TITLE: King
|
AREA:
595,000 km2 (1725)
|
RELIGION: Theravadda
Buddhist |
| STATE: Burma |
POPULATION:
2,000,000 (1635 est'd.)
|
DYNASTY: Tungoo Dynasty
|
CAPITALS:
Tungoo 1486/1539, Pegu 1539/1599 and Ava 1599/1572
|
| |
PREDECESSORS AND SHORT HISTORY:
The dynasty was founded in January 1486 at Tungoo, and
became
independent of Ava on 16th October 1510. Its early kings,
Tabinshwehti
and Bayinnaung succeeded in reunifying the Pagan Empire
for the first
time since 1287, and in incorporating the Shan States for
the first
time. At its peak, the First Toungoo Empire also included
Manipur, the
Chinese Shan States, Siam, and Lan Xang, but the largest
empire in the
history of Southeast Asia collapsed in 1599. The dynasty
quickly
regrouped under the leadership of Nyaungyan and his son
Anaukpetlun who
succeeded in restoring a smaller, more manageable kingdom,
encompassing
Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Shan States and Lan Na by 1616.
The Restored
Toungoo kings, now based in Ava (Inwa), created a legal
and political
system whose basic features would continue under the
Konbaung dynasty
well into 19th century. The crown completely replaced the
hereditary
chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire
Irrawaddy
valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan
chiefs. Its
trade and secular administrative reforms built a
prosperous economy for
more than 80 years. Thereafter it entered a gradual
decline, and in
1740 the Mon began a rebellion and founded the restored
Hanthawaddy
Kingdom, which captured Ava in 1752, and ended the Tungoo
dynasty,
Rulers were...
- General Prince Sithu Kyawhtin, Governor of Tungoo
1470/1481, in 1470, he was ordered by King Thihathura
of Ava to put
down a rebellion by Tungoo in an alliance with
Hanthawaddy Pegu
Kingdom, in which he was successful and he was left in
charge of
Tungoo; when the King of Ava died in 1481, the new
king was beset by
rebellions by two of his brothers, and General Sithu
Kyawhtin was
ordered to attack Yamethin, he engaged the troops and
was successful in
the first battle but he was defeated and killed in a
second battle;
married (amongst others), Princess Min Hla Htut, and
had issue. He died
1481.
- (Prince) Min Sithu [Sithunge] (by Min Hla Htut),
Governor
of Tungoo 1481/1486, married Princess Min Hla Myat,
and had issue. He
was killed by his nephew in January 1486.
- Queen Soe Min, married January 1486, her cousin,
King
Minkyinyo of Tungoo (qv)
- Prince Uzana
- Prince Min Hla
- Princess Min Hla Nyet, married Prince Maha
Thinkhaya, a
descendant of King Kyawswa I of Pinya, and had
issue.
- King Minkyinyo, 1st King of Tungoo (qv)
- Princess Min Htwe
- King MINKYINYO
[Maung Nyo], 1st King of Tungoo [16.10.1510] -
[xx.1.1531], born 1459
in Ava?, Viceroy of Tungoo [xx.1.1486] - [xx.10.1510],
under his
45-year leadership, Tungoo grew from a remote vassal
state of Ava
Kingdom to a small but stable independent kingdom; in
January 1486, he
murdered his uncle and seized the Governorship of
Tungoo, he was
recognized as Governor by the King of Ava, who was
facing a rebellion
by his brother, and solicited the help of Tungoo in
controlling it; he
styled himself as Thiri
Zeya Thura,
after receiving recognition (from Hanthawaddy and Lan
Na) and tribute
(from the Karenni); in 1491 he built a new fortified
city called
Dwayawaddy (still near Toungoo), at the estuary of the
rivers Kabaung
and Paunglaung; he attacked Hanthawaddy who retaliated
and laid siege
to the new city only partially successfully; his title
was enhanced to Maha
Thiri Zeya Thura by the King
of Ava, for surviving the Hanthawaddy attack; he
remained nominally
loyal to Ava, but did not provide help in their war
against invading
Shan forces and actively supported the rebellion of
the princes of
Nyaungyan and Prome, further successes led him to
formally declare his
independence on 16th October 1510 and he thereafter
managed to keep the
new kingdom out of trouble; married (amongst others),
January 1486, his
cousin (a), Queen Soe Min, daughter of (Prince) Min
Sithu, Governor of
Tungoo, married (b), Queen Khin Nwe, married (c),
Queen (Yazadewi) Khin
Oo, married (d), 1503, a daughter of King
Shwenankyawshin of Ava;
and had issue. He died in
January 1531 in Tungoo.
- King Tabinshwehti (by Khin Oo) (qv)
- Princess Atulathiri, married Kyaw Htin Nawrahta,
who
later succeeded as King Bayinnaung (qv)
- King TABINSHWEHTI
[Prince Mintaya], King of Burma and Tungoo [xx.1.1531]
- [xx.5.1550],
born May 1512, in 1538, he overcame the defences of
Pegu, and occupied
the capital of the Mon kingdom; he unified Burma in
1539 and was the
founder of the Second Burmese Empire; he moved his
capital from Tungoo
to Pegu in 1539; he later in 1541 turned his attention
to Prome and
after a long siege, the city fell; in 1544, he was
crowned as king of
all Burma at the ancient capital of Bagan; in 1545 he
took Pagan and
Salin and then attacked Arakan and Ayutthaya with
limited successs; he
returned to his capital and there, he was assasinated
by Mon members of
his own court; married 1stly, Queen Khin Hpone Soe,
married 2ndly,
Queen Khin Myat. He died in May 1550.
INTERREGNUM [xx.5.1550] - [11.1.1551], under Mon
control.
- King BAYINNAUNG
[Prince Shin Ye Htut], 3rd King of Burma [11.1.1551] -
[xx.11.1581],
born 13th February 1516, son of Prince Mingyiswe, and
his wife,
Princess Shin Myo Myat; Crown Prince of Burma
[xx.1.1531] -
[xx.5.1550], crowned King on 12th January 1554, he
launched a campaign
of conquest, including Manipur (1560) and Ayutthaya
(1569) and made
Taungoo the most powerful state in Southeast Asia, he
had extended his
borders from Laos to Ayutthaya, near Bangkok, although
his greatest
legacy was the integration of the Shan States into the
Irrawaddy-valley-based Burmese kingdoms, which
eliminated the threat of
Shan raids into Upper Burma, an ongoing concern to
Upper Burma since
the late 13th century; married 1stly, Mahayazadewi
(Queen) Atulathiri, daughter of King Minkyinyo of
Tungoo (see above),
married (b), Sandadewi
(Queen) Thiri Hponhtut, former wife of King Minkhaung
of Prome (see
above), married (c), Queen Yazadewi,
married (d), Lady Khin Pyezon, a commoner, and had
issue. He died on
9th November 1581 in Pegu.
- King Nandabayin (by Atulathiri) (qv)
- King Nyaungyan (by Khin Pyezon) (qv)
- Prince Minye Thihathu, Viceroy of Tungoo to July
1609; he
rebelled against his brother and proclaimed himself
King of Tungoo
around 1602; married Lady Khin Saw, and had issue.
He died in 16th August 1609.
- Prince Natshinnaung [Thiha Thura](by Khin Saw),
Viceroy of
Tungoo [16.8.1609] - [xx.11.1610], born between
December 1578 and February 1579, Crown
Prince of Tungoo [1602] -
[xx.7.1609], he was a noted poet and an
accomplished musician, as well
as an able military commander, who advanced many
military strategies and
tactics; he took part in King Nanda's campaigns
to reconquer Siam in the early 1590's, and took
part in his father's
sacking of Nanda's capital Pegu in 1599; in
November 1610, King
Anaukpetlun attacked Tungoo and succeeded in
taking it, after which he
was confirmed as Viceroy of Tungoo; he tried to
incite the Portuguese
ruler of Thanlyin to attack Tungoo, but it failed
and in retaliation,
Thanlyin was itself attacked and captured in April
1613; he converted
to Roman Catholicism and was baptized by a priest
from Goa in the last
days of the siege of Thanlyin; married 22nd March
1603 (amongst others), Queen
Yaza Datu Kalyani, died about October 1603 (seven
months after the marriage),
and had issue, six sons and three daughters. He
was executed on 9th
April 1613 at Thanlyin.
- Prince Nawrahta Minsaw
- Queen Khin Hpone Myat, married her half-brother,
King
Nyaungyan, and had issue (see below).
- King NANDABAYIN
[Zeya Thiha], King of Burma [9.11.1581] -
[19.12.1599], born 9th
November 1535 in Tungoo, Crown Prince of Burma
[11.1.1551] -
[9.11.1581], he took part in battles against Lanna and
Vientiane in
1565 and against Ayutthaya in 1564 and 1569; in 1584,
he sent his
armies into Siam led by the crown prince Mingyi Swa to
subjugate the
country, but failed, he tried again in 1586, equally
without success
and in 1590, he marched into Siam again with Mingyi
Swa in the
vanguard, but the crown prince was again defeated by
the Siamese, in
1592, he mustered all available forces at his disposal
aganist the
Siamese, but the crown prince was killed, in 1594, the
Siamese and Mon
rebels, marched towards Pegu and laid siege to the
city but then
retreated, in 1595, his son, the viceroy of Prome, led
a huge rebellion
taking Tungoo and a large northern portion of the
kingdom, proclaiming
himself as an independent king; tiring of the
rebellions and defeats
suffered, he abdicated the throne in favour of King of
Tungoo in 1599
and was placed in captivity in Tungoo where he was
assassinated by
Natshinnaung a year later; married, and had issue. He
was assassinated
by Prince Natshinnaung in 30th November 1600 in
Tungoo.
- Prince Mingyi Swa [Minchit], Crown Prince of Burma
[9.11.1581] - [1592], married a daughter of Prince
Thadominthaw,
Viceroy of Ava. He was killed in a battle against
the Siamese in 1592.
- Prince Minyekyawswa I, Viceroy of Ava, appointed
Crown
Prince of Burma in 1592.
- Raja Mong Saw Pru, 1st Governor of the Boh Mong
circle 1599/1631, in the
Chittagong Hills Tract (now in Bangladesh).
- King THARAWADDY
MIN
[Prince Shin Thitsa,
Thiha Thura Dhamma Yaza] [Ngyaung Ram Meng or
Nyaungyan Min],
5th King of Burma [19.12.1599] - [3.3.1606], born 6th
March 1556,
Prince of Nyaungyan -/1599, he was crowned King on
25th February 1600; often referred to as the founder
of
the Restored Toungoo Dynasty because od his successful
efforts to reunify the main parts of his father empire
which
had famously collapsed under the previous reign, due
to a multitude of domestic and
external attacks; he was only one of many claimants to
the Burmese throne after the kingdom's capital, Pegu,
was sacked by
combined Arakanese and rebellious Toungoo forces and
King Nanda was deposed
in December 1599, instead he focused on reclaiming the
Shan States and
successfully fended off Siamese attacks on the Shan
States; married
(mongst others) (his half sister), Queen Khin Hpone
Myat, and had
issue. He died 3rd March 1606.
- King Anaukpetlun (by Khin Hpone Myat) (qv)
- King Thalun [Thalwun Mengtara] (by Khin Hpone Myat)
(qv)
- Prince Minyekyawswa II, Governor of Ava, appointed
Crown
Prince of Burma in 1634, he died on 18th August
1647.
- King (Maha Dhamma Yaza) ANAUKPETLUN
[Thakin Lat / Mahadhammaraja], 6th King of Burma
[3.3.1606] -
[9.7.1628], born about May 1578, Crown Prince of Burma
[25.2.1600] -
[3.3.1606]; he was largely responsible for restoring
the Burmese
kingdom after it had collapsed at the end of the 16th
century and
completed the reunification efforts in 1613 that had
begun by his
father; having inherited primarily only Upper
Burma and the Shan
States, he proceeded to conquer Lanna in the east,
Lower Burma in the
south, from rival Burmese factions and the Portuguese,
as well as the
Upper Tenasserim from the Siamese; he decided to make
Pegu the capital
of his dominions in 1617, so he crowned himself as the
King of Pegu in
that year; married (amongst others), a daughter of the
Saopha of
Kengtung, married (b), Lady Khin Myo Myat, and had
issue. He was killed
by his elder son on 9th July 1628, buried in Pegu,
Burma.
- King Minyedaikpa [Minyedeippa / Mengre Dippa] (by
Khin
Myo Myat)(qv)
- King MINYEDAIKPA
[Mengre Dippa], 7th King of Burma [9.7.1628] -
[19.8.1629], born 1608
in Pegu, he never had any control beyond Pegu, the
kingdom's capital,
his uncles controlled Upper Burma, much of Lower Burma
rebelled against
his rule; in 1629, Thalun marched down from Ava to
reconquer Lower
Burma and in August later that same year, the king was
seized by the
Commander of Palace Guards, and sent to Thalun, who
had him executed on
25th November 1629 in Pegu.
- King THALUN
[Thalwun Mengtara], 8th King of Burma [19.8.1629] -
[27.8.1648] and
Viceroy of Prome [2.11.1620] - [9.7.1628], born on
17th June 1584 as
Prince Thakin Gyi, Crown Prince of Burma
[3.3.1606] - [9.7.1628],
he successfully rebuilt the war-torn country and
instituted many
administrative and economic reforms; installed as
Governor of Prome by
his father in 1608, he moved the capital to Ava,
crowned himself as the
King of Ava and made his brother, Prince Minye
Kyawswa, the crown
prince, all in 1634; married (amogst others) (a), Lady
Khin Myo Sit,
married (b), Lady Khin Thet Hnin of Mone, married (c),
Lady Khin Myat
Hset of Pinya, and had issue, 11 sons and 20
daughters. He died on 27th
August 1648 in Ava and was buried two days later at
Inwa Palace.
- King Pindale (by Khin Myo Sit) (qv)
- King Pye (by Khin Myat Hset) (qv)
- Prince Ne Myo Ye Kyaw of Pindale, married (his
half-sister) between 10th June/9th July 1649,
Princess Khin Ma Min Sit,
and had issue.
- Princess Khin Ma Min Sit, married (her
half-brother),
Prince Ne Myo Ye Kyaw of Pindale, and had issue (see
above and below).
- King PINDALE
[Bengtale], 9th King of Burma [27.8.1648] -
[3.6.1661], born 23rd March
1608 as Prince Thakin Kyaw Minye Nandameit, Crown
Prince of Burma
[18.8.1647] - [27.8.1648] as Prince of Pindale, he was
crowned King on
19th October 1648; his ineffectual reign was the
beginning of the
gradual decline of the Tungoo dynasty over the next
century; the
Southern Ming Emperor established himself at Kunming
in Yunnan and
extracted tributes from Chiang Hung, an attempt by
Pindale to oust the
Chinese failed, though they were eventually driven out
of Yunnan; a
request for asylum was granted with the Ming Emperor
being granted a
residence at Sagaing along with his officials, however
the rival Qing
Emperor, promptly amassed his troops into Burma in
order to capture the
last Ming prince, the Kingdom of Ava was largely
plundered, with farms
burnt resulting in a famine for which Pindale lost
popularity enabling
hjis brother to stage a coup and take the throne;
married (amongst
others), Queen Atula Sanda Dewi, and had issue. He was
killed by
drowning in the Chindwin River on 3rd June 1661 along
with his chief
queen, son and grandson.
- Princess Thiri Hpone Htut
- Prince Minye Theikha Thu, killed by drowning
in the
Chindwin River on 3rd June 1661.
- King PYE
[Pyi
Meng], 10th King of Burma [xx.5.1661] - [14.4.1672]
and Viceroy of
Prome [13.9.1650] - [3.6.1661], born 26th May 1619,
appointed Prince of
Pye; he staged a coup in 1661, and overthrew his now
unpopular brother
and crowned himself King of Ava on 7th September 1661
as Maha Pawara Dhamma Yaza
Lawka Dipadi; he
suppressed a Mon rebellion in 1661, drove the
occupying Siamese forces
out of Chiang Mai also in 1661 and successfully
resisted an invasion by
Qing forces in 1662; the rest of his reign was
uneventful; married
(amongst others), Queen Khin Ma Latt, and had issue,
six sons and eight
daughters. He died 14th April 1672 in Ava, and was
buried the next day
in Inwa Palace.
- King Narawara [Maha Thiha
Thudhamma Yaza] (by Khin Ma Latt) (qv)
- King NARAWARA,
11th King of Burma [14.4.1672] - [27.2.1673], born
1650, Crown Prince
of Burma [1.6.1664] - [14.4.1672]; crowned on 1st May
1672, died sp
on 27th February 1673, and was
buried the next day in Inwa Palace.
- King MINYEKYAWDIN
[Thiri Pawara Ti-Bawana Thiha
Thura Agga Panita Maha
Dhamma Yaza], 12th King of Burma [27.2.1673]
- [4.5.1698], born
in April 1651, son of Prince Ne Myo Ye Kyaw of
Pindale, and his wife
(and half-sister), Princess Khin Ma Min Sit; Lord of
Yamethin; Governor
of Pindale 166x/1673, he was granted the title of
Minyekyawdin on 1st
May 1672, by his step-brother, King Narawara, at his
coronation
ceremony; he was elected by the ministers of the court
in preference to
several older princes, this resulted in the group of
nobles that had
supported the king in gaining power; the fortunes of
the kingdom
gradually declined during his quarter-century rule
and towards
the end of his reign, he had lost many outlying areas,
including Kabaw
valley to the Manipuris; married 1stly, Queen Atula
Thiri, married
2ndly, Queen Sanda Dewi (née Princess Khin Ma
Shwe San Oo),
married 3rdly, Lady Yaza Dewi, and had issue. He died
4th May 1698 in
Ava and was buried the next day in Inwa Palace.
- King Sanay (by Sanda Dewi) (qv)
- ?Prince (name
unknown),
Lord of Prome, married and had issue.
- King Smim Htaw Buddhaketi, King of the restored
Hanthawaddy
Kingdom of Pegu.
- King SANAY
[Sane
Min] [Thiri Maha Thihathura Thudhammayaza], 13th King
of Burma
[4.5.1698] - [12.9.1714], born in April 1673, Crown
Prince of Burma
[8.9.1688] - [4.5.1698]; he was given Dabayin in fief,
and was known as
Debayin Mintha in his youth; he was ineffectual like
his father and the
power of Toungoo dynasty continued to decline, married
1stly, Queen
Maha Dewi, married 2ndly, Queen Thiri Dewi, married
3rdly, Queen Nanda
Dewi, and had issue. He died on 12th September 1714 in
Ava, and was
buried the next day in Inwa Palace.
- King Taninganway (by Maha Dewi) (qv)
- King TANINGANWAY
[Thiri Pawara Mahadhammaraja Dibati Hsengphyusheng],
14th King of Burma [12.9.1714] - [12.12.1733], Crown
Prince of Burma
[1.11.1711] - [12.9.1714], born in June or July 1689,
the long decline
of the Tungoo dynasty accelerated under his reign; he
immediately faced
a rebellion by his uncle, the Governor of Pagan; in
the east, the
kingdom of Chiang Mai, which had been under Burmese
rule since 1558,
successfully revolted in 1725, a Burmese army sent to
recapture the
breakaway region was driven out, in the northwest,
Manipuri horsemen
began raids into Burmese territory, easily evading the
Burmese forces
sent to drive them out; married 1stly, Chief Queen
Thiri Maha Mingala
Dewi, married 2ndly, Queen Thiri Dewi, married 3rdly,
Queen Sanda Dewi,
and had issue. He died 12th December 1733, and was
buried the next day
in Inwa Palace.
- King Mahadhammaraza Dipadi (by Thiri Maha Mingala
Dewi)
(qv)
- Prince Thado Minkhaung, Viceroy of Prome upto its
fall to
the Mons in 1745.
- King MAHADAMMAYAZA
DIPATI
[Mahadhammaraja Dibati], 15th King of Burma
[23.11.1733] - [23.3.1752],
Crown Prince of Burma [6.5.1727] - [23.11.1733]; born
in July 1714 in
Ava, he was selected by a group of nobles in
preference to older
Princes after his fathers death in 1733; he was
granted Singu in fief
when younger; his inexperience hastened the long
standing decline of
the Tungoo Dynasty's hold over the Kingdom of Burma;
his troubles
started immediately with an invasion of Burmese
territory by the forces
of the Raja of Manipur, they were repulsed but
returned in 1735 and
again repulsed; later a Burmese Governor rebelled and
proclaimed
himself King of Pegu in 1740, but the Mon people
rioted and killed the
new king as well as some Burmese officials in Pegu;
the King then
ordered a massacre of the Mons at Pegu, the Gwe Shans
took this
opportunity to stage their own rebellion, and with the
support of the
Mons they took Pegu later that same year (1740), a
Shan monk was
proclaimed King of Pegu and under the order of the
Mons, tried to
capture Ava and Prome, but failed, though they
captured Tungoo itself;
Prome eventually fell to the Mons in 1745 but they
again failed in
their attempt on Ava; a stalemate ensued until 1751,
until the Shan
Crown Prince of Pegu, led Mon and Shan armies against
Sagaing and Ava,
finally falling to the Mons in 1752; the King was
taken as captive to
Pegu where he was executed two years later due to a
suspected
rebellion; married and had issue. He was executed on
13th October 1754
near Pegu.
No comments:
Post a Comment