ꨅုိဝ္ꨳတꨯး - သꨤမ္꨷သယꨤမ္꨷သွ်မ္း

qkdof;wh: - OmrfJObmrfJoQrf;

rpKrkif.(rldif:aq<)

* wh: - yAefqkdof;ulef:wh:Mif.ckdef:qkdof; ulef:cldof:wh:

* Omrf + OArf + Obmrf + Omrf: yAefqkdof;tefulef:wmif,cldof:cof Mif.qkdof;wlef:cldof:wh:

    ulef:xh:(wh:rldif:xh:)auK; bmrf;wmif,qkdof;rldif:sv; Mif.qkdof;qldof.cldof:cofoK;  Obmrf (Siam)ehrK:? awK,pmef.eh. e[:rldif:xh:rmif,wD;wD;bif:q[.qkdof;Obmrf - ehbl,/

    ulef:wh:vlif(wh:rldif:wh: - e[:rmef;)auK; bif:q[.qkdof;qldof.cldof:sv; rldif:qgrf:rmef;oK;-

    (Shan)eh rK;awK,xkdifbmrf:eh./ rmef;tguf,OAif(ef)ezSwf:aOwK. bif:wSrf;wlof(rf) rzSwf:aO xdif:oh.OAifsr;iof;ref:bl,/

    cldof:ulef:qldof:tef Mif.qkdof;cldof:wh:oK;-Obmrfeef. vh;pefrD:vhmcldof:sv; tguf,OAifySuf, yldif;uef yAefvhmvhmOAifbl, qldif.eif,J

(1)sc,umif tguf,OAif - Omef.+OAef<? sc,uGmif;wGif; tguf,OAif - Odrf,(tism)? sc,sw.qdof tguf,OAif - OArf,sv; sc,apK; rldif:bkefemef tguf,OAif - Omrf,

(2)ydof,sv;rgef: tguf,OAif - OArf<+Odrf:

(3)cgrfsv;crdef tguf,OAif - OArf<+OBArf<

(4)qmrfyK(bl,e[:oSwf.emrf:umif)tguf,OAif - OArf<+ObArf<

(5)rvK,bl.(rav:)tguf,OAif - OArf<

(6)wh:tKNrf tguf,OAif - Omrf:+Omrf,

(7)cmif tguf,OAif - Omrf<+Omrf:

(8)o sv; v (e[:bkefemef)tguf,OAif - OArf:(e[:rldif:wh:)OAef:

(9)crl. tguf,OAif - Obmrf:

(10)yvgif; tguf,OAif - Odtmrf<(Shiam)

(11)'Iif,OAwf; tguf,OAif - OdtSrf:(Siem)

(12)tif:udwf:Of tguf,OAif - (Siam)sv; qgrf:rmef;oK; - (Shan)

(13)rmef; tguf,OAif - OSmef:(wSrf; rf-zSwf:)

    cldof:ulef:qldof:oK;rK:eh. urf;yK;erf q[.wlofO(S)? qldof:q[. OS(Sh)rD:at,/ q[.OAifsr; uyf:tK,+at rD:erf? OAif td-rD:at,sv; q[.OAif rf-zSwf:erfaO qldof:q[.OAif ef-zSwf: sw.sw. vh;pefqldif.eh/

    OAiftefxkuf,rSef;ref:eh. vmrf:cmfw;vh;oK; - Omrf<+Omrf? OArf<+OArf – ehbl,/ (Obmrf-eh. rD:ulef:xh:ugh:bl,bof.)

    (wD;rK:sv; wD;ygif,uGmrf: Omrf+OArf+Obmrf+Omrf:)

    e[:zkdefrhmydkef: qof;ogif.sc,rkif,ulof: cldof:Ndef:blef(rldof;yDcIdwf.Of 1253-1333)wSrf;oh. oK;-Omrf. trf,eefOmef.eh. yAefuGmrf:wh:rldif:bkefemef(emef.qof;)? ygif,oK;-zkuf,Ogrf;? umef zkuf,Ogrf;;/ ulef:arKumefzkuf,Ogrf;auK; Mif.oK; - Orf:? ulef:Orf:/ e[:ygwf:wluf:rldif:bkef emefeef. bif:rD:qkdof;omef;oK; - omef;Orf: ehbl,wif:erf/ ohm:eef. rK:vhmvhmpAifyDqif, bAef:yAefrK: - Omrf+OArf+Obmrfeh/

    e[:rldif:vmof: bif:rD:qkdof;rldif:oK; - rldif:Orf:eldofsv; rldif:Orf:wh;(w[;)? rldof;rguf;yDcIdwf. Of 1307 eef. ulef:oSwf.emrf: bif:wkduf.Mif. rldif:vmof:oK; - Orf:qof;(rldif:Orf:)ehbl,/ wD;vdefbrf:? erf.aOK.sO.sv; yAefwD;zkuf,Ogrf;vDeef. ulef:vmof:cof Mif.oK; - vdef Orf:oK;eh/

    bgwf.Of-Ofugwf. wSrf;oh.e[: Upper Burma and Shan State rldof;yDcIdwf.Of 1357 eef. oK;-Omrf+Obmrf+Omrf: vSyf;awvkuf.rK: wD;uGmrf:ulef:ayK,wl,uD, trf,eef ulef:tD,wvD,-Od tmrf:(Sciam)sv; Obmrf(Saya'm)qldof:bl,e[:ukefrvK,bl./ ygif,oK;-ODvldif+ODcrf:(vSyf;aw oK;-ulef:ODeldof.vldif)eheef.bl,/

    zl;wmifwlof'Iif,OAwf;(qkdof;-wldof,vK<vl<sy<If)tefwmifwlofckefapKcrf:vknf.Ofwlef xlef;-14rK:xkdif rldif:tbkwf.xbK:(xh:)rldof;yDcIdwf.Of 1686-1688 eef. ref;wSrf;oh.oK;- Obmrf(OArf<-Siam)eh. trf,ayK:N.quf:ueferf? yAefuGmrf:ulef:ayK,wl,uD,cof e[:rldif:tdef,wd bq[.wkdof:uefugh:? cofq[.Mif.qkdof;qldof.cldof:ulef:(ulef:wh:tNrfpkdof trf,N.vh;`)trf,q[;qkdof;omef; qkdof;rldif:? ulef:'Iif,OAwf;tguf,OAif-Obmrf oK;OD;bgif:(Sions)? OAifulef:vK.wdef,yAef-Od tlof:se:(Siones)oK;eh/

    Obmrf(OArf<)ayK:yAefuGmrf: ulef:cldof:uOkdof (e[:Ohmqldof.cldof:rgef:-crAef) ygif,oK;-qof;? ckefsv;yl,rgef,wldef:cldof:eh/ ayK:yAefuGmrf:ulef:qmof:cldof:qmrf(qmof:qmrfyK-e[:oSwf.emrf:umif)Orf. ygif,oK;-vDrBmwf;? vDimrf:/

    ulef:yhm:ydkef:(qmof:xh:)vkif:rIoOkrlef:qmwf; Oowf.wD:ukef:wSrf;oK; - Obmrf(OArf<) vSyf;awrK:wD; qkdof;qof;ckefapKcrf: Odel.vlofzl;auK,wif;rldif:emef.qof; rldof;yDcIdwf.Of 650 eef. qldif.eif,-Odel.vlof+Odefvlof+Odef.vlof.+OAef<+OArf<(Obmrf)eheef.bl,ehbof./

    rmifqof;Orf. tguf,uGmrf:pefoK; - Obmrf+OSmrf: yAefuGmrf:yK,vdekdif; Ouf.uw(Oef.O uIdwf;)vkuf.wD; OK,rD,+OK,r-rK:ehaO yhmpAwf:oduAof,oK;- omrdó&d,b0H ua&mwDwd omrd ? omrD-OK,rD,tefoK;eh.? £ó&d,b0H-vgif;yAefqof;zgif:irf:eef.? ua&mwd-qmif;pAwf: bof.? £wdwo®m-bgef.eefsv;? omrD-qif,vh;qkdof;OK,rD,+OK,r+Omrf+Omrf: bof.eh/ qldif.eif, ulef:yhm:ykdef:(qof;'Iif,OAwf;)vkif:at:rlof:ae:If wSrf;oh.e[:yyf. Le Siam Ancien eef.auK;oK;-Obmrf+Omrf: rK:wD;uGmrf:Oef,OuIwf;OfbK,r(Sya'ma)eh/

    rkefqof;qmof:blef:(rldif:uAif:rh,)qof;Iwyef,nK,wSrf;ykdef:zhmyK,vdqkdof;oK;-qdeuK,vrK, vD,yugef:(rldof;yDcIdwf.Of 1516)eef. wSrf;qkdof;rldif:xh:ObmrfoK;-OK,raw,Osv; ObK,r aw,O/ xkdifrK:ymef tbkzxbK: rkuf.qkrf:OK,OeK,ykwf.x vh;Olifrkefqof;xh: qof;tkyK, vd tgefNofqkrf:Oif,cK,xh: tguf,rldof:wif;OK,OeK,yhm:Obmrf wD;rldif:OD,Idvif,uK,(OD,Nof,)rldof;yD cIdwf.Of 1752 eef.auK; e[:vduf;tefwSrf;ql:uef Oif,cK,rldif:xh:eef. vh;q[.vduf;yK,vd Mif.qkdof;rldif:xh:oK;-OK,rsv; ObK,rehrK: awK,ymefeh.? qmof:tif:udwf:Of sw,Mif.qkdof;wh: qgrf:rmef;oK;-(Shan)rK: rldof;yDcIdwf.Of 1791 ugh:uK; trf,ayK:erf? rK:q[.erfrldof;ohm:Okduf: tif: udwf:Ofsv; rmef;rguf;yDcIdwf.Of 1857/ qmof:'Iif,OAwf; sw,Mif.ulef:wh:e[:rldif:rmef;oK;- OArf:(Sciam)sv; ulef:xh:oK;-Obmrf(Sciam)rgguf;yDcIdwf.Of 1833 ehbl,/ Orf.e[:OK,OeK, rif:qSef,rmefrkefqof;rmef: qof;ydef,nK,OK,rd wSrf;rldof;yD;cIdwf.Of 1862 auK; wSrf;oh.qkdof; rldif:xh:oK;-OdbK,r(od,mr)vh;pefqldif.eh/

    e[:tzdxmef,uGmrf:xh:(yDykwf.x 2530)rD:oK;-Omrf+OK,r+ObK,r(emrf,)ygif,oK;-ODvrf? ODcif;/ OArf(emrf,)ygif,oK;-acKOArf? ulef:wh:? rldif:wh:/ Obmrf+ObK,r(emrf,)ygif,oK;-rldif:wh:? yAefcgifrldif:wh:eh/ Orf.e[:tzdxmef, yK,vd_xh:_tif:udwf:Ofsv; Oef,OuIdwf;(zhmxh:)rD:oK;  -OK,rD+OgK,rdef,(emrf,)ygif,oK;-qof;zof? qof;ckef? ulef:ruf;rD:? zl;yAefb[,? Husband, Master Owner, Lord ehaO e[:tzdxmef,yK,vd+rmef;(tl:Nwf:qAif,wSrf;)eef.auK; vh;pefoK;-OK,r (1)-ODvrfrgh:? ODvldifcrf:/ OK,r(2)-vgif;uwf:bAefpdef.egef:sv; omrD(oGmrdef)-qof;zlof? ulef:rmuf;rD:? qof;ckef? zl;tkyf.ydlif,zgif:irf:qldif.eh/

Omuf;aOyhm:ydkef:

tefuAof,vlnf;acK;uGmrf:

Omrf+OArf<+Obmrfsv; Omrf:

    ulef:yhm:ydkef:qmof:xh: vkif:qdwf.zl,rdOuf:vmwf;rK:acK;uGmrf:-Omrf+OArf<+Obmrfsv;Omrf: e[:Oofpdefrgef:(rGefausmufpm)trf,vh;pefrSef;/ pefe[:Odyf:qmwf;vlif ydkef:TzK:qof;ykwf. x qmwf;qof;Okoef,eOK,e(Okoef:eaObmrf)eef. tgefwmif:yldef;Okwf:/

    eguf;eef. vh;pefe[:ykdef:sc,qof.aO ykdef:wmif,cldof:cof/ e[:ykdef:qof;ogif.sc, cldof: Ndef:pef.ygwf:oef:tguf, rldof;yDcIdwf.Of 25-220 eef. wSrf;oh.oK;-ygwf:qAif,qmef:oef:wluf: (rldif:sc,)rD:rldif:ulef:Omef.(Omef.yl.-rldif:wh:)qkdof;oK;rldif:tSofxSif(rldif:wkdif:acK e[:rldif:rmof:bmrf: vAof)cofeh./ xkdifrK:yDcIdwf.Of 857 ulef:sc, tguf,OAifoK;-xmef? xkdifyD 863 Orf.tguf,OAif -Omef,/ e[:ymefqof;ogif.sc, cldof:Ndef:blef(rkef,ulof:)rldof;yD 1315 Orf. tefoK;xmef,/ e[: tzdxmef,sc, ymefwD,rlofcaI,OD,(yD 1947)tguf,OAifoK;-OAef.(Shien)aO xkdifrK:ymefsc, cgrf,rdofedwf.Of bmrf:vAof(1956)wSrf;oh. e[:tzdxmef,oK;-Omef.(Shan)ehckdef:/ OAifsc,umif tguf,oK;-Omef.+xmef+Omef,+xmef,sv; OAef.+OAef,? sc,uGmif;wkif;? sc,sw.qdofsv; sc, apK;e[:bkefemef tguf,OAifoK;-Odrf,+OArf,sv; Omrf,ehbl,/

    awK,eef.rK: vh;pefe[:Oofpdef(zhmOK,OeK,)wD;rldif:eugef:vlif e[:tK,eK,qmuf; qAef<v(rldif:qmof:cgrf)rldof;yDcIdwf.Of 639 ymefckefcgrf ao;zooIref,-2 eef. vh;pef qkdof;ulef:vl,wmef:auK.ekdif; qkdof:vkif:okef:Obmrf(vkif:rkefwh:)/ e[:Oofpdefqmof:qmrfyK rldof;yD 1050 wSrf;yK:qmof:ulef:Obmrf(tguf,OAAefSi-am)ygif,oK;-vDimrf:? ckdef;b[,/ zkdefrhykdef:qmof:cgrf wSrf;oK;-rdlof;yD 1027 eef. rD:wyf.Okduf: qmof:Obmrf Nrf;uefwif;wyf. Odkuf:qmof:crAefaO cof;wkduf:tof rldif:qmrfyKoK;eh/ (qmof:qmrfyKvh;bAef;yAef qmof:uSofoSwf.emrf:rlwf:bof.)

    vkif:wldof,vK<vl<sy<If qmof:'Iif,OAwf;wSrf;oK;-OArf;(Obmrf)yAefugmrf:rgef:? ulef:rgef: Mif.ulef:wh:oK;-OArf</ ygif,oK;-vgwf;vSof:/ rldefuGmrf:'Iif,OAwf;oK;-'Mif:Of(France)/ qmof: rmef;wkduf:sy. qmof:rgef:(rldif:Oxlif,)rldof;yD 1050 sv; tof'dif;sv;rgef:rK: q[.wkdof:pkdifxkdif (100)yDyhm/ ugyf;ehsv;-OArf<+Obmrf+Omrf:(wSrf; rf-zSwf:aOwK. tguf,OAif ef-zSwf:? ugyf;rmef;trf,rD:OAif rf-zSwf: qif,tofOSmrf:yAefOSmef:)ehbof./

    wD;zKOif. eugef:owf.(Angor-Wat)eh:rldif:crAef(urf,yl:cBK:)tefauK,Omif;rldof;ymefckef crAef qof;TOD,Ol,IboIref,-2 rldof;yD 1112 vh;wSrf;oh. pmif;wyf.Okduf:(pmif;ykefcGuf:zkuf. Basreliez)yAefpmif;wyf.Odkuf: qmof:crAeftguf,Okduf:/ wyf.erf:eK; yAefwyf.bdyf:umif,(ulifx el:)/ bof.erf:eK; yAefwyf.bdyf:umif,eef.oK;-ae. Ob> ukuf.(eh. wyf.Okduf:qmof:Obmrf rldif:pdrf:erf.uluf:)eh/ Ob>-e[:wD;eh;vkif:aOwAwf.Of(G.coede's)qmof:clef.cGK. 'Iif,OAwf, tguf,OAifoK;-OArf<+OBArf</ tmif;oK;yAefOAifsw. qmof:crAefehbl,/

    e[:rldif:rmef; wD;Oofpdef rldif:yl:urf,(wh:Mif.rldif:egifumof)tefqof.aOyldef;(wSrf;rldof;yD 1120)eef. vh;pefyK:qkdof; Obmrf(oQrf;)rD:xkdif 20-wD;? qldif.eif,-qmif;uK;qmof:OSmrf:? qmif;awK:zK:qmof:OSmrf:sv; qmif;vAuf:qmof:OSmrf:qArfqldofeh. ulef:qmof:OSmrf:qldof:yK;eh. ulef: yhm:ykdef:qmof:tif:udwf:Of vkif:uBD,-tAuf.cBfvknf.Of(G.H.Luce)P;uGmrf:pefoK;-yAefulef:wh: wmif; rldif:crf:wD;ygwf:tguf, sr;erf.uAof(atIK,owD)/ uGmrf:OSmrf:ehauK; tofrK:wD;uGmrf:rgef:-OArf<eef. ehbof./

    e[:zdkefrhmwgif: qof;ogif.uSof(oSwf.emrf:)auK;rD:oK; rldof;rldif:volof.vh;Nrf;cof:uyf:rldif:Obmrf (rguf;yD 1149)eef. qmof:uSofwkduf.Mif.qmof:wh:oK;-OArf<ehbl,aO e[:zSef,wD;sc,(urf:NofwD:) tefwSrf;rldof;ymef qof;ogif.sc, cldof:Ndef:Ogif. rldof;yD 1282 eef. pefrD:yK:qkdof;-OAef< (Shian)eheef. rD:oh.wD; rldif:Okclofxh:ehbof./ ohm:aO auK,wif;rldif: tbkwf.xbK.(rldof;yD 1350)bof.eef. ulef:eK;zlduf,(qmof;rldif:oef:wluf:)cofauK; Mif.rldif:xh:oK;-Obmrf(Siam)ehrK: aO-xkdifrK:ymefckefapKcrf:xh: qof;bgwf;'K. cldof:Ndef:quf.uID:-wlefwD;(1782-1809)vh; wif;rldif:uguf,(Bangkok)bof.eef. vh;q[.qkdof; rldif:xh:oK;-rldif:Obmrf(zhm,yK,vdauK; wSrf;oK;-OK, ryaw,O)ehrK:/ xkdifymefckefapKcrf:xh: qof;qgrfuof; cldof:Ndef:quf.uID:-wlefwD;(1851-1865)qif,vh;ykdefzmof, wif;qkdof;rldif:xh: ywf:ykdef.oK;-rldif:Obmrfeh cof;wmif:zSefTwK:rK:bl, bof./ rldif:Obmrfehvh;yAefq[.qkdof; rldif:xh:(Thailand)ehrK: rldof;ymefqof;apKcrf:xh: qof;yluf: uof; cldof:Ndef:quf.uID:-wlefwD;-7(1925-1934)eef.rK:awK,rldof;vAofehbl,/

    tefwSrf;aserK: wif:rlwf:eh. NofNyf;ref:tofvh;oK;-tefulef:wmif,cldof:cof Mif.qkdof; ulef:cldof:wh:oK;-Orf<+Omrf(Sam)? OArf<+OArf(Siem)sv; Obmrf+oQrf;(Siam+Shan)eh. eef. ref:trf,q[;uGmrf:yK,vd_Ouf.uw(Oef,OuIdwf;)Oif/ yAefuGmrf:rgef:eh/

    uAofvlnf;uGmrf:Obmrfsv; oQrf;eh. ulef:yhm:ykdef:sv; ulef:yhm:clef. pKclof:rgefcof rD: uGmrf:pefoh. Ogifyldifqldif.eif,-

(1)Obmrfsv; oQrf;eh. yAefuGmrf:wh:qmof:bkefemef(rldif:sOvlif)Orf:-trf,rD:wD;ygif,oK;-umef zkuf,Ogrf;? ulef:vlif.vSef,yhm:umefzkuf,Ogrf;ehaO

(2)Obmrfsv; oQrf;eh yAefuGmrf:rgef:rK: wD;uGmrf:qmof:rgef:oK;-OArf</ ygif,oK;-ulef:? b[,sv; vgwf;vSof:eh/

    rmifqof;bif:pefoK;-acK;uGmrf:-wh:+vmof:+OArf<(Obmrf+oQrf;)eh. wD;ygif,ref:rldefuGmrf: 'Iif,OAwf;-'Mif:Of(France)sv; uGmrf:tif:udwf:Of'ID:wrf:(Freedom)tefygif,oK;-vgwf; vSof:? ugef:acK(xh:oK;-at,uImwf;)eef.urf:vAofeh/

    ulef:yhm:ykdef:urf;yK;erf pefrldefuefoK; e[:OgifacK; yK:eldofeef. acK;wD;(2)rD:erf. euf:vldofehbl,/ qmof:ydof,? rgef:? cgrfsv; crAefcof yAfqmof:cldof:tef bl,Oof:qrfuef wif: qmof:wh:sv; rD:umefuyf:Odkyf, wdwf:awK,uefrK: Ndifemef:sw.sw./ rldof;qmof:rgef:Mif.wh:oK;- OArf<ehauK; ulef:wmif,cldof:qldif.qmof:ref; qmof:qmrfsv; crAefcof qArfqldof:eh.auK; Mif.qkdof; wh:qgrf:rgef:oK;-OArf<+Omrf+Obmrfsv; oQrf;rK:oK;eh/

    vgif;wmif:tefoK;rK:qldof:eh. yAefOmuf;aOtefvAyf;pAef:bkdef:xkdifeef.ugh:/ rkif;rgif:oK; vgif;wmif:tefawxkuf,rSef;vldofeh. awrD:xSif;wif:erfbl,/ ykdif;ulef:yhm:ykdef: ulef:yhm:clef.pK clof:rgefcofqof; Okdyf,tofykef;zgef:clef.pKuefuGK,xSif; c[;yAefzgef:vD wK,yhm:ykdef:aOurf:eh/

rpKrkif.(rldif:sq<)

zkdeftmif;tdif(Reference)

tefuyf:uhmvlnf;

]]qkdof;wh:=Omrf-OArf-Obmrf-oQrf;}}

1.   Tzduf.wlef.wukef:wh:

-wlef;vD;Oldif:-wSrf;

-xrf:rekef: Ndif:teef: ydef,zhm,xh:(1978)

2. ykdef:crdef(vduf;wh:)

-wgif:Okdyf,Okzrmuf,-wSrf;(1983)

3.jrefrmh&mZ0if – OD;zkd;usm;(1925)? OD;boef;(1994)

4. History of Laos by M.L.Manich(Bangkok)(1967)

-ykdef:vmof:(vduf;xh:) xgif:Okdyf,Okzrmuf.-wSrf;(1985)

5.ykdef:wh:-cBLrf:ewf.aOodugef:-wSrf;(1994)

A History of Siam by W.A.R.Wood Chiang Mai(1924)

6.ykdef:blef:-zBL:yqK:udwf:ugef:quf:-wSrf;(1964)

7.ykdef:wh:(vduf;wh:)

-qof;bef,e(OSefoD)-wSrf;(1942)

-qof;eef,wK,ODp(rldif:egif)(1987)

8.ykdef:vkrf;'K.(vduf;xh:)

-zBL:yqK:udqf:ugef:quf:(1960)

9.zkdefrhmwgif:sv; bgwf<vduf;

-(vduf;rmef;)TOK,qhm:tgif,xkef:-wSrf; a&S;acwfwkdif;vlrsKd;rsm; rlvaexkdif&m(1967)sv; TOK, qhm:crf:rldif: wSrf; rldof:bl,rldif:uguf,(qkdif<xh:)rguf< 1992-94 qkdof< uarÇmZESifh&Srf;jynf

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