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Sunday, September 22, 2013

Burma (Kingdom)

BURMA (Kingdom)

  

MYINSAING KINGDOM: Myinsaing Dynasty

SHORT HISTORY: The Kingdom was founded on 17th December 1297, by three brothers of Shan and Burman descent, and was one of many petty kingdoms that emerged following the collapse of the Pagan Empire in 1287. The three brothers, Athinhkaya, Yazathingyan and Thihathu, former Pagan military commanders, gained control of the important Kyaukse granary in the early 1290s, and in December 1297, they formalized their rule of central Burma by forcing the nominal king of Pagan, who had become a Mongol vassal, to abdicate the throne, and they ruled as co-regents from their respective palaces in Myinsaing, Mekkara and Pinle. They successfully fought off another (and last) invasion by the Mongols in 1301 who sought to restore Kyawswa to his share of the Kingdom. After the Mongols also vacated their Upper Burma base of Tagaung in 1303, all of central Burma came under their rule, and when Thihathu became the sole ruler on 13th April 1310, he eventually transferred his capital to Pinya in 1313 and ruled from there. Their grab of power marked the ascent of Shan power in Burmese history.
  • Sao Theinkhabo, he was the younger brother of a Shan Saopha from the Shan Hills who had taken shelter in Kyaukse as a political refugee in 1260; married a daughter of a Burman banker from Myinsaing, and had issue, three sons and one daughter.
    • Prince Athinhkaya, Viceroy of Myinsaing [19.2.1293] - [17.12.1297] and Co-Regent of Myinsaing [17.12.1297] - [13.4.1310], born about 1261 in Myinsaing, the eldest of three brothers, he was a co-founder of Myinsaing Kingdom in today's central Burma, he and his brothers ruled as co-regents from their respective capitals in Kyaukse district, all three entered King Narathihapate 's service in the waning days of Pagan and after a few years, they received minor titles of nobility and were appointed joint commanders of the garrison at Myinsaing, their hometown; after the fall of Pagan in 1287, they gained control of central Burma so that by February 1293, they were formally recognized by the king as lords of Kyaukse; in 1298, they forced the nominal king of Pagan, Kyawswa, to abdicate the throne, and they ruled as co-regents from their respective palaces in Myinsaing, Mekkara and Pinle; they successfully fought off another (and final) invasion by the Mongols in 1301 who sought to restore Kyawswa; after the Mongols also vacated their Upper Burma base of Tagaung in 1303, all of central Burma came under their rule; he was killed by poisoning by his ambitious youngest brother, Thihathu, on 13th April 1310 in Myinsaing.
    • Prince Yazathingyan, Viceroy of Mekkara [19.2.1293] - [17.12.1297] and Co-Regent of Myinsaing from 17th December 1297 to 1302, born about 1263 in Myinsaing in 1287, he led a force to occupy Lower Burma but they were repulsed by the Mon forces led by Wareru and Tarabya, he died of natural causes in 1302 at Mekkara.
    • King Thihathu (qv)
    • Princess (name unknown), married Prince Thihathu of Pagan (see above), and had issue.

PINYA KINGDOM: Myinsaing Dynasty


SHORT HISTORY: The Kingdom was a continuation of the Myinsaing Kingdom founded in 1297 by three Shan brothers, with Thithau being the sole surviving brother when he consolidated his Kingdom at Pinle on 13th April 1310, the capital was moved to Pinya in Central Burma on 11th February 1313, his son was passed over for the succession and in June 1315, he established his own kingdom at Sagaing across the river, thereafter the two rival kingdoms were engaged in sporadic warfare against each other, but neither side could gain upper hand as they were more concerned about Shan raids from the north, which intensified in the late 1350s; both kingdoms fell in 1364.

  1. King THIHATHU Tasishin, Viceroy of Pinle [19.2.1293] - [17.12.1297], Co-Regent of Myinsaing [17.12.1297] - [13.4.1310] and 1st King of Pinya [13.4.1310] - [xx.2.1325], born 1265, his career is the same as that of his two older brothers until 1310, when he became King of central Burma; he moved his capital to Pinya in February 1313; the appointment of his adopted son as Crown Prince, alienated his eldest son who set up a rival Kingdom at Sagaing (see below); married (amongst others), Queen Yadanabon, daughter of Shan village head of Linyin, married (b), Queen Mi Saw U, daughter of King Narathihapate of Pagan, and had issue as well as adoptive issue. He died in February 1325.
    • King Sawyun (by Yadanabon), 1st King of Sagaing (see below)
    • King Kyawswa I (by Mi Saw U) (qv)
    • Prince Nawrahta
    • Princess Saw Pale
    • (A) King Uzana I (qv)

  2. King UZANA I, 2nd King of Pinya [xx.2.1325] - [1.9.1340], born in June 1298, Crown Prince of Pinya 1315/1325, son of Prince Kyawswa of Pagan, and his wife, Princess Mi Saw U, he was chosen as Heir in preference to his adoptive and step fathers own sons; he was essentially a nominal king of a kingdom dominated by ethnic Shan ministers of the court, growing tired of this state of affairs he abdicated in 1340 and became a hermit. He died in late 1356 or early 1357.

  3. King KYAWSWA I Ngarsishin, 3rd King of Pinya 1343/1350, born 1300, Crown Prince of Pinya 1324/1343; he unsuccessfully tried to reunite central Burma by making sporadic warfare against the rival Sagaing Kingdom; married 1stly, Atula Sanda Dewi, married 2ndly, Atula Maha Dhamma Dewi, and had issue. He died 1350.
    • King Kyawswa II (qv)
    • King Uzana II (qv)
    • King Narathu (qv)

  4. King KYAWSWA II Laysishin [Kyawswange], 4th King of Pinya 1350/1359

  5. King WARATHU [Narathu], 5th King of Pinya 1359/1364, born 1333, he allied himself with the Saopha of Mogaung against Sagaing, while they attacked Sagaing successfully, the Pinya forces watched on from a safe distance across the river, the betrayed Shan forces then sacked Pinya, Narathu was captured and brought back to Mogaung as prisoner; married Queen Saw Omma. He presumably died as a prisoner May 1364 in Mogaung.

  6. King UZANA II [Pyaung], 6th King of Pinya [xx.5.1364] - [xx.7.1364], born 1325, General Thadominbya overthrew his step-father, the King of Sagaing and proceeded to sack Pinya and there killed King Uzana; Thadominbya then founded the city of Ava, and with it, the Ava Kingdom (see below); married Queen Saw Omma (former wife of his brother). He died July 1364. 

SAGAING KINGDOM: Myinsaing Dynasty

SHORT HISTORY: This was a Kingdom founded in June 1315, which ruled a part of Central Burma until its collapse in May 1364 when the city of Sagaing was sacked by Shan raiders from Mogaung. It was the western half of the old Myinsaing Kingdom (see Pinya, above), which itself was one of many petty kingdoms that emerged after the fall of the Pagan Empire in 1287. King Thihathu of Myinsaing consolidated his control of central Burma in 1310, and moved his capital to Pinya in 1312, three years later, his eldest son Sawyun left for Sagaing, and took the western part of his father's kingdom, while Pinya still controlled central Burma east of the Irrawaddy river. After Sawyun's death in 1323, sporadic fighting with Pinya gave way to increasing Shan raids from the North, intensifying by the late 1350's. In the early 1360s, Thadominbya was  appointed governor of Tagaung at the Shan border in the north to deal with the Shan problem, but in 1364, Mogaung in alliance with Pinya Kingdom, attacked Sagaing's territories and overran Tagaung and Thadominbya only escaped with great difficulty, a little later in April, after the city of Sagaing was overrun by Mogaung forces, the people of Sagaing rallied around Thadominbya, who put Minbyauk to death and founded the Kingdom of Ava, which became the major kingdom of central Burma for the next 150 plus years.
  1. King SAWYUN, 1st King of Sagaing [16.5.1315] - [5.2.1327], born late 1299/early 1300 in Myinsaing, eldest son of King Thihathu of Pinya, and his wife, Queen Yadanabon, after his father appointed, Uzana, an adoptive son of his, as Crown Prince, Sawyun left Pinya and set up his own kingdom at Sagaing, he is remembered as a powerful, kindly and popular King; married and had issue. He died 5th February 1327.
    • Princess Saw Pale [Queen Soe Min Kodawgyi], married 1stly, Prince Thado Hsinhtin, supposedly of the lineage of the ancient kings of Tagaung, married 2ndly, King Minbyauk Thihapate of Sagaing, and had issue (see below).
      • King Thadominbya (by Thado Hsinhtin), 1st King of Ava (see below)
    • King Kyaswa (qv)
    • King Nawrahta Minye (qv)
    • King Tarabya II (qv)

  2. King TARABYA I [Tarabyagyi], 2nd King of Sagaing 1323/1336, born about 1298, son of Queen Yadanabon, and her first husband, possibly a Shan Prince, he succeeded his maternal half-brother in May 1323; married and had issue. He was killed February 1340 by Chief Minister Nandapangyan while still being held captive, shortly after his son was killed in the same manner.
    • King Shwetaungtet (qv)

  3. King SHWETAUNGTET, 3rd King of Sagaing 1336/1340, born 1312, he seized the Sagaing throne by arresting his father and keeping him imprisoned, three years later, he himself was killed by his Chief Minister, Nandapangyan, who wanted to place Kyaswa, the middle son of Sawyun, the founder of the kingdom, on the throne, he was killed February 1340.

  4. King KYASWA, 4th King of Sagaing [xx.2.1340] - [xx.3.1350], born 1318, he came to the throne by killing Shwetaungtet in 1340, died March 1350.

  5. King NAWRAHTA MINYE, 5th King of Sagaing [xx.3.1350] - [xx.9.1350], born 1320, died September 1350.

  6. King TARABYA II [Tarabyange], 6th King of Sagaing [xx.9.1350] - [23.2.1353], born 1321, died 23rd February 1353.

  7. King MINBYAUK THIHAPATE, 7th and last King of Sagaing [23.2.1353] - [xx.4.1364], born about March 1310 (#1), although he was a Shan chief himself, the last five years of his reign 1359/1364 were beset by repeated Shan raids from the north, principally from the Shan princely state of Mogaung; in the early 1360s, he appointed his stepson Thadominbya (Sawyun's grandson) as Governor of Tagaung at the border of the Shan realm in order to stop the Shan raids, in 1364, Mogaung in alliance with Sagaing's cross-river rival Pinya Kingdom attacked Sagaing's territories and overran Tagaung, Thadominbya escaped with great difficulty, but was to prison for his failure to defend Tagaung; Mogaung forces overran Sagaing later that year, causing the King to flee, when order was restored, the people of Sagaing rallied around Thadominbya, who put Minbyauk to death; married Queen Soe Min Kodawgyi, daughter of King Sawyun of Sagaing (see above). He was killed in April 1364 at Sagaing.

PROME KINGDOM: Mohnyin Dynasty

SHORT HISTORY:
  1. King THADO MINSAW, 1st King of Prome 1482/1527, son of King Narapati of Ava (see below), Governor of Tharrawaddy to 1482 when he proclaimed independence from Ava in 1482; the King of Ava sent an army against Prome but it was unsuccessful and retreated, rebellions in Ava occupied for nearly two decades leaving Prome with territories up to Tharrawaddy and Myede; after staying out of fighting Ava for a lengthy period, he forged an alliance in the 1520's with the Shan Confederation and together they attacked, defeated and looted Ava; married and had issue. He died in early 1527 in Prome.
    • King Bayin Htwe (qv)

  2. King BAYIN HTWE, 2nd King of Prome 1527/1533, he soon incurred the wrath of Sawlon, the leader of the Confederation of Shan States because he did not send sufficient help in their war against Ava, in 1533, Sawlon and his armies, which had conquered Ava in 1527, came down to Prome, and took Bayin Htwe as captive back to Upper Burma, on their way, Sawlon was assassinated by his ministers, and Bayin Htwe escaped, he returned to Prome where his son had proclaimed himself king with the title of Narapati, his son shut the gates against his father who soon afterwards died in the adjoining forests; married and had issue. He died 1533 in Prome.
    • King Narapati (qv)
    • King Minkhaung (qv)
    • Princess (name unknown), married King Min Bin of the Mrauk U Kingdom.

  3. King NARAPATI, 3rd King of Prome 1533/1539, he remained nominally a vassal of the Shan Confederation which controlled Ava; he became involved in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War 1535/1541 as he was an ally of King Takayutpi of Hanthawaddy and was married to his sister; when Tungoo troops attacked a heavily fortified Prome, Narapati asked for help from the Confederation in Ava who broke the siege; later he formed an alliance with the Mrauk U kingdom but died shortly afterwards, he died 1539 in Prome.

  4. King MINKHAUNG, 4th and last King of Prome 1539/1542, he expected another attack by Tungoo troops and reinforced his city of Prome and hired mercenaries as well, in late 1541, Tungoo troops again laid siege to Prome, but this time, Prome and its allies were defeated by General Bayinnaung, after a five months' siege, starvation set in and in May 1542, Minkhaung surrendered, he was and his Queen were taken to Tungoo, where he remained under house arrest until he was executed by Bayinnaung in 1553; married Queen Thiri Hponhtut (she married 2ndly, King Bayinnaung of Tungoo). He died in 1553 in Tungoo.

AVA KINGDOM:

SHORT HISTORY: Founded by General Thadominbya in 1364, with the fall of Sagaing in May and of Pinya in July of that year, Ava was the successor state to the petty kingdoms that had ruled central Burma since the collapse of Pagan Empire in 1287. In its first years of existence, Ava, which viewed itself as the rightful successor to the Pagan Empire, tried reassemble the former empire by waging constant wars against the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in the south, various Shan States in the north and east, and Arakan in the west. While it was able to pull Toungoo and peripheral Shan states (Kale, Mohnyin, Mogaung, Thibaw) into its fold at the peak of its power, it failed to reconquer the rest. The Forty Years' War (1385–1424) with Hanthawaddy left Ava exhausted. From the 1420s to early 1480s, Ava regularly faced rebellions in its vassal regions whenever a new Ava king came to power. In the 1480s and 1490s Prome in the south and Shan states in the north broke away, and Toungoo became as powerful as its nominal overlord Ava. In 1510, Toungoo also broke away. Ava was under intensified Shan raids for the first quarter of 16th century. In 1527, a confederation of Shan States led by the state of Mohnyin in alliance with Prome sacked Ava. The Shan confederation placed nominal kings on the Ava throne, and ruled much of Upper Burma. As Prome was in alliance with the Shans, only the tiny Toungoo in the southeastern corner east of the Bago Yoma mountain range remained as the last Burman holdout. The Shans' failure to snuff out Toungoo proved costly. Surrounded by hostile kingdoms, Toungoo took the initiative to consolidate its position, and defeated a much stronger Hanthawaddy in 1539. When Toungoo turned to Prome, the Shans belatedly sent in their armies. Toungoo took Prome in 1541 and Pagan, just below Ava in 1544. In March 1555, King Bayinnaung conquered Ava, ending the city's role as the capital of Upper Burma for nearly two centuries.
  1. King THADOMINBYA [Rahula Min], 1st King of Ava [xx.5.1364] - [xx.2.1368], born 27th August 1343 as Prince Rahula, son of Prince Thado Hsinhtin, and his wife, Princess Soe Min Kodawgyi, daughter of King Sawyun of Sagaing (see above); appointed Governor of Tagaung in the early 1360's; he was crowned at Pinya in September 1364 and on 26th February 1365 at Ava which he had founded and made his capital; he reunified central Burma in 1364 under a single kingdom and founded the Kingdom of Ava; he also reintroduced law and order, and tried to stamp out the corrupt Buddhist clergy; married Queen Saw Omma (former wife of King Narathu of Pinya and King Uzana II of Pinya), after the death of her husband, she tried to seize the throne with help of Nga Nu, a court official, but the new King drove them out of Sagaing, Nga Nu fled and Saw Omma became the property of the officer who captured her. He died sp of smallpox a few days before 5th September 1367.

    2. U NGANU, Usurper of Ava in 1368

  2. King MINKYI SWASAWKE, 2nd King of Ava [xx.2.1368] - [xx.1.1401], born 1331, (grand)son of Prince (Min) Shin Saw of Pagan (see above); appointed Governor of Amyin district, which included Yamethinby after the fall of Pinya and Sagaing; the end of his 33-year reign, he had successfully cemented Ava's rule in Upper Burma; he brought the Shan raiders under some control in the north, in the east, he maintained peaceful relations with the Lan Na Kingdom and with the Launggyet Kingdom of Arakan in the west; in the south Prome and Tungoo were kept in check, though attempts at subjugation of Kingdoms further south were unsuccessful; his predominantly peaceful reign brought much needed stability to Upper Burma; he redeveloped the economy of the kingdom by repairing the irrigation system, and reclaiming much of the arable land which had lapsed into wilderness as the result of the Mongol invasions nearly a century earlier; married (amongst others) (a), Lady Saw Omma, married (b), Lady Saw Teza (a commoner), married (c), (d), (e), three sisters of King Thadominbya, and had issue. He died January 1401.
    • King Tarabye (qv)
    • King Minkhaung I (by Saw Teza)
    • Prince Theiddat (by Saw Teza), born about 1374, Heir Presumptive of Ava [xx.9.1401] – [xx.2.1407] and Lord of Sagaing, he personally led an army to put down a major rebellion early in his brothers reign by Maha Pyaut the Lord of Yamethin; he was rewarded with the fief of Sagaing but after being overlooked as Heir Apparent he transferred his allegiance to the King of Hanthawaddy Pegu, who were involved in a long war with Ava; married about 1408, the sister of King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy, he was killed in 1409 in Pegu by King Razadarit.
    • Princess (name unknown), married about March 1406, King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy.

  3. King TARABYE [Thihathu], 3rd King of Ava [xx.1.1401] - [xx.8.1401], born 1368/1369, appointed Crown Prince during his father's reign; he was assassinated by his one-time tutor, Nga Nauk Hsan, the governor of Tagaung; married (amongst others), Queen Shin Bo Me (she married four more times), and had issue. He was assasinated in August 1401.
    • King Kale Kyetaungnyo (qv)

    U NGANAUKHSAN, Usurper of Ava in 1401, Governor of Tagaung.

  4. King MINHKAUNG I [Min Swe], 4th King of Ava [xx.8.1401] - [xx.2.1422], born 1373, Prince of Pyinsi; in the early years of his reign 1401–1406, he  faced not only a serious internal rebellion but also external raids from Shan States in the north and from Arakan in the west, and a full scale invasion by King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy from the south; by 1406, he had gained control of the situation, and was able to counter attack, he defeated the Shan State of Mohnyin in 1406, and fought with Hanthawaddy between 1404 and 1418, his son decisively defeated Hsenwi in 1413, the most powerful of the Shan states, and which had Chinese backing; in 1404, he captured the daughter of King Razadarit and she became his wife or concubine; married (a), 1389, Queen Shin Mi Nauk, Chief Queen of Ava 1401/1409, born about 1374 in Mohnyin, daughter of Saopha Hsongamhpa of the Shan state of Mohnyin, Princess of Pyinsi 1390/1401; she was captured by King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy in June 1409 and entered his harem, married (b), Queen Shin Bo Me (previously married to King Tarabye), Chief Queen of Ava from June 1409, and had issue. He died in February 1422.
    • Prince Minyekyawswa [Min Phyu] (by Shin Mi Nauk), born in September 1391, Crown Prince of Ava [xx.2.1407] - [13.3.1417], Governor of Prome 1416/1417 and Commander-in-Chief of Ava's military 1410/1417; he was a driven personality from an early age and led an army battalion at age 13, an army at 15, and the entire military of Ava at 19 almost always successfully, Ava's military success was mostly attributable to his inspired leadership; in December 1404, he fought off an invasion by Hanthawaddy, leading to a truce in 1406, late that same year he led an army into Arakan, defeated its army and forced the King of Arakan to flee to Bengal; in early 1409, his father marched south and reached the outskirts of Pegu's fortified walls, but King Razdarit held out until the rainy season arrived and managed to rout the Avan forces; his mother was captured and became the wife or concubine of King Razdarit; his father then handed control of the military to his son; in early 1412, he invaded Arakan, and ousted the Hanthawaddy-installed puppet king; an army from the Shan state of Hsenwi was defeated and the Saopha killed in single combat; he invaded the delta in full force in February 1414 and by 1415, he had conquered the entire delta in the west, and controlled up to the outskirts of Pegu in the east, King Razdarit fled, but his troops captured Minyekyawswa who had been wounded; married Princess Saw Minhla (married 2ndly, King Thihathu, see below), and had issue, died 13th March 1417.
      • Prince Minnge Kyawhtin, Governor of Pinle.
    • Princess Saw Pye Chantha (by Shin Mi Nauk), born 1393/1394, she was captured by King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy in or before June 1409 and entered his harem; married 1407, Prince Anawrahta, he was appointed King of Arakan in 1406, he was captured by King Razadarit about June 1409 and executed.
    • King Thihathu (by Shin Mi Nauk) (qv)

  5. King THIHATHU, 5th King of Ava [xx.2.1422] - [xx.8.1426], born 1395 in Ava, Governor of Prome 1416/1419, Crown Prince of Burma 1419/1422; while in his 20's he took part in various campaigns with his elder brother; he became Heir Apparent in 1419 after his brothers death and it was during his reign that the Forty Years' War (1385–1424) between Ava and Hanthawaddy Pegu kingdoms came to a formal close as a result of his direct mediation; Shan raids still continued, and in one raid by the Shan of Thibaw, he was killed; married (a), about 1417, Princess Saw Minhla, former wife of his elder brother, married (b) (div.), Min Hla Htut, took up the religious life after her divorce, married (c), about 1422, Chief Queen Shin Bo Me, previously married to his father, married (d), 1423/1424, Princess Shin Sawbu, born in March 1394, died 1472, Regent of Hanthawaddy 1453/1472, daughter of King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy, and his wife, Queen Thuddhamaya of Dala, and had issue. He was killed in an ambush engineered by Shin Bo Me and her lover, Prince (later King) Kale Kyetaungnyo, in August 1426.
    • Prince Minye Aung Naing
    • Princess Pyagaung
    • King Minhlange (by Saw Minhla) (qv)
    • Princess Saw Pye Chantha
    • Prince Thiri Zeya Thura of Taungdwin 
    • Princess Shwe Pyi Shin Me

  6. King MINHLANGE, 6th King of Ava [xx.8.1426] - [xx.11.1426], born 1418, poisoned to death by Shin Bo Me in November 1426.

  7. King KALE KYETAUNGNYO [Prince Maung Nyo], 7th King of Ava [xx.11.1426] - [xx.6.1427], born 1386, Crown Prince of Burma in 1401, originally the Saopha of Kale 1401/1426 in the Upper Chindwin region, before being crowned King of Ava in December 1426; married (a), a daughter of Saopha Min Kye of Kale, a minor Shan State, married (b), 1426, Queen Shin Bo Me. He died June 1427.

  8. King MOHNYINTHADO [Prince Myo Hla][Mohnyin Mintaya], 8th King of Ava [xx.6.1427] - [xx.2.1440] and Saopha of Mohnyin 1410/1427, born 1390/1391 as Myo Hla (or Min Nansi) to a minor nobility family that attended King Swasawke's court, he came to power after overthrowing King Kale Kyetaungnyo and his queen Shin Bo Me in 1427; he encountered difficulty in suppressing a rebellion by Tungoo in 1427 and 1437, married 1stly, 1410, Lady Shin Mi Myat, daughter of Thihapate, Lord of Taungdwin, married (a), 1427, Queen Shin Bo Me, married (b), Queen Shin Sawbu (previously a wife of Thihathu of Ava and the Lord of Pagan), elder sister of King Binnya Ram I of Hanthawaddy, died after 1430 in Pegu, and had issue. He died in February 1440.
    • King Minyekyawswa (qv)
    • King Narapati I [Thihathu] (qv)

  9. King MINYEKYAWSWA, 9th King of Ava [xx.2.1440] - [xx.1.1443], born 1411/1412, Crown Prince of Burma [xx.5.1427] - [xx.2.1440], he spent all of his 3-year reign asserting his rule over his kingdom, and defending it against raids by the Shan State of Mogaung; he recovered Tungoo in 1442, which had successfully revolted during his father's rule in 1437; married and had issue. He died January 1443 in Ava.
    • Princess (name unknown), married Prince Thihapate, he was offered the throne in January 1443, but declined as he was not a blood relative of the late king; he captured Mogaung the capital of the Shan State of Mogaung in 1443; later he was appointed Saopha of Mohnyin, died 1450, and had issue.
      • (Prince) Min U Ti

  10. King NARAPATI I, 10th King of Ava [xx.1.1443] - [xx.7.1469], born 1413, Crown Prince of Burma [xx.2.1440] - [xx.1.1443], Governor of Prome 1429/1443; in the early years of his reign, he was forced to deal with raids from the Shan State of Mogaung as well as the Ming Chinese intrusions in 1444 to 1446, he was able to maintain Ava's control of northern Shan States of Kale and Mohnyin, and gained the allegiance of Hsipaw; he had to deal with with Tungoo which was in revolt between 1451 and 1458, and survived an assasination attempt by a grandson in June 1468; married and had issue. He died in July 1469 in Prome.
    • King Thihathura (qv)
    • Prince Mingyi Swa, Viceroy of Prome, died 1482.
    • King Thado Minsaw, Viceroy of Tharawaddy and 1st King of Prome (see above)
    • Princess (name unknown) of Sagaing, married and had issue.
      • Princess (name unknown), married 1470, her cousin, the son of King Thihathura.

  11. King THIHATHURA, 11th King of Ava [xx.7.1469] - [xx.9.1481], born 1431, Crown Prince of Burma [xx.1.1443] - [xx.7.1469], he was the last king of Ava who was able to control the kingdom in its entirety; soon after his succession he was called on to put down a rebellion in Tungoo in 1470 and an insurrection by his brother, Prome Min; later in 1475, he gained submission of the eastern Shan state of Yawnghwe, and quelled a potential rebellion in the northern Shan states of Mohnyin and Mogaung in late 1476; married and had issue. He died September 1481.
    • King Minkhaung II (qv)
    • Prince (name unknown), he attempted to assasinate his grandfather by stabbing him, but was forgiven by his father; he was granted the towns of Sakut, Salin, Baunglin, Legaing, Myo-htit, Taungta, Mindon, Thayet, Myede, Kanyin, and Myaung; he married 1470, his cousin, the daughter of the Princess of Sagaing, eldest daughter of King Narapati I (qv)
    • Prince Minyekyawswa, Governor of Yamethin, he rebelled against his brother after their fathers death. He died in August 1501.

  12. King MINHKAUNG II [Reign name: Thirithuddhamma Raza], 12th King of Ava [xx.9.1481] - [xx.4.1502], born September 1448, Crown Prince of Burma as Dabayin Min [xx.7.1469] –  [xx.9.1481]; his younger brothers rebelled against him after the death of their father; he ordered Sithu Kyawhtin, the former general and viceroy of Tungoo, to attack Yamethin, from the south, while he marched from the north, but the offensive was unsuccessful and General Sithu Kyawhtin died in battle, after which, King Minkhaung called off the attack at the end of a two-month-long siege; in 1482, his uncle declared himself independent in Prome and remained secure against the King's army; in the same year the Shan states of Mohnyin and Momeik broke away and by the 1490's, Kale, and Mogaung also escaped Ava's control; married and had issue. He died April 1502.
    • Prince Maha Thihathura II, born 1474/1475, Crown Prince of Burma 1481/1487; Co-Regent of Ava 1487/1502, he helped his father put down numerous rebellions towards the latter part of his reign, died March 1502.
    • King Shwenankyawshin (qv)

  13. King SHWENANKYAWSHIN [Narapati II], 13th and last sovereign King of Ava [xx.4.1502] - [xx.4.1527], born 1477, Crown Prince of Burma [xx.3.1502] - [xx.4.1502], Ava was subjected to a barrage of attacks by a confederation of Shan States and their ally, Prome, losing much territory in the process, an attempt by Narapati to form an alliance with Tungoo failed, and further attacks in 1524 and 1527, resulted in the death of Narapati on the battlefield and the appointment of a Shan Prince as the King of Ava; married and had issue. He died in April 1527.
    • Princess Sandadewi

  14. King THOHANBWA, 14th King of Ava [xx.4.1527] - [xx.4.1543], born 1506 as Sao Hung Pha, son of Saopha Sawlon of Mohnyin, he was appointed King of Ava by his father after the sack and fall of Ava in April 1527, his inaction enabled Tungoo to gather strength and to defeat the Hanthawaddy Kingdom after a five year war, and then to finally to turn on Prome and eliminate its sovereignty, retaliation by Thohanbwa was late and ineffectual, the Shan troops being decisively defeated outside Prome by General Bayinnaung; after the defeat a court purge saw the murder of Thohanbwa by his Chief Minister, died April 1543 in Ava.

  15. King HKONMAING, 15th King of Ava 1543/1546 and Saopha of Hsipaw 151x/1546, born 1498, he was offered the throne after the assasination of Thohanbwa in April 1543, an attempt in 1544 to reclaim Prome failed, further territory was lost to Tungoo before his death in 1546; married and had issue. He died 1546 in Ava.
    • King Mobya Narapati (qv)

  16. King MOBYE [Narapati III], 16th King of Ava 1546/1552 and Saopha of the Shan state of Mong Pai (Mobye in present day northern Kayah State), which was a tributary state of Hsipaw (Thibaw) 15xx/1543, born 1516, his ascension to the Ava throne was actively opposed by the Shan state of Mohnyin, who withdrew their support, greatly reducing Narapatis power and ability to rule; in 1551, Sithu Kyawhtin, a son of the Saopha of Mohnyin, raised a rebellion, he occupied Sagaing, across the river from Ava, and began an assault on Ava, the following year, Narapati fled south to the Tungoo Kingdom where he may have died at an unknown date after February 1552.

  17. King SITHU KYAWHTIN [Sagaing Narapati IV], 17th King of Ava [xx.2.1552] - [xx.3.1555], Lord of Salin, born 1496 in Mohnyin, younger son of Saopha Sawlon of Mohnyin; in late 1551, he openly rebelled against the King, forcing Mobye Narapati to flee Ava in February 1552; realizing that Bayinnaung of Tungoo was going to attack Ava, he convinced the Shan confederation to present an united front, a large army was raised in 1553 and was stationed at Pagan, the border between the two kingdoms, late the next year the attack came with the Tungoo forces eventually taking Ava in March 1555, Sithu Kyawhtin was taken prisoner and was sent to Pegu, where he was treated with honour; in 1564 while Bayinnaung was fighting in Siam, Sithu Kyawhtin put down a rebellion for which he was generously rewarded. He died in Pegu after 1564.

1. He was born between 14 February 1310 and 25 April 1310, according to the Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832) (in Burmese) by Hmannan Yazawin, 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar. Vol. 1: pp.392–394


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