သု၀ဏၰဘူမိ၏တည္ေနရာ

ok0PÖblrd

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wnfae&m

ရည္စိန္

       c&pfray:rD 253-ckESpfcefYu wwd,o*Fg,em wifjyD;onfaemuf taomu rif;MuD;onf t&SifaomPESifht&SifOwå& ESpfyg;wkdYtm; ok0PÖblrdodkY omoemjyK &efapvTwfcJhaMumif;? c&pfESpf av;&mpkwGif jyKpkjyD;pD;aom 'Dy0HowGifvnf;aumif;? c&pfESpf ajcmuf&mpku jyKpkjyD;pD;aom r[m0HowGifvnf;aumif; az:jyxm;onfukd awGU&\/ odYk&mwGif taomurif;MuD;\trdefYt& a&;xkd;xm;cJhaom ausmufpm wkdifMuD;rsm;wGif Ak'¨bmomysHUESHY&ma'otrnfpm&if;udk az:jyxm;&m xkda'otrnf pm&if;xJü ok0PÖblrd[laom a'otrnf ryg&Sdacs/ xdkYaMumifh aomPax&fESifh Owå&ax&fESpfyg;wkdYonf ok0PÖblrdodkY omoemjyKcJhonf[laomtqkdukd orkdif;jzpf pOfw&yf r[kwfwef&m[k tcsKdUaomorkdif;ynm&SifwkdYu ,lqMuonf/

       orkdif;ynm&SifwkdYonf acwfjydKifrSwfwrf;rsm;ukd tav;xm;\/ odkY&mwGif orkdif;jzpfpOfw&yf&yfESifhoufqkdifaom acwfjydKifrSwfwrf;ukd &SmazG&,l&ef tcuf tcJMuKH&wwfonf/ aESmif;acwfa&;om;csufukdvnf;aumif;? tpOftvmpum;ukd vnf;aumif; tokH;jyK&onfhtcgvnf; &Sd\/ wcgw&Hvnf; tpOftvmpum;ESifh a&S;a[mif;okawoeawGUodcsufudk aygif;pyfjyD; tEkrmet,ltqjzifh awG;awm MuHqMu&onf/ wcgw&H pmaytaxmuftxm;&Sdaomfvnf; ra&r&m a&;om; xm;ojzifh a&S;a[mif;okawoeawGUodcsufESifhaygif;pyfjyD; tajzudk &SmazG&efMudK; yrf;Mu&onf/ tcsKdUaom tpOftvmpum;onf rSefuefouJhodkY tcsKdUum; ,kwåd r&Sday/ tcsKdUaom tpOftvmpum;onf '@m&DqefvGef;aomfvnf; taMumif;rJh ay:vmonfr[kwfaMumif;udk awGU&wwf\/ tcsKdUaom tpOftvmpum;ukd y,f oihfonfhtcg&SdouJhodkY vufcHoifhonfhtcgvnf; &Sdonf/ tcsKdUaomorkdif;ynm &Sif\tEkrmet,ltqrSefuefaMumif; vufcHoifhaMumif;udk awGU&ouJhokdY tcsKdU rSmum; rSm;,Gif;aMumif;? y,fcsoifhaMumif;udk awGU&onf/ t&SifaomPESifht&Sif Owå&ESpfyg;wkdYonf ok0PÖblrdodkY <ucJhonf r<ucJhonfudk uRefawmfwkdY rod&awmh jyD/  tjiif;yGm;p&mvnf;  rvkdawmhacs/ taMumif;rlum; a&S;ya0oPDumvü t a&SUawmiftm&SwckvkH;vkdvkdrSmyif Ak'¨bmomjyefYESHYcJhaMumif; uRefawmfwkdY od&jyDjzpf \/ ,cktcgwGif tcsKdUaoma'oü Ak'¨bmomarS;rSdefoGm;cJhaomfvnf; ta&SUawmif tm&Sukef;rwcGifwGifrl aevkdvvkd xGef;ajymifaeqJ r[kwfwkHavm/ ,ck uRefawmf wkdY xkwfaz:&rnfhtcsuf? ajz&Sif;&rnfhorkdif;jyóemonfum; tpOftvmpum; ESifh rSwfwrf;rsm;vm ok0PÖ'Dy odkYr[kwf ok0PÖblrd [lonf a&S;OD;tcgü rnf onfhae&yfukd &nfnTef;aMumif;udk qef;ppf&efom vkdtyfonf/

သု၀ဏၰဒီပ(သု၀ဏၰဘူမိ)

       ok&fP'Dy Suvarnadvipa (ok0PÖ'Dy)okdYr[kwf ok0&fPblrd Suvarnbhuni (ok0PÖblrd)[laomtrnfudk &mr,P Ramayana wGifa&S;OD;pGm awGU&\/ xkdt rnfonf a&TuRef;? a&TuRef;qG,f okdYr[kwf a&Tajr[k teufxGufojzifh ,ckta&SU awmiftm&Swae&mudk &nfnTef;aom a&S;a[mif;trnfjzpfonfrSm ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sd acs/ c&pfray:rD jyKpkjyD;pD;aom Zmwursm;wGif tdE´d,EdkifiH qdyfurf;jrdKUrS ok0PÖ blrdodkY c&D;xGufcJhaMumif;udk az:jyxm;onf/ Oyrm- r[mZeurif;om;onf Opöm ypönf;&SmazG&ef ukefonfwpkESifhtwl ta&SUwkdif;wcGifrSm&Sdaom a&Tajra'oodkY a&mufcJhaMumif; tjcm;aomZmwursm;rSmvnf; b*k*pä(,ck Broach)rS ok0PÖblrd odkYc&D;xGufcJhaMumif;udk az:jyxm;onf/

       aysmufqkH;aejyDjzpfaom Brhakatha ukdtajccHvsufa&;om;xm;aom ykHjyif rsm;pGm&Sd\/ Braiakhtha-SlokasangramawGif omEl'goonf ok0PÖblrdodkYa&mufcJh jyD;aemuf xkdEkdifiHtwGif;bufodkY c&D;xGufcJhaMumif;udk az:jyxm;onf/ xkdenf;wl pGm Brhakatha ukdtajccHxm;jyD;aom ra'0 a&;om;jyKpkcJhaom ork'´&mykHjyifrsm; wGifvnf; yifv,fc&D;taMumif;udk az:jyxm;onf/ xkdork'´&mykHjyifxJrSm orkj'& onf ok0PÖblrd\jrdKUawmfjzpfaom uvoyk&odkY a&mufcJhaMumif;? tjcm;ukefonf wOD;jzpfol *kj'onf tjyefc&D;wGif oabFmysufcJhaMumif; az:jyxm;onf/ ork'´&m ykHjyifrsm;wGif *kP0wD[k trnf&Sdaom rif;orD;wyg;onf u#[(,ck rav;&Sm;&Sd (Kedah)rS tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY tjyefc&D;wGif ok0PÖblrdurf;ajcü oabFmysufcJhaMumif; udkvnf; jA[®Pp`E´mOfrdef Candravaminonf aysmufqkH;aeaomom;i,fudk &SmazG &ef ta&SUbuf&SduRef;rsm;&Sd&modkY wuRef;jyD;wuRef; a&mufcJhaomc&D;pOfudk az:jyyg ao;onf/

ထင္ရွားေသာက်မ္းဂန္မ်ားလာ သု၀ဏၰဘူမိ

       tdE´d,EkdifiHoabFmqdyfurf;jrdKUrsm;rS ta&SUwkdif;wcGifESifhukefoG,fa&;t aMumif;udk xif&Sm;pGm &nfnTef;aom tcsufudk rdvdE´yO§mwGif awGU&\/ ¤if;usrf; wGif-

       pnf;pdrfOpöm<u,f0aom avSolMuD;wOD;onf qdyfurf;cGefrsm;udk aumif;pGm ay;aqmifjyD;vQif r[mork'´&modYk c&D;xGufcJh&m 0*FokdYvnf;aumif;? wauúmvodkY vnf;aumif;? pdeokdYvnf;aumif;? aompd&odkYvnf;aumif;? ok0PÖblrdodkYvnf; aumif;? oGm;a&mufcJhouJhokdY oabFmrsm; pka0;&m tjcm;qdyfurf;jrdKUwckckodkYvnf; oGm;a&mufcJh\/

[líaz:jyxm;onf/

       xkdYtjyif tdE´d,ork'´&mESifhta&SUawmiftm&SwGif&Sdaom oabFmqdyfrsm;\ trnfrsm;udk c&pfESpf ESpf&mpk odkYr[kwf okH;&mpkwGif jyKpkjyD;pD;aom r[meda'´owGif vnf;-

       pnf;pdrfOpöm&SmrSD;aomolwkdYonf avSoabFmjzifh yifv,fork'´&modkY xGufMu \/ qD;ESif;cJESifhtyl&Sdef\'Pf(odkYr[kwf ESdyfpufrI)udkvnf;aumif;? rSuf? jcif? av? aetyl&Sdef? qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;\'Pf(odkYr[kwf ESdyfpufrI)udkvnf;aumif; cHMu í wd*krÁ odkYa&muf\/ wauúmvodkYa&muf\/ wuúoDvodkYa&muf\/ yk&yk&odkY a&muf\/ a0ok*FodkYa&muf\/ a0&moxHodkYa&muf\/ wmrvDodkYa&muf\/ {VAE¨ eodkYa&muf\/ ok0PÖuk#odkYa&muf\/ ok0PÖblrdodkYa&muf\.../

ponfjzifh az:jyxm;onf/

       wzef c&pfESpf ESpf&mpkcefY jyKpkjyD;pD;onf[k ,lq&aom 'AdVeef;wGif;armf uGef;uAsmoDvyÜ'Du&H SitakappadikaramwGif ta&SUawmiftm&Sudk &nfnTef;aom taMumif;t&m yg&Sdonf/

       awmPÖDrS aexkdifolrsm;onf &Snfvsm;í us,f0ef;vSaom avSoabFmMuD; rsm;ay:wGif wifxm;cJhaom tausmftarT;tMuKdifrsm;? ydk;xnfrsm;? pE´ul;? [if; cwftarT;tMudKifrsm;? y&kyfrsm;udk (tdE´d,awmifydkif;wGif&Sdaom)r'l& Madura-odkY ta&SUbufrS wkdufvmaomavESifhtwl a&mufvmawmh\[k qkdonf/

       rdvdE´r!ESifhr[meda'´óvm jrdKUtrnftcsKdUudk aemufwGif aqG;aEG;ygrnf/ ,cktxufwGif az:jyxm;aom 'rdVeef;wGif;uAsmvm awmPÖD[laom trnft aMumif;ESifhtjcm;taMumif;rsm;udk tdE´d,ynm&SifMuD;rsm;\tqdktrdefYudk tusOf; tm;jzifh wifjyvkdygonf/

       awmPÖD[laom ae&yftrnfESifhywfoufí tdE´d,ynm&Sif Nilakanta Sastri þae&yftrnfonf tdE´d,EkdifiHtaemufawmifbuf urf;ajc&Sd jrdKUwjrdKUrjzpfEkdif&kH ru tdE´d,awmifbuf &rfe'f'dpMwdwfwGif;rS ae&yftrnfvnf; rjzpfEkdifaMumif; wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhzl;onf/

       txufwGif aumufElwfwifjyxm;aom 'rdVeef;wGif;uAsmvm 'rdVbmom pum;tcsKdUESifhywfoufí 0gorf Vasam[lonf [if;cwftarT;tMudKifudk qkdvkd aMumif;? tjcm;ukefypönf;rsm;teuf Thkkdcam odkYr[kwf zmvmaphyg0ifaMumif; pojzifh trnfrodaom #Dumq&mu teuft"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdcJhzl;\/ xkdYaemuf c&pf ESpf wq,fhav;&mpkcefYwGif t"d,m&fufukev’&f Adiyarkkunallaronf txuf wGif tykd'füyg0ifaom TakkaLi ukd zmvmaph? Kidakam ukdtausmf? Kalagam (uV*rf)udk ydk;xnfpojzifh teufzGifhjyefonf/

       aumufElwfwifjyaom 'rdVeef;wGif;armfuGef;uAsmwykd'fwGif az:jyxm; aom ypönf;rsm;onf rav;uRef;qG,frS a&mufvmcJhonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,r&Sdacs/ xkdypönf;rsm;xJrS ydk;xnfESifhy&kyfrsm; ygvmonfudk okawoDrsm; txl;owdjyKtyf \/ ydk;xnfonf w&kwfEkdifiHxGufukefypönf;jzpfí y&kyfonf ta&SUawmiftm&SuRef; pka'oxGuf ukefypönf;wrsKd;jzpfonf/

       wauúmv? ud'0&rf? uV*rf[laom trnfrsm;udk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh ay: vmonfhtcsufum;? tcsdefumva&TUavsmvmaomtcg ukefypönf;rsm;wifydkY&ma' orsm;onf ukefypönf;rsm;trnfudk tpGJjyKí ae&ma'otrnfjzpfvmonfudk pdwf 0ifpm;pGm awGU&onf/

       wmr&vdrÇd Tamralipbi rS ok0PÖblrdodkY yifv,fc&D;xGufcJhonfh ukefonf rsm;\tawGUtMuKHrsm;udk r[mumv0db*FwGifvnf; yg&Sdonf/ *0ywd[laom yk*¾KdvfwOD;onf ok0PÖblrdodkY yifv,fc&D;xGufcJhaMumif; omoe0HowGif az:jy xm;onf/ oD&dvuFmorkdif;usrf;jzpfaom 'Dy0HoESifhr[m0HowGifrl c&pfray:rD 3-&mpkü aomPax&fESifhOwå&ax&fwkdYonf ok0PÖblrdokdY <ua&mufcJhaMumif;udkaz: jyxm;onf/

       c&pfESpf ckepf&mpkü "r®ygvonf ok0PÖblrdodkY a&mufcJhaMumif;? c&pfESpf q,fhwpf&mpkwGif 'DyuF&toDovnf; a&mufcJhaMumif; wdAufusrf;*efpmayrsm; wGif az:jyxm;onfudk awGU&jyefonf/

လက္တင္ႏွင့္ဂရိဘာသာမွတ္တမ္း

       vufwifESifh*&dbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usrf;rsm;pGm&Sd&m? trsm;tm; jzifh a&TuRef;? aiGuRef;[laom trnfrsm;udk az:jyxm;\/ tapmqkH;aom vufwif yx0D0ifq&monf aygrfykd;rD;tyfpfarvm Pampomius Mala jzpfonf/ ol jyKpk xm;aom yx0Dusrf;onf c&pfESpf 43-ckESpf[k owfrSwfEkdifonf/ odkY&mwGif xkd usrf;ü a&TuRef;? aiGuRef;[laom ae&yftrnfrSwyg; tjcm;taMumif;t&mrsm; teufikyfvSonf/

       zvifeD Pliny obm0yx0D0ifusrf;ü a&Tajrudk ta&SUawmiftm&SrS uRef; qG,fvnf;jzpf? uRef;vnf;jzpfaoma'oukd &nfnTef;\/ ¤if;usrf;wGif xl;jcm;onfh tcsufum;...

       ydk;xnfvlrsKd;wkdYonf-

       olwkdY\ukefypönf;udk 0,f,lvkdolrsm;a&mufvm&ef apmifhqkdif;Muonf[k yg&Sd onf/ ydk;xnfvlrsKd; The Seres(the Silk people)[lonf pdefYwkdif;om;(odkYr[kwf),ck uRefawmfwkdY em;vnfaom China ukdqkdvkdonf/ zvifeDonf a&Tajrudk ydk;xnfvl rsKd;wkdYe,fpyfwGif xm;vkdonf/

       c&pfESpf wpf&mpkavmufa&mufvmaomf tdE´d,ork'´&ma&aMumif;c&D;rSwf wrf;[laom usrf;MuD;wapmif ay:vmonf/ usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfrnfolrnf0g jzpfonfudk rod&awmhacs/ c&pfESpf 80-89-twGif;jyKpkcJhonf[k trsm;u ,lqMu\/ þusrf; wGif rmvmAm Malabarurf;ajctvGefjzpfaom a'oukd ra&r&m a&;om;xm; onfudk axmuf&Ijcif;tm;jzifh usrf;jyKyk*¾Kdvfonf rmvmAm MalabarukdvGefíta&SU wkdif;odkY a&mufcJholr[kwf jzpfwef&monf/ odkY&mwGif **FgjrpftvGeftaMumif;udk a&;om;xm;csufonf awmfvrD\yx0D0ifusrf;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? w&kwfrSwf wrf;vmtaMumif;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; udkufnDonf[k qkd&ayrnf/

       xdkaemuf c&pfESpf ESpf&mpkwGif *&dyx0D0ifynm&SifwOD;jzpfonfh Claudius Ptolemy cavm'D,ypfawmfvrDu yx0D0ifusrf;wapmif jyKpkvm\/ xkdynm&Sif \tw¬KyÜwådudk rod&aomfvnf; ¤if;usrf;üygvmaom eu©aA'pepfudk axmuf&I jcif;tm;jzifh c&pfESpf 127-41 twGif; jyKpkjyD;pD;cJhonf[k ajymEkdifrnfxifonf/

       aESmif;acwfwGif *&dbmomyx0D0ifusrf;rsm; ay:vmao;\/ okdY&mwGif awmfvrD\yx0D0ifusrf;avmuf odolrrsm;acs/ pmwrf;&Snfvsm;aernfpkd;íaESmif; acwfusrf;rsm;udk raz:jyawmhjyD/

       awmfvrD\yx0D0ifusrf;wGifvnf; a&TuRef; odkYr[kwf a&TuRef;qG,f[laom ae&yftrnf ygvm\/ þtrnfonf tdE´d,rSwfwrf;vm ok0PÖ'Dy odkYr[kwf ok0PÖblrdESifhxyfwl jzpfonfum; ,kHrSm;zG,f&mr&Sdacs/ xkdYtjyif awmfvrD\usrf; xJü SarabakauGUMuD;taMumif;udk az:jyxm;\/ xkdauGUMuD; ajrmufbufwGif...

(u) Tosalei awmfpav

(c)  Tugma wk(*f)rm

(*)  Trilypgon Mwdvd(yf)a*gef odkYr[kwf Triligon Mwdvda*gef

(C) Mareora rm&Dtkd&m

[laom jrdKUav;jrdKU&SdaMumif; az:jyxm;onf/

       SarabakauGU[lonf ,ck rkwåryifv,fauGUjzpfonf[k ynm&Sifrsm;u oabmwlMuonf/

အေရဗ်အေထာက္အထား

       ta&As(okdYr[kwf tm&yf-Arabic)ukefoG,fa&;oabFmrsm;onf c&pfESpfckepf &mpkwGif ta&SUawmiftm&SokdY pwifxkd;azmuf0ifa&mufvmí [if;cwftarT;t MudKifrsm;ESifhb,aq;rsm;udk &SmazGvmMu\/ xkdaemuf ESpfaygif;waxmifausmfcefY ta&SUwkdif;wcGifodkY qufvufvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdY\pmayü ta&SUwkdif; ESifhoufqkdifaom taMumif;t&mrsm; tajrmuftjrm; yg&SdonfrSm tHhMozG,f&m r [kwfacs/ odkY&mwGif ta&Aspmay? taxmuftxm;rsm;udk ukdifwG,favhvmonfht cg txl;owdjyKoifhonfh tcsufwcsuf &Sd\/ olwkdY\rSwfwrf;wGif trsm;tm;jzifh wqifhpum;rsm; jzpf\/ rnfokdYyifjzpfap c&pfESpf 1020-jynfhcefY AD&leDjyKpka&;om; cJhaom tdE´d,EkdifiH\bmomt,l0g''óedu? pmay? orkdif;? eu©wåaA'? "avhxkH; pHESifhaA'ifynm [ktrnf&Sdaom usrf;onf tm;udk;&aomusrf;jzpfonf/ xkdusrf; wGif-

       ZmAmZf Zabaj uRef;rsm;ukd [dE´LvlrsKd;wkdYu

       ok0&fef'DSuvarn Div-[k ac:Mu\/

[kaz:jyxm;onf/ Zabaj udk ta&Aswkdif;om;(tm&yf)wkdYu Sribuza oD&dAlZ[k vnf;ac:Mu&m AD&leD\usrf;vm Zabaj onf oD&d0dZ,jzpfí ,ck plrMwuRef;jzpf onf/

       aESmif;acwf ta&As(tm&yf)yx0D0ifq&mrsm;onf jrefrmurf;&kd;wef;w avQmufwGif&Sdaom oabFmqdyfjrdKUrsm;jzpfMuaom rm&f#rmef Martaban (rkwår)? w0[D Tawahi(xm;0,f)? r&fcD Markhi(jrdwf)ponfwkdYudk rSwfwrf;wifvmonf/

တရုတ္အေထာက္အထား

       c&pfESpf okH;&mpkw&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;ü ,ck ,dk;',m;yifv,fauGUMuD;udk usif vifauGUMuD;[kaz:jyxm;\/ xkdtaMumif;udk c&pfESpf ajcmuf&mpkrSwfwrf;rsm;vnf; xyfqifh az:jyxm;onf/ usifvif [lonfum; a&Te,fjcm;auGUMuD;[k teuf t"dyÜg,fxGufonf/ a&Tajra'oESifheD;uyfaeojzifh þokdYac:a0:cJhjcif; jzpfwef&m onf/

       t&Sif,dusifh(if) Iaching onf c&pfESpf ckepf&mpktcgü tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY a& vrf;c&D;jzifh a&mufcJh\/ ta&SUawmiftm&Sukd ausmfjzwfjyD; tdE´d,odkYa&mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ xkdt&Sif a&;om;jyKpkcJhaom rSwfwrf;ü usif;usKd;(a&TuRef;)[laomtrnf udk ESpfMudrfaz:jyxm;onfukd awGU&\/ a&TuRef;[lonf ok0PÖ'Dyukdw&kwfbmom jzifhwkduf&kdufteuft"dyÜg,f jyefqkdxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

       wzef w&kwfrSwfwrf;wGif usifvifudk usifcsif[lívnf; a&;om;xm;onf udkawGU&\/ usifvifESifhusifcsifonf xyfwljzpfygonf/ Chen-csifESifh Lin-vif[l aomw&kwfpum;ESpfvkH;onf qifwl,kd;rSm;jzpfí pmrla&;ul;&mü rSm;,Gif;cJhonf[k xifrSwfzG,f&Sdonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf usifcsif[lonf t"dyÜg,fr&Sd? usifvif om t"dyÜg,f&Sdonf/

မိလိႏၵပဥႇာက်မ္းလာ ေနရာအမည္မ်ား ေဖၚထုတ္ခ်က္

       txufwGif aumufElwfwifjycJhaom rdvdE´yO§musrf;tydk'fwydk'fudk pm&Iol rsm; owdjyKrdrnfjzpf\/ xkdtykd'fvmae&yftrnfrsm;udk az:xkwf&mü tcuftcJ r&Sd[k awGU&Sd\/

(u) 0*F/    /xkda'oonf Vangajzpfí ,ck b*Fvm;jzpfonf/

(c)  wuúmv/     /þae&yfonf awmfvrD\yx0D0ifusrf;vmTakkala-ESifhvnf; aumif;? w&kwfxefrif;quforkdif;usrf;vm Ko-ku-lo-ESifhvnf;aumif;? ta&AsrSwf wrf;vm Qagala(Qagallah)ESifhvnf;aumif; xyfwljzpf\/ xkdae&monf zmvmaph xGuf&mae&yfjzpfojzifh zmvmaphajr[k teufxGufonf/ ,ck rav;uRef;qG,f w ae&mjzpf\/

(*) pde/     /þae&monf pde&|pdea'ojzpfí ,ck w&kwfEkdifiHyifwnf;/

(C) aompd&/      /þtrnfonf Chiao-Chih(Ctiao-Chi)udkouúwqefqeftoH vS,fxm;onfh trnfjzpfonf[k awG;xifzG,f&Sd\/

(i) tvoE´/      /þae&yfonf Alexandraudk &nfnTef;onf[k qkdcsifonf/

(p) ok0PÖblrd/    /þae&yfonf qlrMwuRef;udk &nfnTef;(ok0PÖ'Dy)onf/

မဟာနိေဒၵသလာ ေနရာအမည္အခ်ဳိ႕ကုိ ေဖၚထုတ္ခ်က္

       r[meda'´owGif ta&SUwkdif;wcGif ae&yftrnfrsm;pGm yg0ifonfukdawGU&\/ tcsKdUaomae&yftrnfrsm;onf ,ckrnfonfhae&m jzpfonfudk rod&ao;aomf vnf; tcsKdUaomae&yftrnfrsm;ukdrlum; vG,fulpGm az:xkwfEdkif\/

(u) wd*krÜ/  /,ck &efukef

(c) wauúmv/     /rav;uRef;qG,fwae&m(txufwGif az:jycJhjyD;)

(*) yk&yk&/  /þae&monf c&pfESpf okH;&mpkrS ig;^ajcmuf&mpkw&kwfrSwfwrf;vm Pan-pan[k(zef-zef)jzpf\/ (zefzef)onf Purapwraudk toHvS,fxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,ck ZaPranpuri [kawG;xifzG,f&Sdonf/

(C) a0ok*F/      /þae&yfonf awmfvrD\yx0D0ifusrf;vm BesywgaESifhaomf vnf;aumif;? c&pfESpf okH;&mpkrS ig;^ajcmuf&mpk w&kwfrSwfwrf;vm Ti-Chten ESifh vnf;aumif;? c&pfESpf udk;&mpk w&kwfrSwfwrf;vm Mi-cheuESifhvnf;aumif;? yg&S rSwfwrf;rsm;vm Mu-sha/MusaESifhvnf;aumif; xyfwljzpf\/ tm;vkH;wkdYonf rGef bmompum; vZD&fpdif Lbir-Cmi(qifyifv,f odkYr[kwf qifjzpf)udk toHvS,f xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ þtaMumif;udk aemufaemiftcg tus,fw0ifh a&;om;&ef&Sd ojzifh þrQjzifhom az:jyvkdufygonf/ xkdae&yfonf ,ck oHvGifjrpf0 MuKHpdefa'o jzpfonf/

(i) Z0/     /þae&monf ,ck *smAm Javajzpf\/

(p) wmrvD/    /þae&yfonf ,ck Ligor jzpf\/ a&S;tcgü Tambralinga [kac: \/ Sri Bhamarma jrdKUjyEkdifiHvnf; þae&myifwnf;/

(q) ok0PÖblrd/   /,ck plrMwuRef;jzpfonf/ (ok0PÖ'Dy)

နိဂုံး

       awmfvrD\yx0D0ifusrf;vm a&TuRef;? a&TuRef;qG,fonfvnf;aumif;? tdE´d ,rSwfwrf;rsm;onf ok0PÖ'Dy odkYr[kwf ok0PÖblrdonfvnf;aumif;? t&Sif,D ausmif;\c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;vm a&TuRef;(usif;usKd;)onfvnf;aumif;? tm&yf(ta& As)rSwfwrf;vm Zabaj onfvnf;aumif;? xyfwljzpfaMumif;udk awGU&\/ xkdrSwf wrf;rsm;udk EIdif;,SOfavhvmMunfhjcif;tm;jzifh c&pfESpfq,fhwpf&mpk rwkdifrD ok0PÖ 'Dy odkYr[kwf a&TuRef;[laom ae&yftrnfonf plrMwudk &nfnTef;aMumif; awGU& \/ r[meda'´owGif wd*krÁESifha0ok*Fudk az:jyxm;onf/ xkdae&yf ESpfckpvkH;onf ,ck jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;ü&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ awmfvrD\yx0D0ifusrf;u ajrykH ESifh,ckta&SUawmiftm&S ajrykHwkdYxyfíMunfhvQif awmfvrD\yx0D0ifusrf;wGif&nf nTef;xm;aom a&TuRef;onf tm&SwkdufawmifbuftpGefqkH;ae&mwGif &SdaMumif;udk awGU&\/ wzef awmfvrD\yx0D0ifusrf;wGif Besynga(odkYr[kwf tdE´d,usrf;*ef vm Vessunga a0ok*F)udkaz:jyjyD;aemuf SarabakauGUMuD;ajrmufbufwGif jrdKUMuD; av;jrdKUudk az:jyxm;onf/ a&TuRef;udk SarabakauGU odkYr[kwf rkwårauGUwGif &Sd onf[k raz:jycJhacs/ t&Sif,Dusifhonf c&pfESpf ckepf&mpktcgü plrMwuRef;udk a&T uRef;[k ESpfMudrfaz:jy\/ þum; wuúwbmom Suvrgmadviba okdYr[kwf ygVd bmom ok0PÖ'Dyudk w&kwfbmomjzifh wkduf&kdufbmomjyefxm;cJhjcif; jzpf\/ xkdYt jyif ta&As(tm&yf)yx0D0ifq&mAD&leDonf Zabaj uRef;rsm;(oD&d0dZ,EkdifiHwnf&Sd xm;aom uRef;rsm;)udk [dE´LvlrsKd;wkdYu Savarn Div (ok0&fP'Gdy Svuarna Dvipa[k ac:aMumif; twdtus rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhonf/ oD&d0dZ,EkdifiHwnf&m Xmeonf ,ckplrMwuRef;yifwnf;/ xkdYtjyif tdE´d,EkdifiH aomra'0 jyKpka&;om;xm;aom ork'´&mykHjyifü *kP0wDrif;orD;onf uV[(,ck rav;&Sm; ta&SUbufurf;ajc&Sd Kedah)rS tdE´d,EkdifiHodkY tjyefc&D;wGif ok0&fP'Gdy(ok0PÖ'Dy)okdYr[kwf a&TuRef;ü oabFmysufcJhaMumif;udk az:jyxm;&m *kP0wDrif;orD;pD;cJhaom oabFmonf rav;uRef;pG,fta&SUbufurf;rS plrMwuRef;a&vufMum;udk ausmfjzwfjyD; tdE´d,Ekdif iHodkY jyefvm&jcif;jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh c&pfESpf 2-&mpkrS 11-&mpktxd tdE´d,? *&d? w &kwfESifhta&As rSwfwrf;tapmifapmifwGif az:jyxm;aom ok0&fP'Gdy^ok0&fPbl rd(odkYr[kwf ok0PÖ'Dy^ok0PÖblrd)onf rkwårauGUajrmufbufwGif r&SdEkdif/ ,ck plrMw uRef;omjzpfEkdifaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/

       wzef rSefeef;&mZ0ifonf oxkHudk ok0PÖblrdjzpfonf[k raz:jycJhaMumif;/ ok0PÖblrdudk Zif;r,fwGif jyxm;aMumif;udk orkdif;okawoDrsm; txl;owdjyKoifh onf/ trSefum; oxkH[lonf ok"r®0wDESifhxyfwljzpf\/ oxkH[lonf ok"r®0wD rSysufvmaom trnfvnf;jzpfonf/ ok0PÖblrdudk oxkHjzpfonf[laom tpOftvmpum;onf c&pfESpf 15-16 &mpkwGifrS ay:vmjcif; jzpfaMumif;udk orkdif;okawoDrsm;u txl;owdjyK&m onf/

ရည္စိန္

rSwfcsuf/    /1985-ckESpf? {jyDvxkwf? ÓPfvif;"r®pmya'omwGif pmrsufESm (130 rS 140xd)üvm&Sdaom aqmif;yg;udk jyifqifjcif;r&SdyJ &kdufESdyfygonf/