အုန္းေဘာင္သီေပါေစာ္ဘြားႀကီးေစာခြန္ဆုိင္

အုန္းေဘာင္

oDaygapmfbGm;MuD;

apmcGefqkdif

tkef;abmifoDaygapmfbGm;MuD;

(ေမာင္သန္းေဆြ-ထား၀ယ္)

]]ukef;abmiftvGef}}rS ukef;abmifquf? ukef;abmifaoG;wkdY\taMumif;udk a&;&m wGif ukef;abmifquf? ukef;abmifaoG;wkdYESifhvufqufaoG;aESmcJhaom oDaygapmfbGm;MuD; apmcGefqkdif\taMumif;udkvnf; ra&;bJ csefvSyfxm;cJhí rjzpfay/ olonf ukef;abmif rif; (10)qufajrmuf rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;\a,mufzawmfESifhom;rufawmfwpfyg;jzpfcJh í ukef;abmifrif; (11)qufajrmuf oDaygrif;w&m;\a,mufzawmfvnf; jzpfcJhavonf/ xkdYaMumifh oDaygapmfbGm;MuD;apmcGefqkdifonf ukef;abmiftvGefwGif ta&;ygaom ukef; abmifZmwf&H? ZmwfykdYwpfa,muf jzpfcJhonf/

       jrefrmhorkdif; tpOftquf a&S;yk*HacwfrSpí &Srf;-jrefrm cspfMunfpGm aoG;qufcJh MuaomaMumifh ]]&Srf;ppfvQif jrefrm? jrefrmppfvQif &Srf;}}[kyif a&S;u jrefrmMuD;? &Srf;MuD; rsm;u O'gef;usL;cJhonf[k pma&;q&m'g&kdufwm q&mjrifhu rSwfcsufcszl;onf/ aexGuf bk&if jrefrmrif;xH ae0ifbk&if&Srf;apmfbGm;wkdYu orD;unm? ESrunmrsm;udk qufo& avh&Sdonf/ jrefrmESifhqufqHa&; tqifajyatmif &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;\nDawmf? wlawmf? om;awmfrsm;udkvnf; rif;aejynfawmfodkY ykdYvTwfxm;&avh&Sdonf/ &Srf;apmfbGm;wkdY\ nDawmf? wlawmf? om;awmf? orD;awmf? ESrawmfrsm;udk rif;aejynfawmfodkY ydkYvTwfxm; jcif;jzifh jrefrmrif;? jrefrmhxD;? jrefrmheef;ESifht uRrf;0ifaponf/ aemifwpfaeY xkd&Srf; apmfbGm;wkdY\nDawmf? wlawmf? om;awmf? orD;awmf? ESrawmfrsm; ¤if;wkdY\e,fwGif &Srf; apmfbGm;? r[ma'0D ponfwdkYjzpfvmonfhtcg jrefrmhxD;eef;"avhp&kdufESifhtuRrf;0if? tvTrf;rkd;cH&um &Srf;apmfbGm;u jrefrmrif;tm; ykefuefx<uonfhtcgüvnf; aejynf awmfodkYydkYvTwfxm;aom &Srf;apmfbGm;\nDawmf? wlawmf? om;awmf? orD;awmf? ESrawmfwkdY rSm "m;pmcHjzpfMu& onf/ jrefrmrif;xH qufoxm;&aom orD;unm? ESrunmrsm;udk  jrefrmbk&ifu aumufawmfrlí udk,fvkyfawmf? rdzk&m;ponfrsm;jzpfvmMuonfhtcg om; awmf? orD;awmfrsm;xGef;um;í &Srf;jrefrm aoG;aESmvmcJhMujyefonf/ tcsKdUvnf; rSefeef; tysKdawmfrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ þpepfonf z,l'gvfpepf(Feudal System)yif jzpfonf/ Oa&mytv,facwfwGif xkdtcsdefu Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;&Sd bk&ifrsm;ESifhjrdKUpm; e,fpm;wkdY\ qufqHa&;wGifvnf; þpepfudkyif tokH;jyKcJhavonf/

       xdkuJhodkY &Srf;-jrefrm cspfMunfpGm qufqHcJhMu&mü jrefrmheef;ESifhtkef;abmif oDayge,fonf ydkí tquftoG,f tquftqH ywfoufrIrsm;vmcJhonf/ a&S;tcgu &Srf;jynfe,frS oDayge,fudk tkef;abmif[kac:onf/ pdk;pHaomrif;(apmfbGm;)udk ckHrIdif;[k ac:a0:\/ tif;0'kwd,rif;acgifvufxufwGif rif;acgifESifhtkef;abmif ckHrIdif;wdkY oOÆmvD wGif twl,SOfxkdifí vufa0SUyGJrsm; &Ipm;awmfrljcif;? tMunfawmf[k okH;awmfrlMujcif; rsm;udk axmufcsifhjcif;tm;jzifh wef;wlnDrQ xm;[ef&Sdonf/ rif;qufig;oG,f? &SifbkdYr,f qkdonfrSm rif;acgif\awmifeef;pH jzpfonf/ &SifbdkYr,fwGif rif;qufig;qufomru tkef; abmifoDaygapmfbGm;vnf; ygonf[k 'g&kdufwm q&mjrifhu orkwfum atmufygaw; xyfudk oufaoxlonf/

&SifbdkYr,f trnf&if;ESifh

e'DoGif; ykHoGif

yvDjcif; pkHvifw,f

*kPfwpfcGif ausmfxdefY

jrefrmrif; ig;qufjyifrSm

Mum;pGuf0if tkef;abmif&mZdefY/

       rif;acgifvufxuf? 765-ckESpfwGif tkef;abmifoDaygapmfbGm;okdaMumifbGm;u xGefwkH;ylwufukd xdyg;vm\/ trwfMuD;zkd;&mZm\avQmufxm;csuft& wlrawmf rif;pE´m ESifhvufqufí wlom;jyKawmfrl\/

       okd[efbGm;ewf&GmpHjyD;aemuf rif;MuD;&efaemifu tif;0xD;eef;udk tkef;abmif oDaygapmfbGm;odkY tyfESif;cJhonf/ oDayge,fudk nDawmfrsm;u ukd,fpm;tkyfcsKyf&av onf/ xkdrif;vGefjyD;aemuf om;awmf rkd;jAJe&ywdukdyif rif;wifMu\/ rkd;jAJapmfbGm;udk vl MudKufenf;í u0dvu©PmowfykHusrf;ü ]]r,m;udk rJ? om;ukd qJ? rkd;jAJ e&ywd}}[k pmcsKd; cJhjcif; jzpfonf/

       ukef;abmifacwfwGif jrefrmhxD;eef;odkY tkef;abmifoDayga[mfeef;rSorD;unm tquftotrsm;qkH;[k qkd&ayrnf/ qifjzL&Sifrif;vufxufwGif tkef;abmifoDaygapmf bGm;u orD;unmqufo&m oD&dy'kr®ma'0DbGJUjzifh rdzk&m;ajr§mufonf/ o®D;awmf&Siftrd? om;awmf armifaumfwifESifharmifaumfeD [lí ESpfyg;xGef;um;cJh&m orD;awmfrSm i,fu vGefí om;awmfESpfyg;rSm ipOfhul;rif;vufxufwGif azsmufzsufcH&onf/

       ipOfhul;rif;vufxufwGif oDaygapmfbGm;MuD; apm0fjrwfqaEéu orD;awmfeef; oD&dqefqkefudk qufocJh&m ipOfhul;rif;u rdzk&m;ajr§mufcJhonf/ bdk;awmfbk&m;(A'kHrif;) xD;eef;qufcHaomtcg ipOfhul;rif; rdzk&m;a[mif;rsm;ukd qufvufodrf; ydkufcJhonfh txJwGif eef;oD&dqefqkefvnf; yg0ifcJhonf/ ijrmMuD;&Gm? oajyig;&Gmrsm;ukd bkd;awmf bk&m;(A'kHrif;)u tokH;uHauR; oem;awmfrlojzifh oajyig;&Gmpm; rdzk&m;&mZa'0D wGif onf/ ¤if;rS om;awmfwpfyg; xGef;um;&m oDaygrif;om;r[moD&dok"r®&mZm jzpfonf/ oDaygapmfbGm;MuD; apm0fjrwfqaEéonf bdk;awmfbk&m;(A'kHrif;)vufxufwGifyif ¤if;\ orD;awmfti,f eef;arGcefYudk bkd;awmfbk&m;om;awmf tdrfa&SUOy&mZmxH qufocJhjyef&m (yxr)0PÖuvsmPD? (aemuf)oD&dolZm trnfjzifh tdrfa&SUukd,fvkyfawmf jzpfvmonf/ tdrfa&SUOy&mZmESifhudk,fvkyfawmfoD&dolZmwkdYrS om;awmfESpfyg;? orD;awmfwpfyg; zGm;jrifcJh onf/ om;awmfti,fqkH;(i,frnf-armifarS;)onf bkd;awmfbk&m;vufxufwGif rif;&JoD&d ausmfbGJU&onf/ ppfukdif;rif;vufxufwGif owkd;rif;&JausmfpGmbGJUESifh&r®m0wDjrdKUudk pm;& í &r®m0wDrif;om;[k wGifonf/ yxr t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppfyGJtjyD;wGif &r®m0wDjrdKUESifhvJí oDaygjrdKUudk vTJajymif; tokH;uHauR;ay;cJhonf/

       om,m0wDrif;vufxuf 1201-ck? uqkefvqef; 10-&ufaeYwGif oDaygapmfbGm; u orD;awmf eef;qkdifauomukd tqufto a&mufonf/ apmfbGm;MuD;wkdY o®D;ukd quf oGif;onfhenf; qufoGif;cH&um aemiftcg rdzk&m;i,f ajr§mufcJhonf/ om,m0wDrif; eef;wufpOfuvnf; aemifawmf ppfukdif;rif;vufxufu &r®m0wDjrdKUESifhvJí oDaygjrdKUudk vTJajymif; tokH;uHauR;ay;cJhonfh nDawmfoDaygjrdKUpm;rif;om;udk oD&dokr[m"r®&mZmbGJU ay;í qufvufolaumif; jyKawmfrlonf/

       rif;wkef;rif; eef;wufawmfrlaomtcg baxG;awmfudk oD&dokr[m"r®&mZmbGJU ESifhyif rdk;eJAkdvfrSL;cefYonf/ cRef;awmifjrdKUudk jrdKUpm;ay;onf/ 1216-ckESpf OuifawmfzGifh tcrf;tem;wGif  baxG;awmf rkd;eJAkdvfrSL;? cRef;awmifjrdKUpm;rif;om;\orD;awmf? ESrawmf oD&dr[mokybma'0Dukd oD&dr[mr*Fvmokybma'0DbGJUESifhavmif;&SnfjrdKUpm;ay;í rdzk&m; ajr§mufonf/ tkef;abmifoDaygapmfbGm;MuD;u qufoxm;aom orD;awmfudkvnf; ¤if; OuifawmfzGifhtcrf;tem;wGif okoD&d&kZmbGJUay;í aumufawmfrlonf/ 1217-ckESpfwGif baxG;awmf cRef;awmifjrdKUpm; rkd;eJAkdvfrSL;rif;om;udk cRef;awmifjrdKUESifhvJjyD; oDaygjrdKUudk jrdKUpm;ay;cJhonf/ 1221-ckESpf oDwif;uRwfv 0guRwfyGJawmf uefawmhcHawmfrlonfh tcrf;tem;wGif tjcm;rdzk&m;rsm;ESifhtwl tkef;abmifoDaygapmfbGm;MuD;\orD;awmfudk &kZmra[bGJUwyfay;awmfrlcJhonf/ rdzk&m;rsm; bGJUay;ykHtqifhtwef;t& tjrifhqkH;]]a'0D}} wyfbGJUatmuf 'kwd,tjrifhqkH;]]ra[}}wyfbGJU ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ rif;wkef;rif;ESifhavmif; &Snfrdz&m;wkdYrS om;awmf orD;awmfrsm; xGef;um;cJh&m? om;awmfukd oDaygjrdKUpm; ay;cJhí oDaygrif;om;[k wGifonf/ aemiftcg crnf;awmft&kduft&mudk qufcHonfh oDaygrif; w&m; jzpfvmonf/

       odkYvQif &mZ0ifpOfquf ukef;abmifxD;eef;ESifhoDayga[mfeef;wkdY &Srf;-jrefrm cspfMunfpGm aoG;qufcJhMuonf/ rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD;vufxufwGif tkef;abmifoDayg av;jrdKUudkykdifpkd;&jyD; txl;o'¨gawmfrljcif;cH&aom apmfbGm;MuD;rSm apmcGefqkdif jzpfonf/ apmcGefqkdifonf tpfrawmf oDaygrdzk&m; &kZmra[ESifhtwl i,fpOfuwnf;u jrefrmhxD; eef;wGif MuD;jyif;vmcJh&í &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;xJwGif jrefrmtqefqkH;aom &Srf;apmfbGm; wpfOD;jzpfonf/ jrefrmpmayESifhr[m*Dwudk tvGefcspfjrwfEkd;onfhtm;avsmfpGm ]]o[óH}} ESifh]]rdef&moD}}ywfysKd;wdkYudk ukd,fwkdifa&;pyf oDqkdusL;&ifhEkdifol jzpfayonf/ oDaygapmfbGm; MuD;apmcGefqkdifonf rif;wkef;rif;w&m; ewf&GmpHjyD;aemuf om;awmfoDaygrif;vufxuf wGifvnf; xD;&Heef;&HapmfbGm;MuD;wpfOD;tjzpf qufvufcefYxm;jcif;cHcJh&ygonf/ oDaygrif; eef;wufaomtcg(oDaygapmfbGm;orD;)crnf;awmfrdzk&m;a[mif; &kZmra[udk 1240-jynhf ESpf wefaqmifrkef;vjynhfausmf (10)&ufaeYwGif opömawmfay;cJhonf/ (¤if;&kZmra[rdzk &m;onf om;awmf orD;awmf xGef;um;jcif;r&Sdyg/)oDaygrif; eef;pH (4)ESpfcefY&Sdaomtcsdef wGif oDayge,fwGif at;csrf;jcif; r&SdcJhay/ olykefx<ujcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; oDaygapmfbGm; MuD;apmcGefqkdifonf oDaygbk&iftay: MunfndKrI ,kwfavsmh rusKd;rEGH&Sdvmonf/ qufqH a&; tqifrajyonfudk twdtus rod&acs/ apmcGefqkdifu oDaygrif;\tkyfcsKyfa&;onf w&m;rQwrIr&Sd? tcGefaumufcH&müvnf; tvGeftuRHaumufcHonf[k ,lqonf[k jAdwd oQtpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif az:jyxm;onf/ odkYaomf apmcGefqkdifonf &Srf;jynfe,frS xGufcGm vmjyD; jAdwdoQykdif atmufjrefrmEkdiffiHodkY ckdvIH0ifa&muf&mwGifrl oDaygbk&iftpkd;&onf ¤if; udk rkd;eJapmfbGm;ESifhywfoufjyD; ouFmruif;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ckdvIHcGifhawmif;cH&aMumif; wif jycJhonf/ (oDaygrif;vufxufwGif rkd;eJapmfbGm;MuD;cGefMunfonf &yfapmufapmfbGm;? rkdif; aemifjrdKUpm;? rkdif;ysOfjrdKUpm;wkdYESifhtwl ESpfpOftcGefyPÖm qufojcif; r&SdMuacs/ xkdYaMumifh owkd;rif;MuD; r[mrif;xifrif;acgifausmfukd AkdvfrSL;0efMuD;cefYtyfí rkd;eJodkYcsDaponf/ &yf apmufapmfbGm;onf rkd;eJokdYxGufajy;onf/ rdk;eJapmfbGm;vnf; rkdif;aemifodkYwdrf;a&SmifcJh onf/ r[mrif;xifrif;acgifausmfonf rkd;eJapmfbGm;\a,mufzjzpfol oDaygapmfbGm;MuD; tm; xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifolrsm;udk odrf;oGif;apcJhonf/ okdYaomf oDaygapmfbGm;onf yl; aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;r&SdcJhay/ rkd;eJapmfbGm;wpfOD;om jyefvm? ckd0ifvmjyD; usefapmfbGm; jrdKUpm;rsm; axmifxm;jcm;em;Muonf/) apmfbGm;MuD;apmcGefqkdif wdrf;a&Smifjcif;rSmvnf; xdk tcsdefu e,fcsJUwkdYu jrefrmbk&ifvufatmufcHapmfbGm;rsm;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhaoG;cGJ aoG;aqmifaejcif;aMumifh e,fcsJUudk txifMuD;um xGufcGmoGm;cJhrdjcif;jzpfavonf/ apm cGefqkdif oDayge,frS wdrf;a&Smifvsuf&SdaecsdefwGif &wemykHjrdKUawmfwGif apmfcHtjzpf bk&ifh xHyg;wGif ykdYxm;aom ¤if;\om;awmf apmcs,fESifhoDayge,frS zrf;,lcJhaom tjcm;om; awmfuav;rsm;jzpfaom apmvlESifhapmtkdwkdYrSm ykefuefolapmfbGm;om;rsm;tjzpf zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifjcif;cH&um azsmufzsufypf&eftwGuf a&TvSHjrdKU0eftm; wm0efay;cJhonf/ a&TvSHjrdKU 0efu tjypfrJhaomuav;okH;OD;tm; oem;í vQdKU0Sufu,fq,fxm;vdkufojzifh touf rao&SdcJhavonf/ (aemiftcg ¤if;om;awmf okH;yg;teuf tMuD;qkH;om;awmf apmcs,f onf jAdwdoQvufatmufwGif oDaygapmfbGm;MuD; qmapmcs,f jzpfvmonf/)

       jAdwdoQwkdY atmufjrefrmEkdifiHodkY ta>ct&Hrsm;ESifhckdvIH0ifa&mufvmaom oDaygapmf bGm;apmcGefqkdifudk jAdwdoQu &efukefjrdKU MunfhjrifwkdifwGif aexkdifcGifhjyKcJhonf/ xkdodkY oDaygapmfbGm;apmcGefqkdif jAdwdoQvufatmufodkY a&mufaecsdefwGif oDayge,fudk jrefrm bk&ifoDaygrif;u apmvScrf;qkdoltm; tpm;xkd;í oDaygapmfbGm; cefYxm;ykH&onf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifawmfMuD; wwd,wGJtqkH;? &wemykHjrdKU awmf 'kwd,eef;pH rif;w&m;vufxuf rSL;awmfrwfawmf? r[m&mZmapmfbGm;MuD;rsm;rSpí bGJUtrnffpm&if;az:jy&mü apmfbGm;jrdKUpm;rsm;pm&if;wGif oDaygapmfbGm;t&mü apmcGef qkdiftrnf raz:jybJ]]uarÁmZ&|r[m 0HooD&dy0&ok"r®&mZapmvScrf;}}[kaz:jyxm; onfudk awGU&aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ oDaygapmfbGm;a[mif; apmcGefqkdifonf &efukefjrdKUwGif ckdvIHaepOf ¤if;tm;vkyfMuH&ef MuHpnfonf[k oHo,&Sdaom wynfhESpfOD;ukd owfypfcJh onf/ &Srf;jynfe,fwGif apmfbGm;wpfOD;taejzifh rdrd\aemufvkdufaemufygrsm;udk þuJhodkY qkH;rydkifcGifh&Sdaomfvnf;  jAdwdoQykdifeuftwGif; &mZowfOya't& vlowfrIusL;vGef aMumif; xif&Sm;ojzifh apmcGefqkdifrSm ao'PfcsrSwfjcif;cH&onf/ c&pfESpf 1884-ckESpfwGif jAdwdoQtmPmykdifwkdYonf apmcGefqkdiftm; ao'PfrSavsmhayghí e,fESif'Pfay;cJhojzifh apmcGefqkdifonf u&ifeDe,fodkY oGm;a&mufaexkdif&avonf/ oDaygrif;ygawmfrlaom tcg 1886-ckESpf rwfv 14-&ufaeYwGif oDaygapmfbGm;a[mif;apmcGefqkdifonf uEÅm& 0wDu&ifeDe,frS oDaygodkY apmfbGm;&mxl;qufcH&ef t*Fvdyftpkd;&u jyefvnfykdYay;cJh onf/ xdktcsdefu oDayge,f\EkdifiHa&;tajctaerSm ,dk,Gif;vsuf&Sdonf/ apmcGefqkdif onf rdrdbGm;pm;cJhaome,ftwGif; tajcwus&Sdatmif MudK;yrf;ae&if; vif;yiftkyfpku ¤if;wkdYESifhyl;aygif;&ef urf;vSrf;cJhonf/ apmcGefqkdifu &Srf;jynfe,frsm;onf *smreDEkdiffiHrSm uJhodkY oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom jynfe,frsm;jzpfcJhaomf &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;tzkdY tusKd;&SdzG,fjrif aMumif; jyefMum;cJhonf/ rkd;eJ&Sd vif;yifrif;om;tkyfpkokdY 0if&ef xyfrHzdwfMum;aomfvnf; apmcGefqkdifonf jAdwdoQwkdYu ao'PfrS vGwfjidrf;cGifhay;cJhonfu wpfaMumif;? jAdwdoQwkdY \tiftm;udk txifMuD;vsuf&Sdaeonfu wpfaMumif;wdkYaMumifh xkdurf;vSrf;csufudk  jiif; y,fjyD; jAwdoQwkdYxH opömcH&ef apmifhqkdif;aecJhonf/ &Srf;ukef;ajrjrifhwGif jAwdoQwkdYtusKd; pD;yGm;wkd;csJUa&;udk rdrdu aqmif&Gufay;&ef toifh&SdaMumif; r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;MuD;xHodkY 1886-ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv 16-&ufaeYwGif pma&;om;ydkYcJhonf/ oDaygapmfbGm;apmcGefqkdif onf jAdwdoQaus;Zl;ukd apmifhodaomtm;jzifh jAdwdoQwkdYxHowif;pkHydkYay;cJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh jrifpkdif;rif;om;ESifhwuG jAdwdoQqefYusifa&;tzGJUrsm;onf oDaygapmfbGm;apmcGefqkdifudk 0dkif; 0ef;wkdufckdufMuonf/ xkdYjyif okH;q,fe,fukd tkyfcsKyfvsuf&Sdaom oDaygapmfbGm;\nD awmfol cGefrdwfudkvnf; jrifpkdif;rif;om;vufatmufcHwkdY\wkdufckdufrIaMumifh cGefrdwfonf okH;q,fe,frS xGufcGmay;&onf/ c&pfESpf 1886-ckwGif oDayge,fwpfckvkH;onf jrifpkdif; rif;om;\wkdufckdufrIrsm;udk rMumcPcHcJh&onf/ jAwdoQwkdYonf ¤if;wdkYtm; tpOftjrJ zdwfac:vsuf&Sdaom oDaygapmfbGm;apmcGefqkdifxHodkY oGm;a&mufcspfMunfa&; ykdkrdkckdifrm&ef aqmif&Gufvkdaomfvnf; oDaygokdY csDwufEkdifjcif;r&SdbJ oDaygapmfbGm;\trwfMuD;OD;'Gef; ESifhom okH;q,fwGif awGUqkHcJhjyD; jynf&Gmat;csrf;atmif tkyfcsKyfyg&ef nTefMum;cJhonf/ oDaygapmfbGm;onf odEéDapmfbGm;opfjzpfol cGefpHwkef[efESifhyl;aygif;um jrifpkdif;rif;om; tkyfpkukd qefYusifwkdufckdufcJhonf/ 1886-ckESpf Mo*kwfv 13-&ufaeYwGif &Srf;jynfe,f awmifydkifး  &GmiHü iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh jrifpdkif;rif;om; uHawmfukefoGm;onf/ oDayge,f wGif tkyfcsKyf&aom apmcGefqkdifonf jrifpkdif;tkyfpk&efrS at;oGm;avonf/

       0ufrpGwf0efaxmufrif;\'kdif,m&DwGif wydkYwGJvqef; 4-&uf? Mumoyaw;aeY? (27-1-87)aeYpGJjzifh az:jy&mü-

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       armifyk\rif;orD;ESpfyg;xH t&yf&yfukefypönf;rsm; qufoGif;&onfhaiG&vkd avQmuf xm;csuftay: pOf;pm;&efvdkonf/ rif;orD;ESpfyg;onf eef;awmftaemufaqmifwGif pHawmfrlMu&&m ¤if;wkdYxHodkY jyifyrSyk*¾Kdvfu ukefypönf;rsm; wkduf&kdufrqufoGif;Ekdifyg/ tD wmvsHaumifppf0ef\ycef;MuD;pkzk&m;wkdY aiGacs;&aMumif; wifjycsufrSmvnf;  ,kwådr&Sdyg/ a&Teef;xufrS rif;orD;wpfyg;(txl;ojzifh bk&ifhtpfrawmf)onf EkdifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;ESifh rnfokdYrQ tquftoG,f? txl;ojzifh tacs;tiSm; vkyfEkdifrnf r[kwfay/ taygifxm; onfh vuf0wfvufpm;rsm;onf bk&ifhypönf;rsm;jzpfí bk&ifu jyefvnfodrf;ykdufoGm; onf[laom wifjycsufonfvnf; ykdíyif ,kwådr&Sdygacs/ jrefrmbk&ifESifhywfoufaom t&yf&yf a<u;jrDrsm;awmif;cH&mü bk&ifr&Sdawmhojzifh bk&ifhtpfrawmf ykpGefacgif;acs;ykH qkdonfhpum;ykHuJhokdY 0kdif;í tjypfzkdY awmif;cHtaMumif;&SmMujcif; jzpfayonf/ odkYjzpfí þudpörsm; aemufaemifray:&ef oDaygapmfbGm;MuD;apmcGefqkdif\MudK;yrf;rIjzifh jAdwdoQtpkd; &onf bk&ifhtpfrawmf ycef;MuD;pkzk&m;tay: w&m;r&kH;rsm;odkY vma&mufjcif;rS vGwfjidrf; cGifhukdjyKxm;avonf/ jAdwdoQtpkd;&\bDpDtrf(bm;rm;ukwfr,fe,l&,fvf) w&m;&kH;rsm; vufpGJpmtkyf? ykdif; 3? tykd'f 131-wGif w&m;r w&m;&kH;rsm;okdY vma&mufjcif;rS vGwfjidrf; cGifh&olrsm; 131? ...onf atmufygyk*¾KdvfwkdYtm; w&m;rrIrsm;wGif w&m;&kH;okdY udk,fwkdif vma&mufjcif;rS vGwfjidrf;cGifhjyKxm;onf/

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       'kwd,urÇmppfMuD;rjzpfrD w&m;&kH;rsm;vufpGJudk jrefrmvkdjyefqkdxkwfa0cJhzl;ygonf/ 1946-ckESpfwGif wpfMudrf? 1957-ckESpfwGif wpfMudrf jyifqifwnf;jzwfxkwf a0Muaom tcg t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhom qufvufxkwfa0cJhMuonf/ 1971-ckESpf awmfvSefa&; aumifpDtpkd;&vufxufwGif EkdifiHawmfw&m;&kH;csKyfrS wwd,tMudrf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0cJh &m jrefrmbmomjzifh txufygtwkdif; awGU&SdcJh&onf/

oDaygrif;w&m;MuD;\tpfrawmf&if;ykcef;MuD;pkzk&m;(oufawmf 50t&G,f-0J? ESifh atmifoG,fawmf ausmufyef;awmif;ocif-,m)

       oDaygrif;vufxuf jrefrmbk&ifukd rusKd;EGHchJaomfvnf; oDaygapmfbGm;MuD;apmcGef qkdifonf bk&ifhtpfrawmfESifhESrawmfwkdYudk txufygtwkdif; apmifha&Smuf Munfh&IcJhonf/ jrefrmhorkdif;tpOftquf &Srf;-jrefrmcspfMunfpGm aoG;qufcJhMujcif;? txl;ojzifh ukef; abmifaoG;ESihftkef;abmifoDaygaoG;wkdY vufqufcJhMujcif; tpOftvmudk MunfhjyD; nd§K; i,fpGm pHae&&Smaom ykcef;MuD;pkzk&m;MuD;udk  vufqufum r[ma'0Dtjzpf ajr§mufpm;vkd onf/ xdktcsdefu rif;aqGrif;rsKd;ESifh0efpk0efrsKd;rsm; avmuwGif atmifoG,fawmf ausmuf yef;awmif;ocif(odEéDapmfbGm;a[mif;\orD;) tm;csOf;uyfí em;azmufaponf/ xkdtcsdef u oDaygapmfbGm;MuD;apmcGefqkdifwGif r[ma'0Dvpfvyfaecsdefvnf; jzpfonf/ tjcm; uawmf r,m;rsm;awmh &SdMuonf/ okdYjzifhyif ykcef;MuD;pkzk&m;MuD;ESifhoDaygapmfbGm;MuD;apm cGefqkdifwkdYonf 1248-ckESpfü rEÅav;jrdKUwGif r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;MuD;tp&Sdaom jAdwdoQ tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdMuao;aom rEÅav;ae rif;wkef;rif;w&m;MuD; \rdzk&m;a[mif;MuD;rsm;? tdrfa&SUrif;\ukd,fvkyfawmfa[mif;rsm;? bk&ifhom;awmf orD; awmf aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;ESifh0efpk0efrSL;MuD;rsm;a&SUarSmufwGif MuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm pkvsm; &pfywf vufxyfcJhMuonf/ rEÅav;jrdKU qkdif;wef;&yfwGif tkwfwkdufawmfMuD;wnfaqmufí ta>ct&Hrsm;pGmESifhwcrf;wem;xm;ojzifh ykcef;MuD;pkzk&m;MuD;rSm rif;orD;MuD;wpf yg;*kPf t*FgESifhnDrQpGm pHaeawmfrl&onf/ &wem*D&dpH oDaygrif;w&m;onf nDrawmfrdw¬dvm pkzk&m;uav;u ol<u,f\om;wpfa,mufESifhvufqufonfhowif;? tpfrawmfykcef;MuD; pkzk&m;MuD;u apmcGefqkdifESifhvufqufonfhowif;wkdYudk Mum;odayrnf/ rnfokdYwkefYjyef onfhowif; taxmuftxm; r&Sdaomfvnf; pdwfawmfxJwGif rsm;pGmauseyf0rf;ajrmuf awmfrlvSrnf r[kwfay/ oDaygapmfbGm; apmcGefqkdifonf olUudk axmifxm;jcm;em;cJhonf r[kwfygavm/ okdYaomf xkdtcsdefu bk&ifh orD;awmf? tdrfa&SUrif;orD;awmfrsm;\b0rSm olUuRefacwfwGif &kwfw&ufrsuf vSnfhjyvkdufouJhodkY tajymif;tvJ r,kHEkdifatmif edrfhus oGm;&jyD; t&yfxJwGif rvkyfwwf rukdifwwfjzifh b0ukd jzpfovkd &ifqkdifaeMu&onfh tcsdefjzpfonf/ jAdwdoQtpdk;&u axmufyHhxm;onfqkdaomfvnf; &&Sdonfh axmufyHhaMu; rSm rnfodkYrQ avmufivSonf r[kwfay/ rif;orD;rsm;onf eD;pyf&m eD;pyfaMumif; bkef; MuD;vlxGufESifh&olu &? w&kwfESifh&olu &? yckH;xrf;qDonfESifh &olu &jzifh ]]eef;ysuf awmh aMumuftm;zsmonf? ajrmufom;&Sm cufwkdif;? axmufxm;um &ufrqkdif;EkdifvkdY? oufwEIdif;MuH&G,f? vlysHawmfarmifacgif;wkH;eJYacgifESvkH; Munfh&ygawmhw,f}}[laom t*Farmfrif;orD; a&;pyfonfh aw;xyftwkdif; jzpfaeMu&onfhb0? &if qkdifaeMuonfh b0rsKd;wGif bk&ifhorD;awmf? bk&ifhtpfrawmfjzpfaom ykcef;MuD;pkzk&m;MuD;\b0rSm rif;o rD;MuD;wpfyg; *kPft*FgESifhnDrQpGm wifhw,fpGm pHaeawmfrl&onf[k qkd&ayrnf/

       tkef;abmifoDaygapmfbGm;MuD; apmcGefqkdifESifhr[ma'0Dykcef;MuD;pkzk&m;MuD;rSm om; awmforD;awmf rxGef;um;cJhay/ oDaygapmfbGm;MuD;apmcGefqkdifonf ykcef;MuD;pkzk&m;MuD; xuf apmí uHukefoGm;ygonf/

udk;um;csuf/ /

1/ OD;armifarmifwif – ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifawmfMuD;('kESifhwwGJ)/

2/ orkdif;Xme? &efukefwuúodkvf – jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;MudK;yrf;rIorkdif; tydkif;-1 (1885- 1895)

3/ 0ufrpGwf0efaxmufrif;\'kdif,m&D/

4/ ndKjr - ]]&Srf;-jrefrmcspfurÇm}}aqmif;yg;/ pE´mr*¾Zif;/ Ekd0ifbm 1985/

5/ 1932-ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 4-&uf? Mumoyaw;aeYxkwf jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmyg apmfbGm;MuD;apmcGefqkdif\"gwfykHESifhowif;/

6/ a':Muef(r[m0dZÆm) – ya'o&mZfjrefrmEkdifiHZmwfodrf;/

7/ jrefrmhxD;eef;ESifhtkef;abmifoDayg a[mfeef;pOfqufoG,frI? rSefpDa&Tcs tzkH;yg yk&ykduf (oDaygapmfbGm;MuD;a[mif; p0fMumqkdif\wl p0fOD;MumxHrS zwf&I&)/

rSwfcsuf/    /armifoef;aqG(xm;0,f) a&;om;xkwfa0aom ]]ukef;abmiftvGef}} [laompmtkyfü pmrsufESm (300-rS-311)xdüvm&Sdaom taMumif;t&mudk jyefí jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ &kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/