)/

      ulef:uvK:pdef,wl, rldif:tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:qmef:wmif,qldof: rK:wmif:Ndof:? rK:sw,wif; oAif: Sriksetra(ohm:vifMif. rldif:ayB,)/ cmof:eh. rldif:Sriksetra wkduf.yAefwK;Ndof:vlif ygif,ymif,vhm,wav: oh.bl,/ ulef:uvK:pdef,wl,wmif,qkrf: Orf.rK:wif;oAif:Sudhammawadi(ohm:vifrK: Mif.Oxkif,? rmif qldof:auK; bgif;yAefSuvarnabhumi)/ ulef:uvK:pdef,wl,eif,uof,? ugyf;ydlof;OAef;wmif:Ndof:cmof:uwf: ygif,uefvDaOtrf,uK: wmif:uK.wmif:chmvDsv; zSoferfwldof:rK:bl,wduf:wduf:/ Orf.rK:wif;Tanao Siri (omef;wK;Ndof: ODID.rif,uvK,)ehsv; yAefOAifzr weoFm&Dqdyfurf; sv. weoFm&Dwkdif; ehbof/ 'dif;si;pdef,wl, pefrD:bl,e[:rgef:cofbl,/ udefcof; Oguf,erf.vhmvhm/ udefcof;Oguf,erf. Orf.O[,zgifrmuf,zdwf: qdlif.eh/ oAif:rkwf;wrf:eh.auK; yAefoAif:pdef,wl,/ OAifpdef,wl, ohm:vifzr coftguf,OAiftrf,yD,sv; yAefrK: rkwf.wr? zrcof vh;tmrf:emwf;aO yAefckefrD:zkif:rK:sv; qkdof;uvK:auK; ukduf:qgrf:OAifzruGK,/ erf.clif:eh.auK; rldefeif,erf.uAofrD:qkdof;wh: erf.clif:sv. qkdof;uvK:pdef,wl,Salween eh.ulnf:/ ohm:vifrK: xh:cofOrf.tguf,OAifcofoK;Salawin eh/ erf.clif: ygwf:w[;eh. uGmrf:rgef:cofMif.zmif;vgif; oK;eh/

      Nif:pAef: rldif:tdef,wD:bK:? e[:yyf.eK;vdef(Geography)eef. wSrf;seoh.aO Ogef yefvkuf;pAef:cofoh.bl,]]pdrf:sr;erf. Irrawaddy eh. yAefomef;rldif:pdef,wl,Mif.oK;Brahma Desh? ohm:rK: vSuf;vhm;yAefrK:Burma}}oK;eh/

      yyf.uof,e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:(Jatakas)wSrf;vgif;ulef:uK.qgrf:Ndof:/ cofuGK,uK.rldif:Suvarna- bhumi/ rldof;AD-200 eh. cmof:wmif:Ndof:ulef:uK. ygif,vDsw.bof;/ cofuGK,uK.ukefrldif:oef:tguf,(O xkif,? xemofODID.? tbkwf.xD<bK<? rldif:rav:? rldif:uBK,oK: qldof:eh.wif:OAif; Nrf;uefMif.ukefrldif: oef:tguf,ehbof;/) rldof;uGK,auK;vh;chm? rldof;rK:auK; vh;Okdof.clof:rK:chmsv; ulef:uK.vh;erf.wgef:vD eK,/ eefsv; cofwmif;ukif,aOoK; pof:uGK,uK.rldif:Suvarnabhumi(rldif:tguf,ikdef:tguf,crf:)ehbof;/ Oxkif,yK:e[:ukefrldif:oef:tguf,Suvarnabhumi bl,/ ulnf:uK; Oxkif,vhmvhmyAefSuvarnabhumi trf,q[;/ rldif:xh:auK; cofoK; cofyAef Suvarnabhumi ehulnf:eif,uof,/ eefsv; clif,Ndef:odef cof Orf.ayK:azK,qkdof;Suvarnabhumi bof;/ ul;ulef:uGK,uK. ul;vh;crf:sw.auK; trf,q[;/ qldof: xlyf: cAef? qlef? Ndof:vl. qldof:eh.auK;rD:bl,/

      vh;cmof,ulef:uK.cof uGK,ukefrldif:oef:tguf, vh;vgif;rmuf;rD;rK:sv; ckeftgef,e[:apK ayK:q[ yK:acK: qgrf:tguf,rK:aO rK:wif;apKr[,? oAif:r[,bof;/ ugyf;yldof;qldif.ehsw,AD-200 rK: wD;ukefrldif: oef:tguf,eh. ckeftkyf.yldif,irf:rldif:ref: yAefqkdof;uvK:pdef,wl,erfwldof:rK:wduf:wduf:bof;/ cofyK:rK: 'dif;si;pdef,wl,cof? vhm:bl,vhm:udefcof? vgif;ekif;wmif:ohcof? acK;uGmrf:cof? wlofvduf;Sanskrit cof qldof:eh.bof;/ awvh;oK; ukefrldif:oef:tguf,(Suvarnabhumi)eh. yAefrldif:ckefpdef,wl, tkyf.irf: uGK,rlwf:bof;/ e[:su;AD-200-500 eh. rldif:pdef,wl, tkyf.qgwf,zSofMalay, Cambodia, Annam, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Boneo qldof:eh.rlwf:bof;/ e[:yyf.ykdef:sc,auK; wSrf;seoh.qdlif. eh/ zK,OK,pdef,wl, (Brahmanism, Saivism) auK; qgwf,e[:su;cofuGK,bof;/ Orf. vduf;Sanskrit awvh;pef wD;apK wD;owf. wD;oK:/ 'dif;si;pdef,wl, avK:uefwif: 'dif;si;ulef:ukduf: rldif:uGK,/ ulnf:uK; 'dif;si;pdef,wl, pefvh;ihm;oh.bl,ul;wD;/

      rldif:pdef,wl,vlifqldof:eh.(Champa, Funan, Kamboja)Odkyf,yAefrldif:pdef,wl,uGK,pkdifyAef 1000yDawK,pmef.rldif:pdef,wl, wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK: ckeftD,Ovrf,rK:bK.vl.bof.aOwK. rldif:pdef, wl,wmif:rldif:tguf,eh. wkduf.rD:oh.bl,/ owf.b[,owf.vlif pdef,wl, wkduf.vh;pefbl,ul;wD;/ 'dif;si; Ramayana (ckefvdif:)auK; vh;pefbl,ul;wD;/ ayK:yAefrldif:pdef,wl,bof.auK; ul;oAif:rD:Brahma-nas yAefpAifref:rK:bof;/ cofqgh;ulef:rD:? ckef sv. qof;apKcrf:/ cofrD:eK;wKsv; cofvh;ar:imrf: bof;/ ckefapKcrf:pdef,wl, qldof:eh. rD:qkdof;(JVarman)/ rldof;cmof:rldif:Kamboja pSif:b[,rK:eh. Lao, Siam, Malay, Dvaravati qldof:eh.auK; vh;egrf:xkdif Kamboja bof;

      e[:yyf.pAef:ykdef: wK,vkuf;pAef:cof wD;e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:auK; wSrf;oh.]]ulef:tdef,wD: bK:cof q[.wkdof:erf.ymif,vhm, wK,uK.vhmvhmulnf:sw. trf,q[;/ yK:vgif;wmif:yhm:rldif:? yK:vgif;wmif: 'dif;si;bl,bof;/ cofuGK,uK.bof.aO ckefcofqgrf:rK: wif;apKwif;rldif:/ zK,OK,cof? uGmrf:vmwf;cof? yhm:rgef:cof? vgif;auK,vgif;Omif;cof Nrf,irf:tK,OBK.(Asia)uGK,aObof;/ 'dif;qldof:eh. uGmrf:qldof:eh. wkduf.q[.bl, awK,rldof;vAof}}/ zK,OK,pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:vhmymuf,yDbof; zK,OK,ykwf.x qif,qmif;qgrf: cof;rK:ohm:vif/

      rldif:tdef,wD:bK:Bengal eh. rD:wmif:tguf,Okwf:Okwf:sv; vgif;uyf:Okdyf,awK,rldif:sc,v[? sr;erf.Irrawaddyv[ uyf:Okdyf,awK,rldif:wh: rldif:Dvaravati rldif:rav:? rldif:uBK,oK: v[qldof:eh. yAefyldifb[,ref:rK:sw.bl,bof;/ yhwmif:vdefauK;vhm;? yhwmif:erf.auK;vh;/ ckefpdef,wl, rK:Nrf,irf: vh;rldif:qldof:eh. yDref:ayK:pdrf:pAif/ rmifqldof:auK; pAifvldofugef,/ qgrf:eif, e[:vduf;Kalyani rD: eef. Oxkif,eh. yAefckef Golas(Gandad) cof rK:tkyf.xdif: awK,pmef.uGmrf:rgef:? uGmrf:rmef< ayK:q[.Golas eh wmifacK; ulef:eguf;rldif:eh.uGK,/ tefpof:oK; Kala eef. ygif,oK;OK,eldof.vrf? Gola eh.ygif,oK; qkdof;ckefuvK:rK:eif;rldif:eef.bof;/ vduf;Sanskrit tefvh;pef wD;rldif: Cambodiaeef.auK; Mh:wSrf;? vhm:wSrf;ref: rldefuefvlnf; vhm:Gola(Ganda)cofwSrf;eh.bof;/ rldof;ymef Palavas cofxdif:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:eef. rD:vgif;'dif;pdef,wl,ohm:vif 'dif;ykwf.xNrf,xkdif eldof Java eh.sw. vduf;wSrf;oh. wD; Java rD:oh./ Guru(TOK,)apKcrf:Sailendra eh. yAefulef: bl,rldif:Goda(Ganda)oK;eh/ ugyf;eh yhm:'dif;si;? yhm:rgef: cgifPalavas cofvh;pefvDimrf: wD; Java, Cambodia, Irrawaddy qldof:eh./ eh.seoK; cofrD:vgif;uyf:Okdyf,uefvlnf;Bengal eef. bof;/ Pandits (cl:)vkuf.wD;rldif:Palavas uGK,zSofrldif:rlnf(Tibet)/ rldof;eef. yhm:bkrf,brfwD; Ti-bet yAefBon-po/ pdrf:AD-850 eh. vkuf.wD; Bengal yhm:ykwf.xzK,OK, zSofcof;TibetrK:bof;/

      ayK:awrK:pkyf;wlnf:xkdif wD;qAif,qmef:oef:tguf, ukefvlif asia eh. yAefckefpdef,wl, JVarman cof Nrf,irf:OAif;OAif;bof;/ e[:eh. pSif:b[,aOyldef; yAefKamboja(Cambodia) bof;/ wD;sr;erf.uAof(Irrawaddy)eh.Orf. yAefckefpdef,wl,cldof:Puru-Vangsi cof xdif:ugef:rK: bof;/ tofvduf;pof:? vduf;rmef<? vduf;sc,wSrf;tguf,OAif yl.? yk yl:Il:? yl:? ydof:? ydof,? zSof; qldof: eh. yAefpdef,wl, cldof:Puru rlwf:rlwf:tefvAofulnf:bof;/ Pu-gama=Pu-gan=Pagan yAefqldif. ehulnf:bof;/

      ykdef:zr ugyf;yldof;trf,yh,pKpefiof;ref:sw.sw.sv; rldof;vAof yef,wlif,oh./ rldof;qof. oK; zryAefrK:qgrf: ydof,? urf:brf? ¨Awf. cofavK:uefuGK,eef./ ohm:rK:Orf.oK;ykdef.iof;ulef:zr yAefrldif:wK;ugifeh/ ugyf;yldof; tzD.IK,qK, yAefuvK:pdef,wl,sv; cofckdef:sr:oK; ykdef.iof;ulef:zr yAefuRuf.sO,/ rldof;vAof Orf.ckdef:chm.rK:oK; ykdef.iof;ulef:zr yAefqldof.cldof:ydof,oK;eh/ iof;ykdef.ydof, eh. Orf.uGK,pKe[:zkdefsc,sv; cmof:wmif:bmof:uGK,/ awvh;pKtof e[:ykdef:pdef,wll,uvK: qif,rSef; bof;/ ydof,sv. zr yAefzef:Ogefzef:? trf,qmif;oK; ydof,yAefzr/ ydof,yAefzef:ckefpdef, wl, rldif:tdef,wD:bK:(Puru Vangsi)cofrK:wmif;omef;wif;rldif: wD;sr;erf.(Irrawaddy)/ Puru-gama=Pu-gam=Pagan eh. qArfrldof;AD-200 eef.bof;/ rldof;ydof,wkduf.yAefydof,bl,eef. trf, xkuf,oK; cofyAefzrbof.eh/ ohm:rK:cofphmuGK,? qkdof;cofauK;phmuGK,? avK:uefavK:uefaO yAefrK:zr eef.ulnf:bof;/ ydof,(Puru)yAefcldof:ckefrldif:tdef,wD:bK:eh.auK; xkdifcmof:pyf.vh;bl,bof;/

      tefoK;cSyf:idkef:ydof, tefoK;eh. yAefcSyf:ikdef:pdef,wl, e[:qlof;cmof:(BC-100-AD-100)eef.bof;/ ugyf;yldof; ulef:yl:Il:pdef,wl,cof oh;OKyK:vSwf, sv. vldefeef. e[:pmif;cSyf: ikdef:seoh.bl,/ e[:cSyf:idkef:vh;pef pmif;quf.uBK,(quf.uIK,)sevgif; yhwmif:(ckdef;b[,r[,Okif) eef.bof;/ zhm,cGKeh. Orf.vh;pef OGK<xoD:uK.? eh.seoK; P;rD;wmif:vD(rif,uvK,)qgrf:oK;eh/ tefpof:oK; cSyf:ikdef:ydof, tefoK;eef. yAefcSyf:ikdef:ckefPuru Vangas uvK:pdef,wl,(AD-100)eef.aO yK:zSof sr;erf.Irrawaddy rK:eef.ulnf:bof;/ uvK:ulef:uK.cof rK:uK.chmsv; cSyf:idkef:cof yK:rK:aO zSofoh. vh;pefeef.bof;/

À À À À À À

ckefpdef,wl, irf:qgwf,tK,OBK.

      ulef: sv. 'dif;si; rldeferf.bof;/ vkuf.wD;erf vhql:wD;at,? vkuf.wD;Okifvhql:wD; wSrf,/ e[:rldif:vliftdef,wD:bK:eh.auK; rD:ulef:rldif:oef:wluf:cof(Aryan)cof;rK:bl,/ rD:rl,Ovdrf,(yK: OBmef<)cof cof;rK:bl,/ eefsv; wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK:qef. vduf;cof? 'dif;si;cof? arKwdefarK rkdof:cofau; Okifwldof:rK:bof;/

      rldof;AD-200 eh.Ptolemy wSrf;tguf, qkdof;rldif:? qkdof;oAif:wD;tK,OBK.eh.vh;pefyAefqkdof; Sanskrit oh.OAif;OAif;/ ulef:rldif:tdef,wD:bK: tguf,rK:uK.ohm:vifBrahmin cof? cldof:ckefcof qgrf:rK: sv; yAefwif;rldif: wif;oAif:uGK,bof;/ vhm:auK,wif;rldif:qldif.eh tofcmof:bmrf:pkdifsw.sw./ trf, rdlefvhm:rldif:sc, yK:wyf.Okduf:wkduf:tofaO Nrf,irf:eef./ rldof;AD-100 eh.rldif:Java, Sumatra, Malay, Funan, Champa yK:vlnf;sr;erf.Irrawaddy qldof:eh. ulef:bif:yh,rD: Oldof;clof:vDimrf: ugef,/ ugyf;yldof; 'dif;si;pdef,wl,Okifoh.aOtrf,uK:? trf,vh;ulofulef:uK.(trf,rldefOkduf:)sv; vhm: ekif; vlif:uBD:? tmif:uBD:? vhm:bl,vhm:udef? bldif;qgrf:pdef,wl,uGK,bof;/ ohm:vif ckefpdef,wl, rK:pAwf: ckefaO yAefulof,vlof,eD,(Colony)qldof.ekdif; eif,uof,bof;/ ulnf:uK;Colony eh.trf,q[;cK;rldif: tdef,wD:bK:? yAefckefuvK: 'dif;uvK:rK:Nrf,irf:uGK,eef.ulnf:bof;/ vduf;Sanskrit sw. wkdof: qgwf,tK,OBK.uGK, ul;wD;bof;/ vduf;tefwkdof:eh. yAefSanskrit ymefuof, tefbmrf;wkdof:rK: rldif: tdef,wD:bK:ymefuof,eef. eif,uof,bof;/ ulef:uK.? ykif,eK:Brahmin cldof:ckefzSofrK: qldof:eh. yAefrK: e[:ymefckefMaurya(arK:ID.b)eef.bof;/

      yhm:irf:rldif:eh. ckefuvK: rK:yAefckef wD;r[,? oAif:r[,/ ykif,eK:Brahmin cofauK; rK:qgh; ygifrldif:/ Orf.ckdef: P;ulef:vlifykdef.rldif: pyf.tofqkdof;pdef,wl,(Sanskrit)aO wmif,yAefulef:vlif? O[,cof P;yK:e[: qef.ulef:pdef,wl,Kshatriya/ yAefNdef:vlnf;ulef:ykdef.rldif:aO yefqkdof;Sanskrit aO P;pAwf:ckef qldif.eefauK; rD:eh e[:yyf.ykdef:sc, rhmoh.yefbl,/

(1)Funan

      vh;cgyf;q[xkdif ulef:wSrf;ykdef:sc,cof? cofwSrf;vgif;Funan(ohm:vifyAefrK:CAmbodia)/ wSrf;vgif;Champa(ohm:vifyAefrK:Vietnam)/ sc,rK:Nrf,irf: rldif:Vietnam ygwf:Mif,eh.yD:yAef 1000 yD/ zkdefxrf: Sanskrit pdef,wl, tefwkdof:bl,wD;rldif:Cambodia rldefvduf; Sanskrit e[:ymefckef Pallavas cofeef.bof; oK;eh/ pof:vh;N. rldif:tK,OBK.qldof:eh. yAefw[;rkdof:ckefpdef, wl,oh./ ulnf:uK; pAwf:pkdofpAwf:pK vh;yAefuGK,eef. trf,N.vh;vDvDbof;/

      rldof;wif;auK,Angkor Vat bl,eef. wD;Cambodia eh.auK; zK,OK,ykwf.xzSofrK:/ eefsv; rldof;auK,Angkor Vat eef. yAefwK,pdef,wl,aOwK. qAif,tgef,qAif,ekdif; rD:rK:pmif; ykwf.xbof;/ rldof;AD-700 zK,OK,ykwf.x zSofrK:Sumatra bof;/ wD;rldif:yl:urf, tel.Ilwf.xK, eh.auK; ykwf.xzK,OK, vkuf.wD;rgef:cof vh;rK:rldof;AD-1056 eh.ulnf:/ pmif;ugif:rl: pmif;TzK:yAef pmif;rldif:uvK:? erf.rkdof:uvK: wif:erfbof;/ pmif;ulef:wSrf;qldof:eef.auK; yAefpmif;uvK:aOwK. urf;zgif;trf,c[;bkdefsv; oK;yAef pmif;ydof,cofoK;eh/ rldof;vAof N.rK:vDimrf:sw. ydof,tefoK;eef. yAefPuru Vangsi ? yAefcldof:ckef yl:(Pu)sv; yAefrK: ydof, ulnf:bof;/ tefwkdof:yyf.uwkdef:eh auK; yAefyuf.uwkdef:uvK:(Lunar-solar calendar)eef.bof;/ acK;uGmrf:pof:wkdof:bl,ul;oef:eh.auK; yAef Sanskrit wif:erfbof;/

      ckefFunan eh. qgrf:eif,ykdef:sc,(Kang Tai)wSrf;oh.eef. qkdof;ckefyAefHun Tien (Kaundinya)/ ref:vkuf.wD; rldif:uvK:aO Mwf;rK:pAwf:ckefwD;eh. oK;eh/ vgif;eh.eif,uof, tofvduf;Sanskrit aO wSrf;rhmoh. e[:rldif:ChampaauK;rD:/ auK.yAefckefeh. yAefBrahman Kaundinya? yAefNdef:vlnf; vkuf;bdif:rldif:euK: oK;eh/ cofOkdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uef irf:rldif: Funan rK:aOtrf,uK: pAwf:Ndof:vlifaO rD:rK:wyf.erf.sv; pkyf;vh;rldif:pdrf:Mrf:10rldif: oK;eh/

      vduf;q[.e[:apK yAefSanskrit (pdef,wl,)/ Funan Olif,zgif:cAof zSofrldif:uof,cof(e[:ymef Murundas)aO? Orf.Olif,zSofrldif:sc,ugef,bof;/ ykdef:sc,(Kang Tai)wSrf;seoh. omef; sv. apKcofbl,eh. rD:omif:vgrf.oh./ ulef:qhm:eh. pmif;qK.eK,? OK,eldof.vrf/ rD:uof;clefNof? coftrf,wkdof: Oguf:? Oldof;clof:ekif;trf,Nrf,vlrf;wif:wlof/ cofpAwf:Olef? Ogrf;eK:? cofcguf:(cSuf:)pmif;wK,Mh;acK; cof/ cofrD:yyf.vDimrf:/ eh.yAef vgif;wmif:wSrf;oh.rldof;AD-200 bof;/

(2)Malay

      ohm:aO ckefpdef,wl,Nrf,irf: Funan bof.aO ckefpdef,wl,wmif,qldof: Nrf,irf:xkdif Malay uGK,/ e[:yyf.sc,wSrf;oh. Lang-ya-ssu-chia eef. cofwSrf;qgrf:OAifcofsv; ySuf,yldif;oh./ sw.ref: yAefvgif;LangKasuka(yyf.Malay sv. yyf.Java)cof yK:oh.wif:OgifwD;/ qkdof;eh. rD:ukdwf:awK,rldof;vAof/ rD:zhm,eldof sr;erf.Perak eef./ wD;eh. wmif:uK.wmif:chm vDqgrf:rK: ugyf; yldof; Ndof:cofzSofvh; Siam(Pattani)sv. rldif:tdef,wD:bK:Bengal/

      Orf.rD:xSif; rldif:Tambalingam(Tambralinga)rD:e[:ukefrav:/ zhm,Mif,rD:Chaiya? bl,qrfLigor/ rD:yyf. Pali yyf.ekdif; Mif.qkdof;Niddesa? wSrf;rldof;AD-600 oK;oh. rldif:apKcrf:eh. rD:rK: rldof;ylef.rK: 400yD(AD-200)eef.bof;/ wD;Kedah eh. clwf.tguf,clof:rK:wif:erf/ eldof clof:qldof:eef. rD:vduf;Sanskrit/ wD;ref:yAefKataha(zhm,sc,Orf. wSrf;trf,yD,sv; Orf.oK; yAefChieh-chaeh/)qgrf:eif,yyf. Niddesasv. yyf.sc,eh.yAef vgif;wmif:Funan Nrf,xkdifrldif: rav:eef.bof;/

(3)Champa(Lin-yi)

      e[:yyf.ykdef:sc,(Chin)wSrf;oh. ckefapKcrf:Tongking(qkdof;Tao Huang)oK; rldof; AD-280 ulef:rldif:Lin-yi(Champa)rK:wkduf:rldif:Tongking oK;eh/ rldif:Lin-yi eh. rD:zhm,Mif, Funan oK;eh/ wD;rldif:cofeh. rD:vhg? rD:yK, cof;bmyf, tguf,bmyf,sv; coftrf,egrf:awK,rldif:sc,oK; eh/

      ugyf;yldof; ckefsc,Han cof pSif:tlef;uGK,sv; ulef:vlifykdef.rldif:auK.ekdif;qkdof; Chu-lien uSwf,tofvdefrldif: rldof;AD-192 aO wif;rldif:ulnf:acK Lin-yi ehbof;/ tgefeK;eef.auK; cof bmrf;zdkef.wkduf:Okduf:sc,bl,/ sc,cofsw. oK;yldef;yAefulef:vldif:(Barbarian=rmef;)ehwduf:wduf: bof;/ ulef:qldof:eh. yAefulef:Champ rlwf:rlwf:trf,q[;? yK:qArfulef:pdef,wl,uvK:/ ohm:rK:ulef: ykdef.rldif:Champ cofauK;cof;yAefpdef,wl,uGK,rlwf:bof;/ rldif:Champa eh. rD:zhm,qmef:Vietnam rldof;vAofeh.bof;/ qkdof;wD;eh.auK; rD:rK:Ogifqkdof;? qkdof; Champa sv. qkdof;Sanskrit/ wD; Dong duong vh;rK:pmif;TzK:wgif:? oAif:eh.Orf.oK; yAefAmaravati ehugef,/ Binh-dinh yAef Vijaya/ Nha-trang yAef Kaultara/ rldof;AD-800 eh. acK;uGmrf: Champa wkduf.rD:bl,? wkduf. q[.bl,/ Champa eh. rldof;ugef,yAefw[;rkdof: Funan eif,uof,/ ugyf;Oifsv; vh;oK;qldif.ehqkdif wD; Nha-trang eh. rD:qkdof;Sanskrit qdkof;ckef Funan qof; Sri Mara eef.bof;/ ohm:rK:vgh: vgh: ckefChampa cofoK; cofyAef cldof: Bhargava aO qkdof;ckefChampa eh.auK; yAefrK: Maharshi Bhrigu ehbof;/

      ugyf;yldof; cofOlif,zgif:cAofuGK,rldif:sc,sv; qkdof;rldif:cofLin-yi(Champa)sv. FunanwSrf; qgrf:uefoh.bof;/ ulef:Champa cofOrf. qkdif:cof;Tongking bl,wduf:wduf:sv; ckef Tao Huang auK; vh;Okdyf,wkduf: Okduf:vrf:ySwf;cofbl,wduf:wduf:/ vgh:vgh:Vietnam ygwf:Mif, vh;bl,w[; sc,vkrf:vkrf:(q[.wkdof:'dif;si;sc,uGK,)/ Champa Orf. bl,w[;pdef,wl,vkrf:vkrf:(q[.wkdof:San-skrit)/ cofOgifqkrf:eh.auK; urf:urf:vh;wkduf:uefoh.bl,bof;/

(4)Malay and Indonesia

      vduf;Sanskrit vh;pefwD; Champa, Malay, Boneo, Java qldof:eh.rldefuefoh./ vduf; Sanskrit vh;pefeldofygwf:rmuf,pdef wD; Penang eh. wSrf;oh. rldof;AD-400 eef.oK;eh/

      rldif:LangKasuka eh. uyf:Okdyf,awK,rldif:sc, rldof;AD-515/ e[:yyf.ykdef:sc,Liang eef.wSrf;oh. ulef:rldif:eef. emif:bdif: sv. ulef:qhm:/ clefNofcof ygh,bmof:oh.? Oldof;cofekif; eef. trf,rD:cSef/ ckefapKcrf: sv. ulef:ckefe[:apK rD:Nwf;vSif Nrf,wD;vifcofoh./ pmif.Ohm tSofcrf:aO O[,oh.wlif,Ncrf:/ emif:bdif:rD:zK;Nrf,Nof tefpmif;vD/ zKNdef: toftkwf,auK,bof;/ ckefapKcrf: tguf,apKauK; cD,qmif.bof;/ rD:qgif;zlduf,? rD:wkif:? rD:ugif? vkuf;Okduf: vgrf.ref:aO qgif,yhtguf,wmif:bof;/

      ulef:wif:OAif; ayK:zSofOgif,eK;ckefapKcrf: vguf;cgyf;(ulrf;eK;wof.cof,)uGK,bof;/ wD;e[: apK vh;pef ykif,eK:Brahman wif:erf/ cofvkuf.wD; tdef,wD:bK:zSofrK:bof;/ owf.qof;rkef qmof:ykwf.x sv. owf.ehm:cmofauK; vh;pef/ owf.Taoist auK; vh;pef/ qof;rkefcof trf,udef eldof.? trf,udefvof;/ rldof;AD-600 eh. e[:yyf.ykdef:sc, wSrf;oK; rldif: Po-li rK:uyf:Okdyf, apK rldif:sc,oK;eh/ OAifsc,wSrf; Po-li eh. awyAefBoneo pkdof awyAef Ba-li pkdof:/

      wD;Java eh. vh;pefpmif;TzK:wgif:Buddha Mh:rdkof:yAefrldof;ymefGuptaeef.bof;/ Orf. vh;pef Sanskrit cguf:oh. eldofpdefOD,wD;/ eh.sevgif;pdef,wl,rK:bl,wD; Java eef.bof;/ e[: ykdef:sc,wSrf;oh. rldif:To-lo-ma(Taruma)Olif,zgif:cAofrK:rldif:sc, rldof;AD-666oK;eh/ ckefapKcrf: cof qkdof; Purnavarman, wSrf;vduf;eldofpdefoh. vgif;ayK;sr;ref: sv. vlifqof;ref:/ e[:apK 'dif;apK pAwf:qgrf:vhm:ykif,eK:Brahman bof; oK;eh/ e[:ymefref:eh. sp.erf.? auK,'hmyef qof;eK: wif:erfbl,bof;/

(5)rldif:Angkor(Combodia)

      rldof;AD-100 yAefrldif:Funan Mif.qgrf:OAifsc,/ pdrf:ref: rD:rldif:Lin-yi(Champa/ ckefapKcrf:Srivijaya irf:rldif: Java/ qgrf:eif, zkdefvduf;qof;rkefsc,I-ching wSrf;oh.wlofref: qof;zSofrK: Shih-li-fo-shih(Srivijaya) rldof;AD-671? rK:vkdof; 6 vldefaO pAef:Sanskrit/ ref:qof; vkuf.wD;Canton rK:/ awOkdyf,uGK,India/ wD;eh.ref:qof;vh;pef Ipmef:ykwf.xzK, OK, rD:bl,e[:rdlif:pdef,wl,eh. wif:erf(pAifvldofvldof)/ qof;Ipmef:cof bl,qgrf:pAwf:qgrf: oD.se: cof vDimrf:bof;/ 'dif;oD.se:cofrldefoD.se:uof, rldif:tdef,wD:bK:bof;/ eh.seoK;AD-671 eh. ykwf.xzK,OK, zSofrK:Funan(Srivijaya)bof;/ ref:qof;Okdyf,uGK, tdef,wD:bK:aO uGK,bl,wD; qef.qgrfvlifNalanda eef. 10yDwSif:wSif: pAef:vgif;xrf:ykwf.xbof; Orf.ckdef:yguf;ckdef:rK: Srivijaya(Shih-Li-Fo-Shih)/ bl,wD;eh. 4 yDaO ref:qof;ul:tof xrf:qof;Sanskrit xSif;/ Orf.urf;zgif;ydef,yAef zhm,sc,zgif;/ ref:qof;wSrf;tgguf, yyf.sc,aO Ollif,uGK,rldif:sc,bof;/ ref: qof;yguf;rldof:rldif:sc, rldof;AD-695/

      rldof;AD-775wD;Malay auK,Omif;pmif;Bodhisattva rpK,bK,e/ 778auK,Omif; omif:bl, Tara wD; Kalasan, Java/ 782? Guru rldif:uvK: rK:auK,pkef,pmif;Bodhisattva wD;Prasat Ta Keam/ rpK,bK,e ykwf.xzK,OK,auK; zSofrK:bof.aO zK,OK,pdef,wl, tefrD:rK:eef.auK;urf; zgif; avK:clef:ykwf.xzK,OK,uGK,eef. vh;pefbl,wD;Javasv. Bali rldof;vAofeh.bof;/ rldif: Java Ndof;Ndif:wldof:vldofFunan uGK,bof;/

      cmof:eh.Funan(Kamboja)yAefw[;rkdof:apKcrf:Java yAefykwf.xzK,OK,qkdof;Sailendras/ cmof:eh. ckeftrf,rD:pSif:sv; e[:rldif:Funan rD:vgif;Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:/ rmif:OK:Jayavarman II qif,Orf.zkwf:tguf,rK: rldof;AD-800 eh./ ref:tofvh; Amarendrapuru aO ckdef;pAwf:ckefwD; eef./ ulef:e[:apKpdef,wl,ymefuof,qkdof;Lord Sivakaivalya auK; cof;rK:qgh; Jayavarman II bof;/ Orf.rD:ykif,eK:Brahman Hiranyadama? ref: uwf.cSef,zhm,zK,vyf:wK(Magic)sv; qof;apKcrf: ymif:ref:rK: P;qgh;ref:/ P;ref:qof; vh;vgwf;w[;rkdof:Java aOP;ref:qof; vh;pSif: vldofb[,vldof P;yAefrK:ckef Devaraja ywf:ykdef. ehbof;/ Brahman oK; P;pKulef: Lord Siva-kaivalya rK:q[.wkdof: xSif;eh ckefapKcrf:auK; ql:bl,/ ehsv; Brahman auK;pAwf:ymifwmif,apK crf:Jayavarman IIyAef Devaraja wK,irf:xkdifywf:ykdef.eef.bof;/ sw,eh.rK: zK,OK,pdef,wl, wD;rldif:Kamboja ckdef:pSif:rK:bof;/ Brahman cofauK; cof;rK:xSrferfwldof:bof;/ ugyf;yldof; pSif: ckefpdef,wl, wD; Kamboja pSif:rK:sv; pSif:ckefykwf.xzK,OK, Sailendra wD; Java auK; bgrf: wluf:qgrf:uGK,aOtrf,uK: yhm:zK,OK,ykwf.xwD;eef.auK; bgrf:wluf:qgrf:uGK, eif,uof,bof;/ vkuf.wD; eh.uGK, Kamboja pdef,wl, Ndof;Ndif:uGK,vh;xSif; 400 yDbl,bof;/

      e[:rldif:sc, pSif:ogif.Sung tlef;uGK,sv; wmif,qldof:wldof:yAefumefrK:/ wD;rldif:Cambodia apKcrf: Suryavarman II wif;vh;rldif:vDimrf:bof.aOtrf,uK: Angkor Vat auK; yAefauK,uGK,bof;/ ulnf:uK; ohm:aO qof;Suryavarman II egef:sz:bof.aO rldif:Champacof;wkduf: Cambodia vh;uGK,rldof; AD-1177 eef.bof;/ rldif:Sumatra auK; pSif:cSifrK:? wmif:uK.wmif:chmvDrK:/ rldif: Java auK; pSif:cSifrK:/ z[trf,rK:uof:sv; vh;bl,edrfbAefpif:ulnf:bof;/

      xkdifrK: AD-1200 wD;rldif:Cambodia ckefapKcrf: Jayavarman VII ckdef;yAefqof;/ ref:qof;yAefykwf.xzK,OK,bof;/ ref:qof;ckdef:pkyf;tofvh; rldif:pdrf:Mrf:pkyf;vh;yK:qArf Champa bof;/ Okduf:rkif,ulof: cof;wkduf:zSof Champa, Burma, Java / rldof;AD-1400 pSif:xh: b[,wldof:rK: sv; pkyf;vh;rldif:erfrK:/ wD; CambodiackefcrAefcof trf,xdif:ugef:vh;bof;/ Orf.wD;Champa auK; ckefcoftrf,xdif:ugef:vh;bof;/ eefsv; rldif:vlifpdef,wl,uvK: tefq[.wkdof: qkdof;OAif? 'dif;si;pdef,wl,rK:eef. xkdifrK:AD-1500 vh;ogwf;bgrf:ySwf;uGK,bof;/ wD;Indonesia sw. vh; rD:rK: ckefuvK:pdef,wl,? vh;rD:rK:ckefuvK:ykwf.xzK,OK,? Orf.ckdef:rD:ckdef: ckefpdef,wl,/ urf: vdkef:Okwf: ckefrl,Ovdrf,cof;rK:yldif,uGK,bof;/

      e[:rldif: Cambodia eh. rD:rK: ckefapKcrf:uvK:pdef,wl,Jayavarman II, Suryavar-man II ? Orf.zSofrK: Jayavarman VII(qof;eh.yK:vAof bkrf,brfykwf.xzK,OK,)/ vh;pefqkdof; ckefapKcrf:Jvarman wif:erf/

      e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:(Eastern Bengal)eh. yAefrldif:ckefVarman cof Nrf,irf:rK:bof;/ tgefeK;cof rD:cldof:ckefChandras / vgif;ckef Varman cof wSrf;oh.e[:cSyf:wgif:Belava (Copper-plate of Bhojavarman(B-88))/ wSrf;sevgif;Jatvarman eef. cofoK; ref:pkyf; vh; Anga, Dirya, Govardhana qldof:eh./ ulnf:uK; ckefapKcrf: Jatavarman auK; rD:rK:sw.bl, bof;/ ohm:vifrK: ulef:Okdyf,ref:Samalavarman, Harivarman qldof:eh.auK; rD:bl,sw.bof;/ Orf. e[:yyf.ykwf.xzK,OK,auK; yK:qkdof;Harivarman oh.bl,/

      vgif;oK;rldif:vlifCambodia(Angkor)yAefckefuvK:pdef,wl, rK:Nrf,irf:auK,Omif;uGK,eef. trf,qmif;rD:vgif;xAifOifbof;/ rldof;ckef Varman cof vkuf.wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK: zSofrK:Funan aO Orf.rK:wif; cldof:ckef? rldif:ckefVarman eef.bof;/ tgefeK; ckefuvK:Varman Orf.rD: ckefuvK:pdef,wl,wmif,cldof:eef.bof;/ rldefeif, cldof:ckefpdef,wl,? 'dif;si;pdef,wl, Nrf,zSoftK, OBK.uGK,eef. Puru-Vangsi cof Nrf,irf:Irrawaddy rK:aO cofyAefPuru? pof:Mif.cof yAof, eef.bof;/

À À À À À À

DVARAVATI, LANNA

qof;rkefsc,Hsuan-tsang? auK.tefuGK,rldif:tdef,wD:bK:rK: wSrf;vgif;Isanapuru (Cambodia)/ zhm,oef:wluf:ref: rD:rldif: To-lo-po-ti(Dvaravati)oK;eh/ wD;rldif:eh. urf;erf yAefrgef: rD:OSrfbl,qgrf:oh./ wD;Lovo(Lopburi)eh. Brahman sv.qof;rkefykwf.xcof bl, qgrf:uefoh.bl,/ ySuf.Orf.oK; zK,OK,vhmqldof.bl,qgrf:uefoh.aOwK. wD;Lopburi sw. pkef,pmif; ykwf.xzK,OK, vh;pefwldof:wgef:oh.bl,bof;/ ugyf;ehwD; Dvaravati pyf.Mif:ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.qArf qof.bof;/

Dvaravati yAefrldif:zgrf:Nrf;oh. rldif:ekdif;/ e[:eh.yK: Nakhon Phathom, U Thong, Khu Bua, Lopburi(Lovo)/ vkuf.wD;eh. ulef:rgef:cof Okdyf,sz:uGK,wmif:Mif,? wif;rldif:tefrD: zKoAif: sv; cl:oAif: wD;vrf<ykef: vrf<ymif: sv. zaI< qyf:Uefwif: vmef.eK:oh.bof;/ Siam cof cof;bK.apKrgef:cof wD;Dvaravati/ ckefrgef:cofoK;]]pof:uGK,vdefr[,vDbof.}}oK;ehaO sv; chm.bhm.uGK,wmif:wluf:? uGK,wmif:yK,uldof(Hansavati)rldof; AD-573 eef.bof;/

      Siam bl,wD; Dvaravati eh. Okdyf,cGmuf;eK;vdefrK:? cGmuf;zSofLanna rldof;vAofrK:(yK: Ping, Wang, Yom)/ wD;Dvaravati sv. Lanna wif:Ogifrldif:eh. yAefwD;Tai(Siam)Nrf,irf: uGK,wif:Ogifrldif:bof;/ wh:sv.rgef:bl,qgrf:uef pkdifemef:eK,bof;/ yhm:'dif;si;? ihm:arKwdefarKrkdof: awyAefydif,nK,NofvAofoh. vh;rK:wD; ulef:pdef,wl,cof? ulef:tdef,wD:bK:cof/ Orf.rgef:chm.bhm.uGK, yK,uldof(NifOK,owD,)aOwK.auK; ul;auK.ul;ulef: uGK,rlwf:OAif; awtrf,q[;/ qldof:rgef:uldwf:oh.bl,xh: auK; awrD:wif:erf/ rldof;rgef:irf:rldif:bl, wD;Dvaravati eh. rgef:sv.Siam ayK:yAef qmof: ykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ wD; Dvaravati rD:wlif,ulif:(xrf,rqmuf;)? ayK:rD:rl,qkrf:ykwf.xzK,OK,qif, rD:vh; wlif,ulif:xrf,rqmuf;eh.bof;/ ayK:yAefykwf.xzK,OK,bof.auK; vduf;rgef:sv. vduf;xrf: blef:auK; ayK,rD:rK: wD; Dvaravati eh.urf:vAofbof;/ eh.awyAefykif,eK:Brahman trf,eef Brahman qldof:yAefrK: qmof:ykwf.xeef. tofvduf;SanskritaO qgh;pAwf:tguf,rK:yef vduf;rgef: sv. vduf;xrf:eh.bof;/

      rldof;rgef:cof chm.bhm.rK: wD;NifOK,owD, yK,uldofeh. cofayK:yAefykwf.xzK,OK,aO cofayK: rD:vduf;rgef:cofrK:bof;/ cofyK:vduf;cof? xrf:TzK:qof;cof? qof;rkefcof? ulef:arKwdefarKrkdof:cofrK: bof;/ awvh;oK; rldof;cofzSofrK:yK,uldofeh. qef.ydif,nK,rgef:? yhm:olef.rgef: ayK:OkifpSif:oh.bof;/ clof:ekif;wmif:ohsw. ugyf;yldof; bl,qgrf:uefrK:vlnf; crAefSiam sv. pdef,wl, cofsv; clof:ekif; awavK:sv:uefoh.bof;/ uGmrf:pdef,wl,]]vkif:uD:}}eh. ygif,oK; zK;Nrf,oAef:wlof(trf,bAyf.yAefwlif,) ygwf:w[;/ ]]tif:uD:}}eh. ygif,oK;zK;rh(oh)wlofygwf:eldof(bif:yh,bAyf.Oldof;ugef,)/ ohm:rK:bAyf.yAefwlif, rK:auK; Mif.qgrf: vkif:uD:aO bAyf.yAefOldof;rK:auK; Mif.qgrf: tif:uD:ehulnf:bof;/ vgif;ekif;wmif: ohxh:(Siam)sw. awavK:uef? rldefuefvlnf;rgef:wif:erfbl,/ vkif:uD: sv. tif:uD: auK;aw wkdof:qgrf:uefbl,/ ulnf:uK; wh:(Siam)ulnf:ekif;ulef(wAof,)rK:qArfqof.? ekif;Oldof;rK:qArfqof.(rldef uefvlnf;sc, rK:pkdifeK,bof.)eef. ulef sv. Oldof;auK; wh:(Siam)awekif;qgrf:oh.bl,bof;/

      rldof;rgef:sv. Siam bl,qgrf:uefwD; Dvaravati eh. ulef:uK.Ndof: vkuf.rldif:tdef,wD:bK: ygwf:qmef:rK:/ e[:ulef:uK.eh. awyK:rK: qmof:ykwf.xzK,OK, wD;tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:qmef:bof;/ vkuf.wD;ckefAsoka rK: ugyf;yldof; ref:qof;yefpSif: auK,Omif;ykwf.xzK,OK, wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK: sv; rldif:tdef,wD:bK:auK; yhm:ykwf.xzK,OK,Ndif:xK:rK:bl,sw./ OAifOkwf,xrf: rgef: sv. wh: (Saim)yAefOAifxrf: tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:qmef:sv; cofyAef ax,IK.oK,wK.? OAifcofauK; rldefuef oh. awK,rldof;vAofbof;/

      Olduf;ykdef: Rama, Seetha, HanumanyAefOlduf;ykdef:pdef,wl,cof qArfrldof;pkdifemef:bof;/ rldof;eef. trf,rD:vduf;rhmsv; Olduf;ykdef:ykif,eK:Brahman cof ch;seaO ulef:Okdyf,ulef: ckdef: ch;uefsv; ayK:qgwf,rldif:uGK,bof;/ pkdifrK:sv; tefyldif;tdwf:tgwf:auK; awrD:rK:bof;/ Prof. Azeez Tharuvana clef.cGK.aO pefrK: Ndef:uof,? tgif;uof, tefyAefrK: Olduf;ykdef:Rama eh. yAefwD; Wayanad eh.bof;oK;eh/ vgif;Olduf;ykdef: Rama eh. pdef,wl,zSofwD;v[auK; vgif; Rama zSofwD;eef.bof;/ ohm:rK: rD:rK: ykwf.xzK,OK,aOauK; e[:xrf:ykwf.xauK; yK:vgif;ykdef: Rama, Hanuman cofsv; Olduf;ykdef:eh. Odkyf,ar,uK:bl,wduf:wduf:bof;/ rldif:Cambodia, Java, Bali, Malay, Dvaravati, Lanna rD:ul;wD;bof;/ e[:zK,OK,Jain eh.auK; seoh.oK;Rama (Padma)yAefulef:bkrf,brf Nrfqlrf:Jainism ehbof;/ zhm,pdef,wl,sw. qArfqof.oK;oh.Rama eh. yAefTzK:pdef,wl, Vishna ckdef:uldwf,yAefrK:oK;eh/

      Prof. Azeez Okdyf,wSrf;seoh.- qArfrldof;BC-300 ulef:uK.Ndof: ayK:zSofrldif:Siam bof;/ ugyf;yldof; ulef:uK.cof vh;erf.wgef:erfsv; cofMif.rldif:xh: yAefrldif:crf:(Suvarnabhumi)eh bof;/ xkdifrK:AD-100 eh. wD;rldif:OSrf vgif;bkrf,brfBrahmanism sv. BuddhismavK:uef oh.bof;/ eluf.uvkef, yAefeluf.cD,cgifVishnu/ e[:rldif:xh: wD;v[auK; wdkuf.vh;pef eluf.uvkef, oh.bl,/ umefykwf.xzK,OK,eh. seoh.vgif;pmif;ckdif; cgifHindu rD:oh.wif:erf/ pof:bkrf,brfq[.wkdof: ay,wmif,uK,vK:cgifpdef,wl, pkdifemef:eK,eef.bof;/ pmif;TzK:uSof; wD;Bangkok oh.e[:apKaOyAef pmif;avK.pdef,wl,oh.bl,/ ckefapKcrf:xh:auK; yAef Rama ckdef:rK:uldwf,yAef oK;ehsv; qkdof;auK; qkdof;Rama eif,uof,(eh. awyAeferf.rkdof:Brahman ykif,eK:uvK:e[:apKqldof:eef.bof;)/ apK crf:rldof;vAof yAefRama-9/ rldif:Ayudhya cgifxh:auK; pAwf:qgrf:rldif:Ayudhya e[:rldif:tdef,wD: bK:bof;/ wmif:uK;qldif: vgif;Rama sv. Seetha wD;rldif:xh: uK;auK; uK;vh;vDsv; tgefuef Olif tgefuefqlrf:sw.sw./

      vduf;vhm:uyf:uhm,vlnf;Rama wD;rldif:zr bif:yh,yK;pkdif/ rldof;AD-1716 apKcrf:zr cof cof;bK.rldif:xh:Ayudhya aO Mif.tof ulef:arKwdefarKrkdof: rldof:uGK,rldif:zr wif:erf/ e[:eh. ulef:qldif:Rama auK; yK:uGK,/ e[:apKzrfcof uK;seRama xh:/ xkdifrK: AD-1800, U Thoqif, wSrf;qldif: Rama zhm,rmef;bof;/ eefsv; Oldof;clof: qldif:Rama rK:rldif:xh:oh.bof;/ ulef:arKurf; zgif;(tefMif.rldof:uGK,eef.)vh;uGK,yAef omef;tgef,blef: wD;pdrf:TzK:blef: umwf,ul,rldof;vAof/ uGmrf: blef:(ul,)eh. yAef(omif:TzK:)ehbof;/ uGmrf:Mif.ph;rldof;Seetha phmuGK,eef. xkdifq[oh.sw.sw.eif, uof,/ ayK:sevgif;Rama auK; sevgif;pdef,wl,bof;/ euK:tefyK:e[: ykdef:TzK:pdef,wl,eef. auK; pof:wkdof:oh.rldefuef/ e[:owf.e[:oK:pof: pefvh;wif:erf/

      rldif:wh:blef:Lanna eh.yAefwD; ykwf.xzK,OK, Ndof;Ndif:yldif:vSif:sw.sw.bof;/ cofrD: vduf;wh:blef:(vduf;xrf:? vduf;rldif:)bof.sv; cofuGK,ql:rldif:wh:ul;wD;? arKuGmrf:wh:eif,uefsv; auK, Omif;umefOK,OeK, ihm;wldof:uGK,/ eefsv; vduf;blef:? OAifblef:? OK,OeK,blef: zSofrK:Odyf: Ogifzef:eK:? rldif:rmof:vlif? rldif:OSefoD? rldif:wh:crf:wD;vlif(yl,w[:Pu-Tao)eh.bof;/ ugyf;yldof;qof; cofwD;OD,Nof, cof;rK:qgh; wD;vmef.eK:sv; erf.rkdof:vduf;vhm:OD,Nof,auK; zSofwif:erf/ pkef,pmif; TzK:(TzK:Odifekdif;? TzK:OdifOgif? TzK:OdifOmrf)eh. Oyhm:vDeK,? qkdof;OAifb[,eK, wD;Lanna/ vkuf.wD;eh.aO Orf.ayK:qgwf,wlof;uGK, rldif:xh:ul;wD;? zSofrldif:wh:wif:erf/ ugyf;yldof;arKwdefarKrkdof: rldif:OD,Nof, rK:xSif;pSif:yefvmef.eK: eef.bof;/ TzK:Odifeh. ygif,oK;TzK:erf.rkdof:OdifpKvD OD, Nof,eef.ulnf:bof;/

      erf.rkdof:Lanna eh. trf,vgwf;vh; pmif;zmifrgef: sv. pmif;zmifBrahman aOwK. cofxgwf,tof cgifyldef;vhmvhmtrf,q[;/ cofarKO[,erf.rkdof:cofsv; erf.rkdof:vmef.eK: qif,qkdof;OAif b[,bof;/ tefpof:q[.wkdof: euK:sv.uKvkef, eef.sw. yK:e[:pdef,wl,bof;/ vldofaOeef.arK wdefarKrkdof:wh:blef:(Lanna)cof q[.wkdof:pmif;wlofOwf: vh;pefpdrf:Mrf:cofeef.wif:erf/ tef yAefcldof:ohm? cldof:rguf,? rguf,rh.? uAof;yef,vdrf,uef qldof:eh.(Khruethao)cofpAwf:vh;pmif;vDsw.sw./ wD;vmef.eK:eh. cguf:rguf,? cguf:cldof:eldofrh.Ouf:eh. q[.wkdof:erf.sw.sw./ ugyf;yldof; rh.trf,bl,vh; vhmymuf,yDsv; rguf,rh.tefuof,uof,(AD-800)qldof:eef. awtrf,qmif;vh;pefbof;/ rguf,rh.cldof: wmof.qldof:pefbl,eh. awyAefrldof;AD-1800vldofvldof/ ulnf:uK; erf.wdefvhm:rkdof: wh:blef:sw. vDtmrf:atK: rldefuefoh.bl,/ ugif:rl:wh:blef:ymefuof, auK;eif,eef ugif:rl:Ol,vAuf.sv; qof; Owf.xK:yhm:vif ukrf:xSif;uGK,sv; erf.rkdof:uof,uof,eef. trf,pefvh;bof;/ erf.rkdof:ukrf:? erf. rkdof:r[,eh. uGK,oK;yAefcgifuof,eh trf,vh;/ rldefeif, ulef:wh:blef: vh;zSofrK:wD;yl:urf,(Puru-ga ma)aO vh;rK:pAwf:clof:blef:(&Srf;,Gef;xnf)eef. erf.wdefvhm:rkdof: pAwf:rguf,? rguf,rh.? cldof: wmof.qldof:eh.auK; awOkdyf,zSofrldof:zrrK:wif:erf/

      ulef:rldif:tdef,wD:bK: ulef:arKSanskrit? ulef:arKPalicof ayK:vh;idef:uGmrf:xh:rldof;vAof eh cofN.quf:urf:vAof vgif;oK;uGmrf:xh: acK;r[,qldof:eh. vkuf.wD;xrf:pdef,wl,(Sanskrit)rK:? vkuf. wD; xrf:ykwf.x(pali)rK:? avK:wkdof:oh.bof.eh/ ulef:wh:pof:ayK:arKuGmrf:wh:oh.bof; Orf.arK(N. quf:)Sanskrit sv.Pali eef.qkdif vmwf;uGmrf:awK,ulef:xh: ygif,vh;rlwf:urf:vAofbof;/

      wD;vmef.eK: yAefykwf.xzK,OK, cgifOD,Nof,rK: sw,rK:urf:eef. Dr.Chedha T auK; seoh.bl,/ (1)wD;rldif:rgef: rD:qof;rgef:pAef:xrf:rldif:OD,Nof,rK:/ qof;vmef.eK:Pra Sumana-therauGK,rldif:rgef:? uGK,pAef:tofwD;qof;rgef:yK:eef./ yguf;ckdef:rK: Okuf.clof:xh:aO ckdef:zSofvmef. eK:rK:/ (2)Pra Nanagambhira cof;uGK,rldif:rgef:aO Odkyf,uGK,OD,Nof,/ rldof;yguf;rK:sw. cof;qlof; tbkwf.xD<bK< bof.aO Okdyf,uGK,vmef.eK:/ vgif;ykwf.xzK,OK,OD,Nof, Nrf,xdkif vmef.eK:? Orf.vgif;ykwf.xzK,OK,vmef.eK: Nrf,xkdif qAif:wkif? qAif:pkif; sv. rldif:wh:eef. trf,rD:vgif; xAifOifvh;bof; oK;eh/

À À À À À À

rldif:rgef: (MON)

      ayK:rK:wlnf:e[: ykdef:rmef,emef:zrqkdif cofwSrf;oK; cofsw,rK:wD; wK;ugif(eh. wK, yAefvh;ref: trf,rD:? yDref:auK; yAefyDTzK: ylef.rK:qldof:eef.)/ vgif;wh:auK; trf,yK:/ wh:sv. rgef: xof;vldofcoftldof;/ ayK:oK; cofwSrf;vgif;yl:urf,(Purugama)bof.auK; wSrf;vgif;rgef:cofvkuf. zdkef.ehbof;/ ayK:oK; rgef:cofrK:bK.JJehauK; oK;vh;bl,/ eh.seoK; rgef:rD:rdlif:? rD:'dif;si;? rD:pSif:oh.acKacKbof;/ eef.aOtrf,uK: rgef:yAefTOK,vlifzr? pAwf:yefauB:ql: tel.Ilwf.xK,? pAwf:yef vduf;zrcofyefrK:bof;/

      ayK:rK:wlnf: yyf.ykdef:zrf tefYaz,wSrf;eef.qkdif zrcofOrf. sw,wif;wD;uRuf. sO, oK;eh/ cofvkuf.wD; umef<Ol< vlif:rK:/ bmrf;bl,wD;Tibet, Nanchao rK:/ vkuf.wD;uRuf.sO, szzSofuGK,wD; yl:urf,rldof;AD-900 oK;eh/ e[:ykdef:zkdefv[auK;vD? awK,ymeftel.Ilwf.xK, ulef:cldof:zr trf,yh,rD:rldif:vlifacKacK? ckefvlifacKacKrK:/ qof.vldofeh. yAefckefuvK:pdef,wl,ydof, (Puru-vangsi)wif;rldif:qgwf,oh.qgrf:sr;erf.Irrawaddy eh.ulnf:/

      ykdef:zr rD:yhm:vif tel.Ilwf.xK, ulnf:sv; cofwif;ykdef:cof wD;eef.aO vgif; ulef:wmif,qldof:auK; rK:qdrfO[,yhm:vifeef.ulnf:bof;/ rgef: sv. wh: Orf.qof.vldofzroh.sw. sw./ eefsv; ayK:ulnf:awpKvgif; rgef: sv. wh: e[:yyf.zreh. awtrf,ukrf,vh; awtrf, rD:vh;/ awvh;pKpif;ulnf:bof;/ rgef:cof tefcofpKpif:acKauK;rD:? yldef;pKtguf,rK:auK;rD:bof;/

      e[:yyf.M.Freeman(Lanna)eef. wSrf;oh. vgif;rgef:? OSrf(Siam)sv. Dvaravati oh.bl,/ uvK:pdef,wl,(Puru=ydof,)cof tkyf.yldif, sr;erf.Irrawaddy pAifyD? uvK:pdef,wl,Varman cof tkyf.yldif,qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,tK,OBK.(Cambodia, Champa, Java, Bali, Malay etc.)vh; 1500 yD/ rldif: rD:crAef(Khmer)erf? pdrf:rldif: Cambodia Orf.rD:rldif:Dvaravati? e[:rldif:eh. Orf.rD: rgef:sv.Siam bl,qgrf:uefoh./ ayK:wlnf: qkdof;rldif:qldof:eh. yAefacK; Sanskritrlwf: bof;/ 'dif;si;pdef,wl,Nrf,qgwf,oh.bof;/ ckefyAefpdef,wl,sv; qkdof;pdef,wl,Sanskrit qif,ukduf: qyf:vh;rK:bof;/

      wD;Dvaravati ehh.auK; yAef'dif;si;pdef,wl, Nrf,irf:rK:bof;/ qof;rkefsc,Hsuan- tsang uGK,rdlif:tdef,wD:bK:aO yguf;rK:wD; Srivijaya(Shih-Li-Fo-Shih)aO wSrf;vgif;ykdef:/ rldof; AD-671 ykwf.xzK,OK, zSofrK:Funan bof;(ckefyAefpdef,wl,bl,)/ wD;Dvaravati(To-lo-po-ti)eh. Brahman sv. qof;rkefykwf.xzK,OK,bl,qgrf:uefoh.bl,oK;eh/ vgif;ykwf.xzK,OK, zSof oh.qldof:eh. qof.vldofcmof:sw,wif;Angkor Vat(Suryavarman II)/ wD;rldif:Cambodia xkdifrK: ymefJayavarman VII (AD-1200)qif,ckefcofyAef ckefykwf.xzK,OK,rK:/ rldof;Siam pdrftof apKrgef:cof wD;Dvaravati(AD-573)eh. Siam sv. rgef: ayK:yAefykwf.xzK,OK,oh.bof;/ eefsv; Siam(Tai) Okdyf, chm.rK:Lanna auK; yAefykwf.xzK,OK,oh./ rgef:chm.bhm.rK:Hansavati (sy:ul:)auK; yAefykwf.xzK,OK,rK:bof;/ yK:vduf;xrf:? yK:vduf;rgef:rK:bof;/

      cmof:rgef:cofzSofrK: NifOKowD, rldof;AD-573(rgef:cofoK; ulef:rgef:zSofrK:wD;sy:ul: qArfrldof;yDOK,OeK,1116(AD-573)eef.bof./ ehsv; yDeh. yAefyDqldof.cldof:cof oK;eh)/ wD;rldif: pdef,wl,Sriksetra(ayB,)bif:wkduf.yAef wK;Ndof:vlif? yAefymuf,wav:ymif,vhm,oh.bl,/ eefsv; ulef:uK.Ndof:uvK: rK:cof;rK:tguf,/ eefsv; pdef,wl,auK; rD:oh.? qof;rkefykwf.xauK; rD:oh. eif, qof;rkefsc, zSofrK:vh;pefaO wSrf;oh.eef.bof;/ ulef:bmif:qldof:zSofoh.xK;eef. wkduf.uldof:zD bl,/ cofvh;rK:xlyf: rgef:ykwf.xzK,OK,sv; bmif:urf;zgif;auK; yAefykwf.xzK,OK,qgrf:rK:/ ulef: bmif:eh. rD:ulef:rl,b[,bl,aOwK. trf,wif;rldif:? trf,rD:qof;apKcrf:/

      vh;N.oK; wD;yD;egif.rgef:cof rldof;qof;tIpmef, zSofrK:yl:urf,(Puru-gama)eef. cof OgefrSif,yef vduf;rgef:tgefwmif:/ qldof:awcof;yAefOmif,? cof;yAefqmif:eef. awvh;arKvduf; rgef:tgefwmif:/ ayK:arKvduf;rgef:qif, vh;acK;OIeukif,aO qif,yAefvh;Omif,? yAefvh;qmif:oK; eh/ sr;vduf;rgef: rD; 35 wlof? e[:eef. 2 wlof zrtrf,arKoK;qgrf:vh;sv; sr;vduf;rmef; vh;yAefrK: 33 wlofulnf:bof;/ vduf;rgef:auK; vkuf.wD;Sanskrit rK:/ e[:vduf;SanskrittefyAef (Sa)eef. vduf;rgef:auK;yAef(Sa)? vduf;wh:auK;yAef(Sa)/ ugyf;Oifsv; vduf;zrvhmvhmulnf:yAef rK:(tha)trf,N.vh;bof;/ vduf;zr bkif;wD;eh.? zdwf:wD;eh.bof;/ qof;rgef:cof rD:auB:ql:eldof vduf;zrsv. ulef:zrrK:bl,bof;/

      vh;uGK,ckdef;qgrf: ymifuSof;oef:qldof.cldof:rgef:/ OAifcofoh;OKuef,awK:auK;rldefpof:oh.-atK:uK, O earK:wO wl.wD.bgrf<ygh. wwD.bgrf<ygh. OKxl. OKxl./

      uGmrf:rgef:auK; tefrldefuGmrf:crAef(Cambodia)rD:wif:erfoK;eh/ vduf;rgef:auK; rD:rK: qof.eK,bof;(AD-573)12345678910 eh.yAefwlofvduf;rgef:bof;/ vduf;bmif:ykwf.xzK,OK, (ylof:oef:tguf,)cofauK; vkuf.wD; vduf;rgef:yAefrK:qof.eK,bof;/ rgef:cof tmef,vh;vduf;ylof:(bmif: oef:tguf,)cofvDvDbl,/ Dr.Johnathan Weight pAwf:yef vduf;r[,wK,bmif:qauK: rldof; 1823/ Rev.Durlin Lee Brayton pAwf:yefvduf;r[,wK,bmif:ylof: rldof; 1838/ bmif:qauK: Mif.bmif:ylof: oK; bmif:wvSif:ehatK;/

      qof;rgef:qof;tIpmef, zSofrK:yl:urf,eh. z[auK;N.bl,bof;/ cmof:qof;tIpmef, zSofrK: eef. zryh,rD:vduf;qof;uof,/ qif,pKoK; ckefapKcrf: tel.Ilwf.xK,yAefckefzrcofehulnf:/ ckef apKcrf: tel.Ilwf.xK, pAwf:uguf:vdefpmif;TzK:vl,wmef:wif:erf? vduf;vl,wmef:ref: yAefvduf; rgef:ulnf:/ yAefqof;rgef:cof wSrf;yefulnf:/ ayK:rD:vduf;zreh awqmif;tofvduf;zrwSrf;bl,/ ymefckefapKcrf: uBmef,qdwf.wK: ykdef:vl,ykdef:wmef: wD; a&Tpnf;ckH? eef;wnfausmufpm? eH&H aq;a&;? 550 Zmwfawmf qldof:eh. yAefvduf;rgef:vhmvhmulnf:/ wD; *lajymufBuD;? jrapwDausmuf pm eh. yAefvduf;rgef:wSrf;yef OAifzrrmef<oh.ulnf:/ zhm,vduf;zreh. rgef:coftmef,vh;vDvD? tofvduf;rgef:wSrf;yef acK;uGmrf:zrsv; acK;ref:? uGmrf:ref: trf,qyf:vD/ zrqldof:trf,N.vduf; rgef:eef. Orf.uldof:oK; yAefvduf;zrymefuof,ehbof;/

      wD; avmuodyÜHbk&m; eh.Orf.pmif;ymef:ODwD;zK(ykdef:TzK:)qldof:eef. tofvduf;zr sw,wSrf;rK:bof;/ ulnf:uK; aoK:pmeftrf,yh,ukrf,wkdof:sv; O[,yK:vduf;rgef:? aoK:pmefrgef: yK:oh.bl, bof;/ qldof:arKvduf;rgef: sv. vduf;zr awpefqgrf:vh;bl,/ OAifrgef:oK; Sao=aom0f? OAifzr tguf,oK; thao=awm0f ehaOwK.auK; Orf.wSrf;qgrf:vhm:rgef:]]aom0f}}aO Orf.tguf,OAifzrcof thao=awmof ehsv;]]sa}}eh. vh;avK:sv:yAefrK:]]tha}}(O)aOsv; bkif;qgrf:rK:rlwf:bof; awK,rldof;vAof/

      rgef:cofzSofrK:wD;Haripunjaya(pKIDykef<cBh<? rldof;vAofyAef vrfykef:)aO rK:sw,rldif: bof;/ rldof;AD-1025,Khmer cof cof;rK:wkduf:Dvaravati / yD;egif.rgef:cofN.quf: cofbmrf;bl, rK:wD;Dvaravati N.quf: Khmer cofrK:wkduf:Dvaravati / ulnf:uK; vgif; Siam sv. rgef:bl, qgrf:uefwD;Dvaravati eh. urf;zgif;N.? urf;zgif;trf,qgrf:N./ Siam pdrftofapKcrf:rgef: wD; Dvaravati eh.auK; eif,eefbof;/ wD;Dvaravati eh. rgef:ayK:yAefykwf.xzK,OK,sv. ayK: rD:vduf;bof.eef.sw. rldefuefoh.OAif;rlwf:bl,/

      e[:rldif:xh:rldof;vAof rgef:cofbmrf;bl,rK: rD:wif:erf/ Haripunchai, Lamphun, Lampang qldof:eh./ ref:bl,awK,yDv[? Nrf,irf:awK,rldof;v[ qldof:eh. awvh;pKcyf.qgrf: ydkef:wh:? ykdef:xh:? ykdef:rgef:vDimrf:ugef,bof;/

      vmef.eK:eh. ugyf;yldof; rgef:cofzSofrK:Haripunjaya v[? Orf.wh:zSofrK:vmef.eK:v[ qldof:eh. pAwf:P;vmef.eK:rldif:wh:blef: qkdof;OAifb[,qgrf: ykwf.xzK,OK,rK:sw.bof;/ vmef.eK: auK; qkdof;OAifb[,aO? Orf.ogwf;aO? ulnf:uK; yhm:'dif;si;ykwf.xzK,OK, Okdyf,Ndof;Ndif:oh.bl, wduf: wduf:eef.bof;/

      e[:ykdef:rldif:rgef:auK; iof;rldif:cofseoh.vhmrldif:/

(1)Oxkif,Angkor(Combodia)

      sw,wif;rK: qof.eK,/ ckefxD.ekdif; yAef OD,pK.IK,qK,? ref:yAefulef:uvK:pdefwl,? vkuf.wD;rldif:uvK:rK:/ rgef: sv. crAefauK; rD:vgif;cof;tguf,uefoh.bl,/ crAefauK;oK; iof;iK,cof yAef Suvarnabhumi eheif,uof,/ xmwf;Olnf,wukif,eh. sw,wD;e[:ymefrgef:cofeh/ ckefvkdef: Okwf: eif;Oxkif,eh. yAefckefManuha? Okrf:Okduf:aO vh;zSofuGK, yl:urf,aO vh;bl,e[:xmwf; ref:qof;ulnf:bof;/ awK,xkdifrel,pK, ckefeif;rldif:rD: 59 yK: oK;eh/

(2)pmef,OK,owD,(AD-573-781)

      vkuf.wD; Dvaravati chm.bhm.rK:wD; sy:ul:? rgef:cofOrf. azK,qkdof;rldif:cofyAefpmef,OK,o wD,/ rldof;yD 573 qkdof;apKcrf:yAef Mahimu Thamala Kumara/ ref:qof; vkuf.wD;Oxkif,rK: eif;oAif:/ yAefvh;eef.sw. ckefyK:eh. rK:wif;oAif:cAif,uefaO ohm:vif Nrf,irf:vh;Oxkif,uGK, eef.bof;/

(3)pmef,OK,owD, ymef oK,IDIl:(1287-1540)

      AD-1056 ckefyl:urf, taeK,IxK, rK:wkduf:Oxkif,aO nggyf:tof ckef? cK;? Ipmef:? ulef:arKwif:erf uGK,wD;yl:urf,bof;/ erf.wdefvhm:rkdof:yl:urf, yAefpmif;rldif:uvK:aO ulef:pAwf:ref: yAefrgef:bof;/ rldif:pmef,OK,owD, vl.bof.sv; ulef:rgef:cofauK; bl,zmwf,bl,szuefOAif;bof;/ AD-1287 qif,rD:rK:qof; oK,ID,Il:(rgef:cofoK; yAefulef:rgef:? e[:ykdef:wh:? ykdef:xh:sw. ref: yAefulef:wh:)rK:uAyf:wgrfulef:rgef:aO ckdef:wif;rldif:rgef: wD;sy:ul:bof;/ rgef: sv. tK,oauK; Okdyf,yAefOkduf:uefbl,wduf:wduf:bof;/ qof;emif:Odef,aqK.yl. yAefemif:apKcrf: wD;sy:ul:eh.auK; yAefvgif;ykdef:rgef:cofbof;/ rldof;AD-1540 ckefzr wydef,OBLnf,xD: rK:wkduf:sy. sy:ul:aO bK.vl.rlwf:OAif;bof;/

(4)pmef,OK,owD,(AD 1740-1757)

      sy:ul:eh. vh;rD:w[;rkdof: ckefzrwgif,il,uGK, rldof;AD-1599(qgrf:vlnf;ykdef:IcSif,)xh: sv. IcSif, Nrf;uefaO rK:vlrf,ySwf; wgif,il,uGK,bof;/ e[:ykdef:zrOrf.trf,rhmoh. vgif;IcSif,/ zldof,pSif:zrtlef;uGK,bof.auK; rD:aeK,vldwf;ckefrgef:? qof;Buddha ke Thit Gwe Meng ckdef: sw,rldif:rgef: wD;sy:ul:ckdef:bof;/ rldof; AD-1740 ckefapKcrf:yK:Ogif qkdof;Binya Dala MrfpAif: vDimrf:aOsv; uGK,vlrf,ySwf; rldif:tK,orldof;AD-1751 eef.bof;/ ckefzrauK; vh;Okrf:tK,o yefuGK,rgef:aOwK. Orf.uGK,MrfpSif:aO rldof;AD-1757 ckdef:tofckdef:tK,oaOtrf,uK: tofyK:sy: ul:uGK,bof;/ ohm:aOtAif:uvAwf;cof Nrf;irf:rldif:zrygwf:w[;AD-1824 trf,rD:Okduf:OldofOifbof;/ AD-1852 ckeftAif:uvAwf;Orf. Nrf,irf:ckdef;rK:xSif;sv; vh;oK; oAif:pmef,OK,owD,auK; yAefw[; rkdof:tAif:uvAwf;uGK,bof;/

      tofe[:ykdef:rgef:cofoK; sy:ul:Hamsavati eh. sw,rK:rldof;AD-573? ulef:rgef:cofwD; Oxkif,auK; rD:? wD;e[:rldif:xh:eh.auK; yAefrl,yAefqkrf: rD:oh.wif:erf/ pKID<ykef<cBhm<(Haripunja-ya)auK; yAefoAif:rgef:oh.bl,/ rldof;AD-1050 ugyf;ydlof;wD;pKID<ykef<cBhm< yAefaz:umyf;wgif.egif,aO whmerfeK,sv;? rgef:coftgefuef yhm;rK:ql: Oxkif,sv. sy:ul:/ erf.rkdof:rgef: wD;pID<ykef<cBhm< eh. Nrf,irf:xkdif yD;egif.xh:wif:erf/ erf.rkdof:rgef:eh.auK; iof;ref:? pmif;zmifref: Orf.vkuf. wD;rldif:tdef,wD:bK:ygwf:qmef:rK:/ vhm:auK,owf.? pmif;owf. yAefrldof;ymef ckefPallava cofeef. bof;/ ugyf;yldof;eefsv; rgef:cofyAef qkrf:qSuf,szrSif, yhm:rgef:pdef,wll, e[:ukefat:OBK:eh. bof.oK;eh/

      U Aung Thaw(1960)cof clwf.vdefwD;yl:urf,aOsv; oK;uGK, 'dif;si;qldof:eh.yAefcgif ydof,(Pyu)cofbof;oK;eh/ wD;yl:urf,eh. ydof,Orf.yAefz[ vDOkdyf,clef.pKxSif;bl,/ wD;yl:urf,eh. erf.rkdof:rgef:cof rK:pAwf:oh.wif:erf? ayK:qgwf,uGK,ul;wD;? vgif;cofpAwf:oh.trf,wSrf; trf,rhyefaw trf,xkuf,/

      ulnf:uK; cl:vlifPiriya Krairiksh auK; clef.cGK.vDimrf:aO pAwf:tguf,yyf.Art in Perinsular Thailand(1980)/ pmif;rgef:cof pAwf:oh.wD;e[:rldif:xh: qldof:eh. ref:wrf:seqldif.eh

(1)AD-300-500 e[:rldif:urf,ayK:wD:bK:? e[:rldif:xh: yAeferf.rkdof:pmif;zmifcgiftdef,wD:bK:OAif; OAif;bof;/ owf.wD;v[auK; awvh;pefuyf:uhm,vlnf;Vishnu? ykdef: Vishnu bl,bof;/

(2)AD-500-800 wD;e[:rldif:xh:rldof;vAof? wD;sr;erf.Chao Phraya qldof:eh. yAeferf.rkdof: rgef: Nrf,irf:oh.bof;/ erf.rkdof:? pmif;ref: rK:wmif:Funan(urf,ayK:wD:bK:)aOsv; ihm;rldefuef vh;pefwif:erf/ pmif;qldof:rldefrl,eh. ref:qof;azK,oK; yAefChaiya Style ehbof;/ Stone Ganapati (Songkhla)

(3)AD-800-1100 ulef:tdef,wD:bK:cof urf;erfpdef,wl, trf,q[;ulnf:zSofrldif:xh:/ rldif:urf,ayK: wD:bK:? rldif:tdef,wlof,eD:OBK:? uBK,oK:? rav:qldof:eh.auK; zSofaO erf.rkdof:cof cSef:pmif;vDwldof: rK:bof;/ eefsv; erf.rkdof:uBK,oK:? erf.rkdof:tdef,wD:bK: vkuf.wD;eef.aO Orf.ckdef:vhrK:ql: rldif:xh:xSif;bl,bof;/ rldefeif, Borobudur wD;tdif,wlof,eD:OBK:auK;seoh. erf.rkdof:pdef,wl,ckduf.oh. bl,sw.sw.(ohm:eh. pmif;eh. zSofrK: rRuf.tl:)/ ref:qof;oK; eh.yAef 3^rd, 4^th Chaiya style, Javanese and South Indian style ehbof;/

(4)AD-1100-1300 eh. yAefcmof: crAef urf,ayK:wD:bK: Ndof;Ndif:yldif:O[ ul;vgif;vgif;bl,bof;/ pmif;qldof:eh. erf.rkdof:qldof:eh. sevgif;yhm:rldif:ugef,bof;/ 'dif;si;rldif:uvK: Nrf,irf:rK:? rD:rK:awK, rldof;vAofbof;/ pmif;qof;TzK:ykwf.x Ol,ekdif; AD1300 yAefpmif;Hevajra ehbof;/

cSyf:idkef:pdef,wl,=cSyf:idkef:ydof,

(Pyu coins=Hindu coins)

      cl:vlifwguf,wK,¨mef:xkef:sv. ehm,ymef:vcof wSrf;seoh. vgif;pdef,wl,Nrf,xkdifsr; erf.uAofrK:eef./ rldof;eef. qkdof;zreh bif:yh,rD:/ qArfrldof;(BC 100-AD 100)Brahman ykif, eK:cof ayK:zSofbl,pdrf:erf.uAof,bl,bof;/ pdrf:erf.uAof,eh. rD:ckeftgef,ckeftD;? ckefpdef,wl,cof irf:rK:/ rmifqldof:oK; ydof,eh. yAefulef:ukduf:rldif:wD;eh.? yAefrl,qkrf: ydof,? urfbrf? ¨Swf.eefeh/ vgif;ydof,eh. awvh;pKwlnf:ykdef:uvK:vDvD/ ckefuvK:Puru Vangsi cof Okrf:Okduf:sv; zSofrK: pdrf:erf.uAof? rK:sw,rldif:tgef,tD;/ vkuf.wD;cldof:pdef,wl,Puru eh. yAefrK: ydof, oK;eh/

      ugyf;yldof; pdef,wl,ykif,eK:Puru cof zSofrK:sv; pmif;Vishu? pmif;Vishnu cD,uKvkef,? pmif;Vishnu egef:eldofeuK:? pmif;Brahma? Vishnu? Shiva eif;bl,eldofrguf,rlof? pmif;Shiva sv. ar:emif: yK,owD,? pmif;rK.qAwf:wlof qefavK.ckefvSwf,Ol,ID.bqldof:eh. yAefpmif;pdef,wl, rlwf:rlwf:bof;/ wD;rldif:yl:urf,eh.auK; vh;pefeif,eef/ Dr.¨mef:xkef:pAwf:cyf.rhmrK:bl,/([dE´L-Ak'¨ 73)/

      wD;rldif:zreh. ckefeh cofMif.Raja? emif:eh cofMif.Devi/ rldif:ayB,yAefSriksetra? rldif:wgif,wdgef:uBD:yAefVishnu? rldif:Oxkif,yAefSudhammavati? qldof:eh.seoK; yAefpdef,wl,cof sw,rldif:rK:bof;/ qkdof;oAif: om,m0wD? om&a0g? om0w¬dNrdKU qldof:eh.qkdif bldif;qkdof;e[:ykdef:TzK: eef.bof;/([dE´L-Ak'¨ 6)/

      ymef taeK,IxK, wD;yl:urf,eh. rD:ulef:Omrfcldof:Omrfzef:bof;/(1)zr? (2)ydof, (Puru Vangsi )? (3)rgef:cofbof;/ rmifqldof:oK; ydof,P;yAefzruGK,/ oK;qldif.ehtrf,vh;? ydof,sv. zr yAefzef:z[zef:ref:/ ohm:rK: ydof,phmuGK,aO qkdrf:yAefzruGK,eef.ulnf: ([dE´L-Ak'¨ 9)/ ulef:ydof,(pdef,wll,)cofeh. rD:omef;rldif:pif:acK? rD:vduf;vhm:'dif;si;pif:acK? uGK,sezSofrldif:sc,ugef,/ rD:rK:awK,AD-1300 bl,bof;/([dE´L-Ak'¨-11)/ zreh. yAefcldof:rkif,ulof: oK;ehaOwK.auK; 'dif; si;? zK,OK,? vduf;vhm:? yhm:tkyf.rldif:? 'dif;omef;'dif;Ndef: yAefcgiftdef,wD:bK: rlwf:rlwf:bof;/ zrtrf,rD: zK,OK,? 'dif;si;? vduf;vhm:awK,ymeftaeK,IxK,/ ohm:eh.rD:'dif;si;vduf;vhm:aO rD: tmrf:emwf;rK:sv; cldof:ulef:zrauK; rD:ukduf:rK:awK,rldof;vAof/

      cSyf:idkef:uof, ikdef:ydof, tefoK;eef. seoh.bl,/ ulnf:uK; urf;zgif;trf,c[;bkdefoK; eh. yAefcgifpdef,wl,/ cSyf:ikdef:ydof,pof:pefbl,eh.? sebl,eh. wkdef:yAefcgifuvK:pdef,wl,bof;/ trf,c[; bkdefeef. trf,xkuf,yAef/ rldof;vAof z[auK; N.bl,sv; cSef:trf,xkuf,yAefbof;/ ayK:uGK,xmrf owf.pdef,wl,owf.v[auK; cofawvmwf;seqldif.eefulnf:/ zl,wSrf;vduf;auK; uGK,xlyf:cofrK:wif: erfbof;/ yvmif,? owf. eh.auK; yAefacK;uGmrf:pdef,wl,ulnf:/ cSyf:ikdef:ydof,(pdef,wl,)eh. seoh. vgif;zK,OK,cof? vgif;bkrf,brfcof? pmif;qldof:eh. yAefrduf;cgifpdef,wl,vhmvhmulnf:bof;/ ohm:vifrK:ckef rldif:uvK: qif,tofpmif;qof;uof,cof O[,e[:cSyf:ikdef:rK:/

(1)cSyf:ikdef:rhmekdif; sepmif;Mhcmofpdef,wl,? pmif;Myf,Mhcmofeh. yAefpmif;apKcrf:pdef,wl,bof;/ cmif;apK Ogifzhm, yAef vSwf, sv. vldef/

(2)cSyf:ikdef:rhmOgif sepmif;apKcrf:pdef,wl,? e[:eh. rD:yvmif,ckefapKcrf:pdef,wl,/ eldofpmif;apKzhm, cGKeh. rD:pmif;vSwf,? zhm,Ohm.eh. rD:pmif;vldef/ wmif:cmif;zhm,cGKpmif;apKyAefpmif;Mhcmof? zhm,Ohm. yAef pmif;Muf,OmrfvSrf/ pmif;qldof:eh. yAefpmif;rduf;cgifpdef,wl,cofbof;/ uGK,seulef:pdef,wl,auK.v[auK;aw oK;qldif.eefulnf:/ rldefuefwif:xmrfwh: erf.uAofeh. yAefuGmrf:z[eef.ulnf:bof;/

(3)cSyf:ikdef:rhmOmrf rldefuefwif:rhmOgifeef.bof;/

(4)cSyf:idkef:rhmOD, awvh;pefpmif;apK? yvmif,? vSwf,? vldef/ wmif:cmif;zhm,Ohm.pmif;apKyAefpmif; quf.uK.(Svastika)eh.seoK; ref:bkrf,brfTzK:TwK:ehbof;/ ayK:uGK,owf.pdef,wl,wD;v[auK; awvh; pefpmif;Ü eh.bof;/ pmif;zhm,cGK,eh. oK;P;rD:rif,uvK,oK;eh/ acK;uGmrf:Trisul=Tikal qldof:eh. acK; uGmrf:pdef,wl,? wmifwlof Muf,OmrfvSrf rlwf:OAif;bof;/

(5,6,7)yAefpmif; yvmif,apKcrf:pdef,wl,cofbof;/ rmef;coftguf,OAifoK; yvdef,eef.rK:wD;OAifpdef, wl, yvmif,eh.bof;/ OAifpdef,wl,? OAifwh:? OAifrgef:rldefuefoh.bof;]]yvmif,}}eh/

(8)eh.yAef pmif;oef: tefpdef,wl,cofulof:uhm,bof;/

      rduf;tefpefbl,eldof cSyf:idkef:? cSyf:wgif: qldof:eh. yAefcgifpdef,wl,cof tefoK;eef. trf,zdwf:vh;/ ulef:vlifrldif:zrOrf.oK; yAefcgifydof,cof oK;eh/ ydof,sv.pdef,wl,? ydof,sv.uvK: yAeftefvAofeef.ulnf:bof;/ cSyf:ikdef:qldof:eh. yAefwgif:qof.BC100-AD100eef.bof;/ rldof; xkdifrK:AD 200 eef. vh;pefcSyf:ikdef: O[,pmif;ckefapKcrf: qof;Nrf,rldif:eef.bof;/

(u)Greek cof cof;rK:irf:Bactria(Afganistan)sv.India/ Eucratides wkduf:sy.DemetriusuGK, rldof;BC-175/ ugyf;yldof; pmif;cSyf:ikdef:cof rldefuefoh.sv; awvh;oK; Eucratieds sv.Apollo-dotus ckefOgifyK:eh. awyAefymefvAofuefbof./ cSyf:ikdef:ckefAntialcidasseoK; ref:qof;Nrf, irf:Takshacilaehbof;/ cSyf:ikdef:ref:qof; bldif;cSyf:ikdef:Eucraides sv; eh.seoK; ref:qof; yAefckefohm:vifEucratides eef.bof;/ cmof:Hermaeus irf:rldif:eh. awyAefBC-40 qldof:eh. bof;/ eldofcSyf:ikdef:ref: ref:O[,wlofvduf;Greek □OD,qAif,eh.bof.bof;/

(c)Gondopharnes sw,irf:rldif: rldof;AD-19 awK,pmef.AD-45 ref: wkduf.Okdyf,yAefckefirf: rldif:oh.bl,eh wlnf:tofe[:cSyf:ikdef: pmif;cofqof;eh. pefvh;bl,bof;/ ckefzhm,eK;ref:eh. yAef qof;Azes II ehauK; cSyf:ikdef:qldof:eh. setguf,rK:cK;bof;/ NofOkduf:vlif qof;apKcrf:eh. qkdof; Aspavarman(eh.Orf.yAef vkuf;qhm:Indravarman)ehbof;/(Cambridge History of India, P-520.)

]]NofOkduf:vlif}}eh Greek cofq[.strategos ehbof;/ rldif:tdef,wD:bK:Orf.q[.Senapati (aO,eK, ywD.)ehbof;/ eldofcSyf:ikdef:eh. urf:urf:vhpef qkdof;Aspavarman wD;rldif: India zhm,oef:wluf: rldof;ymefckefCaka Satraps rldof;cmof:AD-200eef.bl,bof;/ eldofcSyf:ikdef:eh. vh;pefwlofvduf; Strategos, Senapati, Varman qldof:eh.yAefvgif;urf.xSrfykdef:sw.sw.eif,uof,/ qkdof;cof zhm, vifref:ayK:rD:Varman, datta eh eh.seoK; cofyAefpdef,wl,eef.bof;/

À À À À À À

rldif:IcSif,

      rldof;ymefuof, wh:auK;trf,N.quf: IcSif,/ cofsw. awbmrf;pefwh:bl,/ rldof;IcSif,cofzSof rK: xkif.rmof:eef. cofoK;]]pAwf:Oifat.JuGmrf:zrtefeh. pof:Orf.trf,bmrf;idef:vK,}}eh/ cof auK;bmrf;rD:rldif:apKcrf:cofbl,/ rldif:IcSif, wdwf:qyf:uefvlnf;East Bengal sv; wD;eef. yAef OifauK; wlif.wkdef,xkdifIcSif,bl,bof;/ e[:Bengal eh. Okduf:rl,Ovdrf, Mugal cofckdef;rK:? sy.rK: bl,wduf:wduf:/ oAif:qdwf.wugif:auK; wluf:cof;rkdof: Mugal cofuGK, rldof;AD-1666 bof;/

      e[:yyf.ykdef:IcSif, oK;- xh:sv.IcSif, Nrf;uefaO cof;wkduf:Nrf,irf:tof rldif:rgef:sy:ul: eh/ e[:yyf.ykdef:zr rmef,emef: Orf.oK;- ckefzrwgif,il, yAefwydef,OBLnf,xD:sv. Dha-nyavati rK:wkduf:rldif:sy:ul:aO ckefwgif,il, tofckefsy:ul:(Nanda)whmySwf;aObof;oK;eh/

      ugyf;yldof;e[:rldif:IcSif, trf,rD:ckefuwf. ckefuAif,eef. zgif:rldif:cof? NofOkduf:cofqif,vlduf; tof ulef:uwf.e[:ulef:rldif:eh.aO P;yAefapKcrf:ehbof;/ ckefapKcrf:P;qkdof;ckefMaha Thama-daehbof;/ ugyf;yldof; ulef:vlife[:apK trf,qlrf:pyf.ckefapKcrf:Thamada bof.sv; cofuGK,pyf. tof ylof:awK,rgif,oSif: rK:pkyf;tofIcSif,oK;eh/ Okduf:zr rK:pkyf;tofDhanyavati aO bK.uof: qkwf,'h:vl.rlwf:sv; 1784 ckefsv.rldif:IcSif,auK; trf,rD:bof;/

      pdrf:AD-788 eh.ckefzr rK:pdrftofuGK, TzK:IcSif, rpK,rl.eD. eef.uGK,rmef:wav: bof;/ ngyf:tofyK: ulef:IcSif,OSefekdif; uGK,bof;/ TzK:? ugif:rl:tefsw,wif;wD;ref:wav:qldof: eh. yAeferf.rkdof:IcSif,cofbof;oK;eh/ rldefeif,eef tel.Ilwf.xK, sy.Oxkif,aO ngyf:ulef: rgef:cofrK:wD; yl:urf,wif:erf/ TzK:? ugif:rl:wD;yl:urf,yAefpSif:rgef:cof pAwf:bof;/ pmif;TzK:ugif:rl: sw. ykif,eK:cof tofrldif:uvK:rK:bof;/ ylof:awK,rgif,oSif: ngyf:ulef:IcSif,cofuGK, P;uGK,Oof:e[:egif tmif:av:auK;rD: oK;eh/ rldof;cofrK:bK.Dhanyavati eef. bK.vl.vl.zSof;uAif;uAif;? bK,P;IcSif,cof ckdef:zkdef.vh;aOyguf;eef.bof;oK;eh/ pAwf:ehsv; ckefzrrlduf;eK,sv; ulef:qif:cofauK; erf wldof:rK:bof;/

ymefrldif: sv. ymefckef

1	wK;ugif	ckefwh:irf:	BC.100-AD.850
2	wK;ugif	ckefpdef,wl,tzD.IK,qK,	AD.850(BC.900/800)
3	Sriksetra	ckef Puru-Vangsi(ydof,)	BC.483-AD.95
4	Vishnu	ckef Puru-Vangsi(ydof,)	?-AD.718
5	Puru-gama(Pu-gam)	ckeftel.Ilwf.xK,(zr)(zrsw,rD: rldif: rD:ckefrK:bof;/)	AD.1044-1297
6	Myin-Saing, Pin Ya, aq<uSif:	ckefwh:Nrf,irf:wif:OAif;	AD.1298-1364
7	rldif:tK,o	ckefwh:? ¨wlof:rdef:zBK:wif; (awK, cmof:Oldofcmef,'K.AD.1527-1543)	AD.1364-1544
8	rldif:wgif,il,	ckefzrNrf,irf:	AD.1540-1599
9	rldif:tK,o	ckefzrNrf,irf:Orf.wluf:e[:rkdof:rgef:	AD.1599-1751
10	rldif:OBLnf,ylof,? aq<uSif:? rmef:wav:	ckefzrtvgif:zIK:Nrf,irf:xkdifrgef:? wluf:w[;tAif:uvAwf;	AD.1753-1885
11	rldif:NifOKowD,-1(sy:ul:?yKuldof)	ckefrgef:Nrf,irf:(cmof:trf,rD:Okduf:)	AD.573-1287
12	rldif:NifOKowD,-2	ckefrgef:Nrf,irf:(wif:ckefzryAefOkduf:wK, aO)	AD.1287-1544
13	rldif:NifOKowD,-3	ckefrgef:Nrf,irf:xkdiftK,o(ckefzrtvgif: zIK:pkyf;tofrldif:rgef:)	AD.1740-1757
14	rldif:IcSif,(Dhanyavati-1)	ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:(auK,Omif;rpKrl.eD.)	BC.825-AD.788
15	Waisal	ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:(vSuf;vhm;ckeferfeK,)	AD.788-1018
16	Pin-Sa-1	ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:	AD.1108-1103
17	Pa-Rin	ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:	AD.1103-1167
18	Krit	ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:	AD.1167-1180
19	Pin-Sa-2	ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:	AD.1180-1237
20	Laung-Kret	ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf:	AD.1237-1404
21	Dhanyavati-2(Mrauk-U)	ckefIcSif,Nrf,irf: wluf:w[;rkdof:ckefzr ylof:awK,rgif,oSif:	AD.1108-1103

ayK:awrK:wlnf: rldif:apKcrf:ymefuof,uof,eef. rD:yK: apKcrf:pdef,wl,Puru-Vangsibl, qgrf: se;erf.uAof(Irrawaddy)? apKcrf:rgef:? apKcrf:wh:? apKcrf:IcSif,? apKcrf:zr(1044)/ ugyf;yldof; tgefuefqkuf:eldof q[puf.cldof:qof;uof,zef:vAofeef.sv; ymifOkduf:trf,xmwf,trf,ohm:vh; aOyguf;/ c[;sy.uef? c[;sy.udefuefoh.bl,/ ohm:aO tAif:uvAwf;cof;rK:irf:aO vgif;qkrf:ekdif;wkduf: awK:qkrf:ekdif;sw. xmwf,uGK,bof;/ rldof;vAof tAif:uvAwf; tguf,rldof:uGK,bof;/ ulnf:uK; q[puf.qdlof. cldof:qof;uof,zef:vAofeef. rD:oh.bl,qldif.eef/ yAefrldif:zgrf.Nrf;rK:bof.aOwK.auK; wK,bl,qgrf: uef? wK,puf.Mrfqldof.cldof:wmif,zef: P;zSif,yAif:uefeef. awK,rldof;vAof bif:yh,rD:/

ayK:ulnf:awOkdyf,qkuf:eldof q[puf.cldof:zef:vAofeh.qkdif awtrf,rD:vgif;vDwldof:rK:vh; bof;/ rldif:sc,auK; qkuf:bl,eldof wK,puf.qldof.cldof:sc,wldof: eef.sv; eldofvkrf;'K. eK;wKsc, trf,tguf,pmif;ulef:vlifvh;/ wK,yAefrldif:zgrf.Nrf;uef(q[puf.cldof:qof;uof,zef:vAof)eef. awvh; bgef,Ohmref:tdwf:ekdif;aO awvh;qkuf:eldof vguf:vdefrldif: sv. ulef:bl,eldofvguf;vdefeef.  P;oh.zAif,? P;vlrfq[qgrf:uefeef. qif,awqmif;auK,rldif:zgrf.Nrf;vh; vDwldof:bl,bof;/ cldof:v[cldof: eef. ayK:awrK:qkuf:eldof q[puf.cldof:qof;uof,zef:vAofeef.qkdif rldif:zgrf.Nrf;tef,auK,yAefvh; rK:/ wK,Okdyf,auK,eldofeh.auK; awtrf,yAefvh;/ ul;cldof:ul;cldof: awvh;bgef,q[pyf.Mif:uefaOqgif, awyAefvh; rldif:zgrf.Nrf;bl,bof;/ wK,bl,qgrf:uefvh;eh. rD:vhm:ygh,uGmif;q[acKacKeef. tdwf:ekdif; ulnf:bof;/ yldef;auK;ygh,uGmif;? pof:auK;ygh,uGmif;qgrf:uefeh.awyAefOAef;wmif:bl,qgrf:uefbof;/ ulef: vlifzr awvh;bgrf:bgef,sr:ySwf; q[uof,cof(zr awvh;Nrf,irf:wif:rlwf:? zr awvh;qD. Oif,wif:rlwf:)eef. qif,awOkdyf,vh; OAef;wmif:Nrf;Mrf:uefeef. vh;bl,bof;/ pof:Nrf;uefvD ygif,q[oK; yldef;auK;bmrf;rD:rldif:? rD:apKcrf:? rD:'dif;si;? zK,OK,yldef;rK:bl,? tefyldef;vDaOpof: auK;  rD:bl, qldif.ehqkdif yAefOduf;clofvhbgef,ql:uefbof;/

À À À À À À

e[:vdefrguf,serK:

      pdrf:ckef<rdef:rldof;vAof bmrf;rD:rK: rldif:wh: wSef<sb; ckefvlifqkdof;wdef<omif.bdef,/

      pdrf:ckef<rdef: rD:vghqdef,vdef.Okdof;qhm,Omef</ ulef:Ndef:clwf.qlof; tguf,clof:wgif:rK:/ rldof; 1955 ckefqif,rK:tgefclwf.vgh? qif,clwf.tguf,rK: clof:wgif:? ugif<? Muf,? vmyf,? olof:? ulef: uK;? pmif;Ndef:wh:? clof:idkef:? clof:crf:? igh:? uguf:wif:vhm rD:uGK, 4000 zef:vldof/ eh.sevgif;wh: yAefckefvlifrK:(apKOSif)? OAif;ohm:whmaO qldof:clof:wgif:erfvhm tofzifqgrf:uGK,/ eh.yAefckrfOmif; OSif: ckefvlif? trf,q[;vgh/ ayK:oK; yAefckefvlifauK; ckrfb[,bof;/ eh.yAef vgif;wmif:ckefwh: BC-500 awK, AD-100/

      pdrf:ckef<rdef:eif,uof,? Orf.rD:vghuBSif<cRef<vDuBK<Omef</ wD;eh.auK; ulef:Ndef:clwf.aO tguf,clof:wgif:rK:/ wD;eh.auK; rldof; 1972 ckeftgefclwf.aO tguf,clof:wgif:rK:wif:erf(400 zef:)/ yK:qArf qkrf;crf:ogif.apKOSifP;rK:/ eh.auK; yAefckrfOmif:OSif: ckefapKcrf:wh:pof:? trf, q[;vgh/ cmof:rldof;eef. trf,yh,rD:vduf;vhm:sv; trf,vh;rhmoh.? tefrhmoh. trf,pef? trf,rD:? qkdof; cofqof; trf,yh,vh;N./ ckrfzhm,vifeh.vAuf.wldof:? clof:wgif:auK; bgrf:? vgif;xdif:ugef:rldif:auK; aw bgrf:bl,bof;/ vgif;eh.qmif<qldef<cBD; wSrf;seoh.yef/

      yD;egif.sc, yefpSif:vduf;vhm:? z[uwf.auK; P;yAefckefoAif:? udefrldif:/ cmof:eef.yD;egif. wh:pof: trf,ckuf:q[vh;yefpSif:vduf;vhm:/ eefsv; zl;qgh;olef.qgh;ygifrldif:trf,qmif;pkdofqgh;cyf.yef/ eefsv; wh:yAefckef qlof;cmof:ygwf:aO sc,cof pmif;pSef:vlrf,sy.wh:vh;uGK,wduf:wduf:/

      rldif:rmof:vlif sw,wif;rldif: AD-94/ rldif:rmof:vlif b[,rK:aOwK. ckefogif.sc, Orf.ayK: rK:wof.vlrf.aO pAwf:yAefrldif:tgef,tD;wif:erfbof;/ pof:awK,pof:trf,xgrf,uef? pof:awK,pof: zef:uef? zdwf:uef erfwldof:rK:sv; wK,cgef;yAefpAif:vAof ckdef;b[,eef. bmyf,uGK,bof;/

      rD:ckefOldofuK;'K. rldif:rmof:(1215)wif:vkuf;egif.ulef:Odkuf:wif:erf cl<rldif:uGK,zSof sr; erf.yIK,rK,ykwf.xIK.? wif;rldif:vldefOlefcrf:/ ref:qof;wmif,wlofref:qof; yAeftK<Nrf:ehbof;/ rldif:ref:qof;auK; yAefrK: rldif:wh:tK<Nrf:ehbof;/ ckrfOmif:OSif:wh:tK<Nrf: Orf.rdlefvghoh.bof;/

      vlwlnf:ykdef:uof,aO pKwlnf:wh:zdwf:OifrK:eh vDOkdyf,rlef.sr:bl,bof;/

(1)pof:trf,yefpSif: vgif;tofvhm:? vgif;ydif,nK,/ vkuf.eh.uGK, vDyefpSif:vgif;ydif,nK, P;ulef:arK wh:pof:erfrK:? wif:ulef:arKwh: Nrf;uefauK,Omif;cmof:eK;/

(2)pof:yAefrldif:tgef,tD; erfrK:? z[auK;oK;z[ckduf.aO zdwf:uef yldef;cSef:qlrf:bof;/ pof:bl, pif:ulnf:pof:wduf:wduf:? trf,cof;tguf,uef? pof:uldof:oK; ugef:acK bl,acKacKeef.vDbof./ sw.ref: pof:vDpKcof;tguf,uef? qhg;uef P;sy.wlofuGK,? P;Okdyf,bl,vh;qgrf:uef qgrf:yldef;uGK,eef.bof;/ e[: wh:Okdyf,zdwf:uef? tgefzdwf:uefeh. zdwf:oh.bl,? sr:wK./

(3)ulef:wh:uof, rmif.xdif:ugef:qldof.cldof:wh:rK: rD:rldif: rD:qldof.cldof:rK:/ wh:ymefr[,rldof;vAof? omif:ygh,uef qldof.cldof:qof;uof, ylef.vldofyldef;uGK,bof;/ trf,q[;oK; P;uGK,zdwf:yldef;/ ]]pAef:tofvduf;wh:? uGmrf: wh:awuGK,wkdof:wD;v[}}xmrfuefoK;qldif.eh/ vduf;wh:? uGmrf:wh: yAefcgifcldif;wh:qof;uof,bof.vl:/ yAef wh:aO trf,arKvduf;wh:? trf,arK,uGmrf:wh:eef. ref:yAefulef:wh:aO vuf;ceK,wh: trf,ukrf, eef.bof./ eh. z[awbgif;/ yldef;tmrf:vgif;wmif:ildof;ref:ulnf:/ ref:awuGK,bkdefyAefyldef;ehpK.? eh.auK; yldef;trf,tofref:/ ehsv; wD;wrf,Okwf:wK,wh:trf,rlnf.eef. ckdef:yAefwh:? P;vuf; ceK,wh: ukrf,oh.aOurf:/

(4)ymefulef:wh:eh. rD:eK: rD:cof;udef arKvl,arKwmef:aO ayK:bof.pK.? ukrf,bof.pK./ vDbl,? yh, ukrf,ugef,/ pKydif,nK,? pKrmuf;rD:? wldof:cmrf,bmyf,tdwf:ekdif;/ arKOkdyf,qgh;uefeef. qif,vDwldof:/ qif,ukrf,ymefulef:bof;/ qgh;uefe[:su;ulef:eh. yAefumeful.Olof,bof;/ wlnf:xkdif urf.xSrfumef vduf;vhm:'dif;si;(ul.Olof,)wh:zgif;/

(5)qldof:wh:trf,arKvmwf;uGmrf:wh:? trf,arKvduf;wh: Orf.erfwldof:rK:wduf:wduf:/ cofauK;yAefwh:bl,/ trf,arKvmwf;uGmrf:wh:bof.sv; pof:awygh,cofySwf;bof.pK./ coftrf,arKuGmrf:wh:bof.sv; cofauK;aw ygh,ySwf;cofyAefwh:eef.bof.pK./ pof:auK; trf,vDygh,ySwf;cof? cofauK;trf,xkuf,omif:ySwf;wh:/ pof: auK; awvh;pKbdkefcofyAefwh:? cofauK; awvh;ckdef:bkdefyAefwh:bl,bof;/ wif:Ogifzhm, pKuef? bK,ySwf;uefaOurf:/

À ÀÀÀÀÀ

References:

1.The Britanica Guide to India by Encyclopaedic Britanica, Inc. London 2009(Robinson)

2.The Hindus by Wendy Doniger, Penquin Group, USA, 2009.

3.Madhyamik History of India and the World by J:ban Mukhopadhyay, Naba Bharati Prakashani, Kolkata, 2009.

4.History of Ancient Bengal by R.C.Majumdar,(G.Bharadwaj & Co.)Calcutta 1974.

5.The Cambridge History of India Edited by E.J.Rapson(C.Chand & Co.)Delhi, 1955.

6.Lonely Planet India by Lonely Planet Publication, 2009.

7.An Advanced History of India by R.C.Majumdar(Macmillan India)Delhi, 1982.

8.Lanna by Michael Freeman(Narisa Chakrabongse) (Thames & Hudson London), 2001.

9.The Indianized States of Southeast Asia by G.Coedes University of Hawaii Press Honolulu, USA, 1968.

10.Guide to Chinese Buddhism by Zheng Lixin, Foreign Language Press, Beijing, 2007.

11.Paintings on Tai Events by Tai Cultural Committee, Ruili, China, 2007.

12.Hindu-Buddhism Impact on Myanmar Culture by Dr.U Than Tun(Shwebo), Moe Kyaw Thu Books, Yangon, Myanmar 2010.

13.Burma, Nationalism and Ideology by Shwe Lu Maung, University Press Ltd., Dhaka, 1976.

14.The Karen People of Burma by Rev.Harry Ignatious Marshall M.A. White Lotus Press, Bangkok, 1997.

15.Mahabharata by Srimath Swami Chidbhavananda Tirupparaithurai, India, 1995.

16.World Geography for School in Burma by A.M.Druitt and L.Dudley Stamp Longmans Green & Co.Ltd., Culcutta, 1938.

17.Old Burma(as described by early Foreign Travellers)by U Myo Min, Hanthawaddy Publi-cation, 1947.

18.A Study on the word-SHAN by Sai Aye Maung, Sai San Aik, Yangon(Mangshi Dai Conf:) 2003.

19.u&if&kd;&mokwya'om? ref;vif;jrwfausmf? pmayavmu/ 1980/

20.&ckdifrif;qufrsm;ESifhAk'¨omoemawmf? "n0wDatmifaZ,s(ajrmufOD;)? wufvrf;pmay? 1995/

vduf;wh:Nrf;q[

uGmrf:wh:Nrf;ukif,

erf.wgef:yyf.eh. yAefwK, Nif:vhm:owf.wh:uof;vuf: