စိန္႔တုိင္း(စိန္႔ျပည္) ဂႏၶာလရာဇ္တုိင္း၊ ဥတည္ဘြား၊ တရုတ္တရက္ဟူေသာအမည္မ်ား၏ဇာစ္ျမစ္

pdefYwkdif;(pdefYjynf)

*E¨mv&mZfwkdif;? OwnfbGm;? w&kwfw&uf[laom trnffrsm;\Zmpfjrpf

&nfpdef

       jrefrm&mZ0if rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif w&kwfEkdifiHukd &nfnTef;vmvQif pdefYwkdif;? okdY r[kwf pdefYjynf[lívnf;aumif; az:jyavh&Sd\/ wcgw&Hvnf; *E¨mv&mZfwkdif; pdefYjynf[lívnf;aumif;? *E¨mv&mZfwkdif; w&kwfjynf[lívnf;aumif; trnfESpfck ukdwGJzufum az:jywwfao;onf/ xkdYaMumifh aemufaemiftcg &Sifvltrsm;u *E¨mv&mZfudk pdefYwkdif;? okdYr[kwf pdefYjynf odkYr[kwf w&kwfjynfESifhxyfwljzpfonf[k pGJrSwfvmMu\/ *E¨mv&mZfudkvnf; w&kwfEkdifiH\a&S;a[mif;trnf? odkYr[kwf ouúw^ygVdtrnftjzpf xifrSwfvmMuonf/ xkdYtjyif &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif w&kwf{u&mZfrif;udk &nfnTef;a&;om;vmvQifvnf; OwnfbGm;[laom trnfudk okH;Muonf/

       pdefYwkdif; odkYr[kwf pdefYjynf[lonf w&kwfEkdifiHudk qkdvkdonfum; rSefyg\/odkY &mwGif-

       (u)xkdpdefYwkdif;^pdefYjynf[laom trnfonf rnfodkYay:aygufvmcJhygoenf;/

       (c)*E¨mv&mZfwkdif;onf pdefYjynf odkYr[kwf w&kwfjynfESifhxyfwltrnf [kwf

          yg\avm/

       (*)jrefrmwkdYonf tb,fodkYaom taMumif;aMumifh w&kwf{u&mZfrif;udk O

         wnfbGm;[k ac:cJhygoenf;/ OwnfbGm;[laom trnfonf rnfokdYaom

         teuft"dyÜg,f&Sdygoenf;/

       (C)w&kwfw&uf[laomtrnfonf rnfonfhvlrsKd;udk &nfnTef;oenf;/ &m

          Z0ifrSwfwrf;vm w&kwfw&ufonf uRefawmfwkdY,ckem;vnfaomw&kwf

          Chinese [kwfyg\avm/

       ,ck þpmwrf;wGif pdefYwkdif;? odkYr[kwf pdefYjynf? *E¨m&wkdif;? odkYr[kwf *E¨m v&mZfwkdif;? OwnfbGm;? w&kwfw&uf [laomtrnfrsm;\Zmpfjrpfukd okH;oyf&ef &nf&G,fygonf/

pdefYwkdif; - pdefYjynf

       w&kwfppfrufEkdifiHrsm;acwf(403-221 bDpD)tcgü ,cifw&kwfEkdifiHtaemuf bufwGif csif Chin [ktrnf&Sdaom ya'o&mZfe,f &SdcJh\/ csifya'o&mZfrif; usJ(if) Chinese [(246-210 bDpD)vufxufa&mufaomtcg tjcm;ya'o&mZf ajcmufe,fwkdYudk wkdufcdkufatmifjrifí w&kwfEkdifiHwckvkH;udk pkpnf;vkdufjyD; csifrif; qufukd wnfaxmifcJhonf/ rdrdukd,fukdvnf; &SD[Grfwd Shih Huang Ti(Shi Huang Di)  (yxr{u&mZf)[laombGJUukd cH,l onf/

rSwfcsuf/    /w&kwfwkdYtm;]]&SD[Grfwd}}[kajymvmvQif trsm;tm;jzifh em;rvnfMuyJ

csif&SD[Grf Ch'in Shih Huang(Qin shi Huang) ? okdYr[kwf csif&SD[Grfwd      Chin Shih Huang Ti(Qin Shi Huang Di) [kajymrSomvQif em;vnf Muayonf/

csif&SD[Grfwd wufvmjyD;onfhaemuf w&kwfEkdifiHajrmufbufwGif rMumcP csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmwwfaom wk&fuftEG,f0if rsKd;EG,fpk Turkic Tribes jzpfaom [Gef;(ef) HunwkdYudk [efYwm;EkdifcJhjyD; awmifbufwGif&Sdaom eef,GJU Nan Yueh (Nam Viet)udk odrf;ykdufEkdifcJhonf/

rSwfcsuf/    /Hun [laomtrnfudk t*Fvdyfbmomtm;jzifh [ef;(ef)[k  toH xGufaomfvnf; Hoon[k toHxGufjyD; zwfrSomvQif a&S;a[mif;t rnfESifheD;pyfonf/

              xkdenf;wlpGm Turkudk t*Fvdyfbmom toHxGufjzifh wmhcfjzpfaomf vnf; wk&fuf Took[ktoHxGufrS rSefayrnf/ U(,l)ukd OoHjzifh zwf &ygrnf/

       xkdYaemuf csif&SdD[Grfwdonf w&kwfEkdifiH taemufawmifbufwGif&Sdaom wD;- ,JefEkdifiH Tien Kingdom(,ck w&kwfEdkifiHta&SUykdif;)udkMuHpnfvmonf/ csif&SD[Grfwd wuf rvmrD csifya'o&mZfe,f\ awmifbufa'ojzpfaom &Ie,f Shu State (,ckw&kwfEkdifiHpDcRrf;e,ftpdwftykdif;)tawmfrsm;rsm;onf csifya'o&mZfe,f\ ydkifeufjzpfaejyDjzpf\/ csif&SD[Grfwdonf ¤if;\e,fy,feJYeD;uyfvsuf&Sdaom wD;,Jef EkdifiHudkyg odrf;oGif;vkdaom qE´&Sdvmonf/ &SLe,fESifhwD;,JefEkdifiH(,ckw&kwfEkdifiH ,leefe,fta&SUydkif;)onf eD;uyfaeaomfvnf; vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;cufcJojzifh ppfrqifrD vrf;azguf&\/ azmufcJhaomvrf;rsm;onf ,ck pDcRrf;e,f,Dyif;rStp jyKaom vrf;wvrf;ESifh ,ck,SD;cef;,mteD;rS tpjyKaomvrf;wvrf;? aygif; ESpf vrf;jzpfonf/ wD;,JefEkdifiH\tcsuftcsma'oESifhteD;qkH;jzpfaom vrf;aMumif; onf ,Dyif;rStpjyKaom vrf;jzpfonf/ ESpfvrf;pvkH;onf wD;,JefEkdifiHe,fpyfa'o okdYaygufonf/

       csif&SD[Grfwdonf 215-bDpDwGif [Gef;(ef)? odkYr[kwf wk&fuftEG,f0ifwkdYudk ,m,Dtm;jzifh ESifxkwfvkdufjyD; 214-bDpDwGif eef,GJUEkdifiHudk ppfcsDwkdufckdufí 218- bDpDwGif ewf&GmpHcJhonfudk axmuf&Ijcif;tm;jzifh txufwGifaz:jyaom vrf;ESpf vrf;(txl;ojzifh ,Dyif;rS wD;,JefEkdifiHe,fpyf odkYr[kwf wD;,JefEkdifiH\tcsuftcsm a'ojzpfaom wD;,Jefuefa'oodkY OD;wnfjyD; azmufaomvrf;)onf 213-212-bD pDtwGif; pwifazmufvkyfcJhonf[k cefYrSef;&\/ csif&DS[Grfwd uG,fvGefjyD;onfh aemuf wD;,JefEkdifiHudk csOf;eif;0ifa&mufwkdufckdufrnfh pDrHcsufysufjym;oGm;awmh onf/ azmufcJhaomvrf;rsm;onf wD;-,JefEkdifiHe,fjcm;a'orS vrf;rsm;ESifhqufrd jyD; wD;-,JefEkdifiH\tcsuftcsma'ojzpfaom wD;-,Jefuefa'o Tien Lake AreaodkY aygufa&mufvmonf/ xkdvrf;rsm;wnf&SdcJhjcif;aMumifh &SLe,fESifhwD;-,JefEkdifiHtMum;  ukefoG,fa&;rsm;pGm wkd;wufcJh\/ rlvu ppfqifa&;twGuf azmufcJhaom vrf;rsm; onf pD;yGm;a&;ukefoG,fa&;twGuf tusKd;jyKaomvrf;rsm;jzpfvmonf/ xkdvrf;ESpf oG,fonf wD;-,JefEkdifiHrS ysLEkdifiHudk ausmfjzwfí tdE´d,EkdifiHodkYazmufaom ukef; vrf;ESifhqufrdojzifh vrf;aMumif;wckvkH;onf w&kwf-tdE´d,? odkYr[kwf tdE´d, w &kwfukef;vrf; ukefoG,fa&;vrf;rMuD; jzpfvmygawmhonf/

       w&kwf-tdE´d, odkYr[kwf (tdE´d,-w&kwf)ukef;vrf;ukefoG,fa&;vrf;rMuD;yGifh vmojzifh &SLe,f(pDcRrf;e,f)rS ukefonfrsm;onf wD;-,JefEkdifiHESifhysLEkdifiHudk ausmf jzwfjyD; tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY oGm;a&mufí ukefpnful;oef;oGm;vmcJhouJhodkY ajrmufydkif; tdE´d,wkdif;om;ESifhysLwkdYonfvnf; xkdukefoG,fa&;vrf;rMuD;ay:wGif vIyf&Sm;oGm; vmMuonf/ tdE´d,wkdif;om;wkdYonf w&kwfEkdifiHtkyfpkd;aom rif;qufudk Chin rif; quf(usderif;quf)[k odvmaomaMumifh w&kwfEkdifiHudk pdea'o(Cinnadesa)? okdYr [kwf pde&| Cinna Rattha [kac:wGifvmonf/ (pdeukd usde[k toHxGuf&monf/) csif&SD[Grfwd uG,fvGefjyD; okH;ESpftMumwGif csifrif;quf Chin Dynasty ysufokOf;í [efYrif;quf Han Dynasty rif;quf wufvmonf/ w&kwfEkdifiHrSm rif;quft ajymif;tvJ &SdaejyDjzpfaomfvnf; tdE´d,wkdif;om;wkdYu rodMuyJ w&kwfEkdifiHudk pde a'o pde&|[lí qufvufac:wGifcJhonf/

       w&kwf-tdE´d,ukef;vrf;ukefoG,fa&;vrf;rMuD;onf tdE´d,rS a&mrodkYayguf aomukef;vrf;ESifhqufrdjyefojzifh vrf;rMuD;wckvkH;onf w&kwf-a&mr ukef;vrf; ukefoG,fa&;vrf;rMuD; jzpfvmjyefonf/ a&mrrS ukefoG,fa&;tzGJUonf yg&SESifhtdE´d ,udkausmf? ysLEkdifiHudk jzwfjyD; w&kwfEkdifiHodkYa&mufcJhzl;onf/ xkdYaemuf a&vrf;c&D; jzifhw&kwfEkdifiHokdYvnf; aygufa&mufEkdifonf[k odvmonfhtcgwGif a&vrf;jzifhom oGm;awmhonf/

       w&kwfESifha&mrtMum; ukef;vrf;wck wnf&SdcJhjcif;aMumifh tdE´d,wkdif;om;wkdY uw&kwfEkdifiHudk ac:aomtrnfonf taemufbufwcGifodkY jyefYcJhonf/ taemuf wkdif;om;wkdYu w&kwfEkdifiHudk ac:aom Thina Sinae onf Cina (pde)udktoHvS,f xm;aomtrnfwnf;/ ,ck t*Fvdyfbmom China [laomtrnfonfvnf; þ pderS Cina rSvmaomtrnf jzpfygonf/

       jrefrmwkdYonfvnf; tdE´d,wkdif;om;u w&kwfEkdifiHudk ac:aom trnfudk vkdufíac:cJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh w&kwfEkdifiHudk pdefYwkdif;? pdefYjynf[k ac:wGifcJhonf/ tcsKdUrSwfwrf;wGif pdefYudk ZdefY[lí rSm;,Gif;pma&;xm;onf/

*E¨m&wkdif;(*E¨v&mZfwkdif;)

       c&pfESpf 7-&mpk a&mufvmaomtcg w&kwfEkdifiH ,leefe,ftv,fydkif;wmhvD uefa'o ywfywfvnfwGif e,fuav; 6-e,fay:vmcJh\/ orkdif;rSwfwrf;wGif ¤if;wkdYudk apme,f 6-e,f Six Chow [kac:onf/ xkdapme,f6-e,fESifhawmifbuf wGif&Sdaom apme,fudk rifh&SDapm(rkdif;qnfapm) (Mengshechao)[kac:onf/ wmhvD uefa'oawmifbuftpGef;wGif wnf&Sdojzifh w&kwfwkdYu eefausmuf Nan Chao (awmifbufapme,f)[kac:onf/ Chao [laoma0g[m&onf xkdif; odkYr[kwf &Srf; bmomrS p0f(pvkH;-0owf)ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; jrefrmbmomrS apmESifhaomfvnf; aumif;? xyfwljzpfojzifh eefausmufudk eefapm[k jyefqkdxm;onf/

       xkdapme,f 6-e,fudk wnfaxmifaom rsKd;EG,fpkonf avmfavmfrsKd;EG,fpkjzpf \/ avmfavmfonf ysL-jrefrmwkdYESifhbmompum;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? vlrsKd; tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ESD;EG,f\/ avmfavmfonf ,leefe,fodkY qif;rvmao;rD ysL-jrefrmwkdYESifhpDcRrf;e,f taemufydkif;wGif twlaexkdifcJhzl;onf/ ysLwkdYonf pDcRrf; e,ftaemufydkif;rS ,leefe,ftaemufodkY qif;vmonfhtcg avmfavmftpkxJrS t csKdUaom vlwkdYonfvnf; vkdufvmcJhonf/ okdY&mwGif ysLwkdYu rJacgifESifhoHvGifjrpft Mum;&Sd a'oukd a&S;OD;pGm ae&m,lxm;vkdufjyD; jzpfojzifh vkdufvmaom avmfavmf tcsKdUwkdYonf vrf;opf&Smí ,leefe,fta&SUykdif;okdY 0ifoGm;cJhonf/

       ,leefe,fta&SUydkif;? txl;ojzifh wD;-,Jefuefa'oudk tcsuftcsmjyKjyD; &mpk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexkdifcJhjyD;aemuf avmfavmfrsKd;EG,fpktcsKdUwkdYonf taemufbuf&Sd wmhvDuefa'oodkY ysHUESHYvmjyD; xkda'owGif e,fuav;rsm; wnfaxmifvmonf/

       apme,f 6-e,fxJrSteuf eefapmonf w&kwfwkdY\MoZmcHe,fjzpf\/ w&kwf wkdYESifhqufqH&mü tqifajyojzifh w&kwfxefrif;quf{u&mZf&T,f(ef)usKef; Hsuan Tsung u eefapmrif; zDavmfaumhtm; c&pfESpf 728-ckESpfwGif ,leefrif;[laombGJU ukday;tyfcJhonf/ zDavmfaumhonf w&kwfwkdY\axmufcHrIudk &,ljyD; tjcm;apm e,f 5-e,fudk odrf;,lxm;vkduf\/ xkdtcgrSpí eefapmonf wefckd;MuD;xGm;vmjyD; xif&Sm;aomEkdifiH jzpfvmygawmhonf/

       zDavmfaumh(c&pfESpf 728-747)rwkdifrD ¤if;\zcifjzpfol &SJifhavmfzD(c&pfESpf 712-728)vufxufwGif eefapm\ydkifeufonf rJacgifjrpftaemufbufurf;odkY csJU xGifvmcJh\/ xkdYaemuf zDavmfaumf\om; aumfavmfzJifh(c&pfESpf 748-779)vuf xufa&mufaomtcg aumfavmfzJifhonf c&pfESpf 762-763 twGif; {&m0wDjrpf nmydkif;okdYe,fajrcsJUxGifvm&m w&kwf-tdE´d,ukef;vrf;ukefoG,fa&;vrf;rMuD;udk eef apmwkdYu csKyfudkifxm;EkdifcJhonf/ ysLEkdifiHonf eefapmwkdY\MoZmcH jzpfvm&kHru eef apmwdkY\EkdifiHa&;MoZmtmPmonf umr&ly Kamarupa (a&S;a[mif;tdE´d, tmoH e,f) txd xkd;azmufvmcJhonf/

       tpOftvmpum;t& t0avmudawoGm&aAm"dowåonf tdE´d,tv,f ydkif;rS eefapmodkY<ua&mufawmfrlcJhojzifh eefapmom;wkdYonf  t0avmudawoGm& aAm"dowåudk udk;uG,fvmonf[k qkdonf/ xkYdtjyif c&pfESpf 9-&mpkOD;ydkif;wGif r*"rS q&mawmfp`E´*krÇonf ¤if;\*gxmrEÅ&m;aMumifh eefapma'owGif xif&Sm; ausmfMum;cJhonf[k qkdonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap eefapmonf a&S;a[mif;tdE´d,tmoH e,fESifhwkduf&kdufqufEG,frI &&SdjyD;onfhaemuf Ak'¨bmomonf w&kwf-tdE´d, ukef; vrf;ukefoG,fa&;vrf;rMuD;rSwqifh eefapmodkY a&mufcJhonfum; trSefyifjzpfonf/

       Ak'¨bmomonf rnfonfhtcgupí eefapmokdY 0ifa&mufvmonfudk twd tusrod&ao;acs/ c&pfESpf 11-&mpkwGif oGef;avmif;xm;aom acgif;avmif;ESpf vkH;wGif ouúwESifhw&kwfESpfbmomjzifh oGef;avmif;xm;onfh pm&Sdonfukd axmuf &Ií xdkouú&mZfrwkdifrD Ak'¨bmomonf eefapmokdY a&mufaejyD; jzpfwef&monf/ Ak'¨bmomukd ukd;uG,f,kHMunfvmMuojzifh eefapmom;wkdYxJrS &[ef;abmifodkY0if a&mufol rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ eefapmrif;ESifhrSL;rwfrsm;yif yg0ifonf/ bk&m;ausmif;rsm; udkvnf; ae&mtESHUwnfaqmufvmonf/

       tdE´d,,Ofaus;rI tcsuftvufrsm; vufcHcJhaom ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiH rsm;wGif tdE´d,ae&ma'otrnfrsm;udk okH;pGJac:a0:avh&Sd\/ eefapmonf tdE´d, ,Ofaus;rI\vTrf;rkd;rIrcH&aomfvnf; Ak'¨bmomxGef;um;vmcJhjcif;aMumifh tdE´d, trnfwck&vmonf/ *E¨m&wkdif;onf a&S;a[mif;tdE´d,ajrmufbufwGif wnf&Sd ouJhodkY eefapmonf ta&SUawmiftm&Sukef;rajrmufydkif;wGif wnf&Sdonf/ a&S; a[mif; tdE´d,*E¨m&wkdif;\t&yfav;rsufESmwGif awmifwef;rsm;&Sd\/ eefapm\t csuftcsma'ojzpfaom wmhvDodkY a&mufvkdvQifvnf; awmifwef;txyfxyfudkjzwf ausmf&onf/ yx0D0iftaetxm;tm;jzifh a&S;a[mif;tdE´d,*E¨m&wkdif;onf eef apmESifhqifwljzpfojzifh eefapmudk *E¨m&wkdif;[k ac:wGifvmonf/ *E¨mv&mZfwkdif; [laom trnfonf *E¨m&wkdif;rS ysufvmaomtrnfyifwnf;/

       *E¨m&wkdif;(*E¨mv&mZfwkdif;)[laom trnfudk rnfolu píay;vmcJhonfudk rod&awmhacs/ odkY&mwGif þtrnfudk wGifus,fpGm okH;cJhonf/ þtrnfudk jrefrm &mZ0ifusrf;wGifomru yg&SrSwfwrf;rSmvnf; awGU&\/ (þtcsufudk aemufwGif aqG;aEG;ygrnf/)

       eefapmwkdYuvnf; *E¨m&wkdif;[laom trnfudk vufcHokH;pGJonfhtjyif rdrdwkYd onf taomurif;\tquftEG,f jzpfonf[kvnf; qkdonf/ þum; Ak'¨bmom 0ifjzpfvmMuaom eefapmom;wkdYonf taomurif;ESifhtrsKd;awmfpyfatmif zefwD; xm;jcif;jzpf\/ olwkdY\jrdKUawmf wmhvDteD;&Sd wD-,J,f(ef)csef;(if) Tien Ts'ang awmifudk *dZösuk#fawmifjzpfonf[kvnf; rSwf,lao;onf/

       c&pfESpf 1254-ckESpf ? Zefe0g&DvwGif ulAvkdifcefOD;aqmifaom rGef*kdvfwyf zGJUonf wmhvDodkY csOf;eif;wkdufckduf&m eefapm ysufokOf;oGm;cJh\/ *E¨mwkdif; odkYr [kwf *E¨mv&mZfwkdif;jzpfaom eefapmonf pde&|\wpdwfwa'ojzpfvmawmh onf/ þtcsufudk omoe0Housrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfu aumif;pGmodcJh\/ uo®D&*E¨m&wkdif; onf rlvtcgü pde&|\wpdwfwa'o r[kwfaMumif;? aemufrS pde&|\e,fajr jzpfvmaMumif; xkdusrf;wGif az:jyxm;onf/ yg&Sorkdif;q&m&&SpftJ'if Rachid. U.Din uvnf; xdktcsufudkodonf/ Cathay (pde&|)\awmifbufwGif Dai Liou odkYr[kwf EkdifiHMuD;[laom EkdifiHwEkdifiH&SdaMumif;? rGef*kdvfwkdYu u&*sef Kara Jang [kac:aMumif;? tdE´d,ESifhuo®D&bmompum;tm;jzifh uE´m& Kan Dahar [kac: aMumif;? xkdtrnfonf yg&Sbmomtrnf uE´m[m&fyifjzpfaMumif; pojzifh az:jy xm;onf/ yg&SrSwfwrf;vm Dai Liou onf wmhvDukd toHvS,fxm;jcif;jzpfonf/

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ရည္စိန္

rSwfcsuf/    /1983-ckESpfxkwf? ÓPfvif;"r®pmya'om? pmrsufESm(126 rS 138) xdvm&Sdaom aqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ rl&if;twkdif; &kdufESdyfxm;ygonf/