‘‘မ‘‘ꨟဳꨳတူဝ္ တြမ္းꨅ္ꨮလိꨀ္ꨳတꨯး

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     q[ tefoK;eef. sevgif;wlif.ekdif? vgif;wlif.ekdifeh. yAefcD:bl,eef.bof;/ cD:eh. yAefvgif; cof;tguf,? wgyf;ql:eef.bof;/ qof;TwK:cof urf:urf:oK; wKO[pefpmif;(Ilyf.)yAefrK:zwf. O? Okdyf,yAefrK; aq,weK,(vgif;bAef:vDbAef:qK.)wD;q[/ vduf;eh.ayK:rD: zl;wSrf;? zl;pAwf: zkdef pAwf:yyf.? rD:zl;tmef,? rD:zl;q[.seoK; wkduf.rD:q[bl,/ eif,Ndofvduf;wh:awOkdyf,rD:q[bl, eef. tgefuefOgef? tgefuefpAef:? tgefuefpAwf:yyf.? tgefueftmef,? tgefuefq[.vgif; qldof:eh. yAefvgif;wgrf:q[vduf;wh:bl,bof./ rldof;ymefqof;'K.cofauK; yefpSif:vduf;wh:rK:? wK,wh: qldof:zSofbl, bef,ukif,? zdof:eef.cofbif:q[.ulef: rldof:tSof,zSofbl,/ tefqif;aO Ogefyef vduf;wh:rK;sw. yAefqof;cof wD;owf.wD;oK:bof./ eif,Ndof ulef:awrD:vduf;tmef,eef. cl:arKcof pAwf:tguf,yyf.yefbof./ eif,Ndof OAifvduf;wh: awMif.tguf,bl,eef.? Nofvl,yl,uRif:tK:qmefcof auK; xSif;pSif:oh.bl,/ ohm:aO 1964? vduf;wh:trf,vh;Ogefe[:Nif:pAef: wD;rldif:wh:aOsv; ulef: ekrf,cof tgefuefwkdef,rK: pSif:aw.aw./ ]]ulofvduf;wh:phm? ulofuGmrf:wh:phm? ulofcldof:wh:phm}}eef./

      eif,Ndofwh:pof: awxAifuef vgif;vduf;vhm:? vgif;vduf;wh:uof, vduf;wh:r[,eef. rD:ulef: vlifrmef;cof cyf.vguf:ref:yefbof.Ndof: ehrD:ulef:xmif,xldrferfoh.bl,/ ayK:rD:tmrf:emwf;rK:auK; ulef:pof:arKbgif,qgrf:uGK,/ ayK:pof: awOkdyf,bgif,qgrf:]]uofeh. pAwf:oh.tefeh.}}(Omuf;aO,erf.rkdof: qof;uof,)aO Orf.trf,olef.qgrf: vgif;vDcmof:bmof:? vgif;qK.cmof:bmof:? wK,ulef:wif:erfeef. qkdif bif:awOkdyf,bmyf,uefbl,aw.aw./ vduf;wh:xlof,iguf;? vduf;wh:OD,qAif,? vduf;wh:eldof rD:rK: pdrf:Mrf: 8-9 ymuf,yDrldif:bof.oK;eh/ vkuf.wD; vduf;OD,qAif,eef. yAefvduf;wh:wlofrlef:rK:/ wguf, wK,ul,Odif,pAwf:tguf, zkdefwSwf;(tzdxmef:)vduf;wh:rK:/ ref:qof;tofykdef.ygwf:qmef:sv; yAef OAifygwf:qmef:oh./ wD;ygwf:qmef: q[.wkdof:OAifpK;OAifeh/ ref:qof;ayK:O[,rhmoh. e[:zkdefwSwf; ref:eef.bof;/ OAifv[ygif,txdyhm:Oifeh Oyf:ref:yK:oh.? OAifref: seoh.yefbl,bof;/ qof;Ohm rldif:cof rK:ukrf:xSif;(st? tldof? uAef? uSef? -K? -K,? -K;? -K.)qldof:eh.aO yAefrK: vduf;wh:r[,bof./ qgrf:eif, OAifpof:rD:bl,eef.(vduf;wh:wSrf;qgrf:OAif)pAwf:tguf, vhm:wSrf;ref:rK:eef.ulnf:/ tl: auBK,aqK:Orf.rK: xAif? cwf: vhm:wSrf;ref:ulnf:/ uK;yAefbmrf;wSrf;rK: e[:zkdefuof,? yyf.uof,? aw vh;tofrK:wkdof: rlwf:rlwf:Ndof`/ vduf;uof,e[:vduf;rmef<auK; eif,eef? auK.wSrf;ySuf,uefsv; vhm: wSrf;ySufuefoh. rD:oh.bl,/ qldof:c[;xAifuefauK; xAifsv;? ulnf:trf,vDP;vduf;vhm:ukdwf:uGK,/ rdlefeif, cD,vlwf.tguf,cmof:wmif:/ awvh;Okdyf,yh/ ayK:udkwf:auK; vgif;ckdef;b[,ukdwf:bof;/ vduf;wh:uof,(trf, O[,OAif)sv.vduf;wh:r[,(O[,OAif)? trf,rD;yefpKOifuef/ z[qlrf:wkdof:tefv[auK; Okdyf,wkdof:uGK, ulnf:/ z[trf,vDbK./ tefpof:rK:xAifuef awK,pmef.umefvlifpof: ayK:vh;ukdwf:uGK,eef.? ohm:eK; trf,xkuf,vDrD:eh vDwluf:q[bl,bof./

      cK;pof:zSofbef,ukif,rK: rldof; 1964/ qkrf:wh:omef;eK:(urK,Igwf.)(Kamar-rot)ayK:pAwf: ymifoef:cldof:wh:bl,bof. ul;yD/ tl:ywmef:? ylof,rl:aqK:egif,? ¨cdef,cBdwf.qAif,? ¨cdef,¨Auf.sO,? wh:qldof:eh. tgefNofpAwf:yggh:oh.bl,bof;/ pof:cK; sv. yD;qhm:uBD:(vK;OAof;)rldof:Ogefyefvduf;wh:/ cofvmwf;se? rldof;ymefqof;'K.eef.auK; bmrf;rK:Ogefyefbl,oK;eh/ cofsw.yAefwh:bl,? rD:q[ wh:bl,aOwK. trf,arKuGmrf:wh:? trf,arKvduf;wh:? trf,N.quf:'dif;wh:bof;/ pof:awtrf,pyf.Mif: cofbof.se,/ ayK:yldef;bkdefyAefwh: pof:Orf.ayK:qlrf:oK;qlrf:bof;/ ugyf;yldof; pof:arKqlrf:wh:? bkrf,wh:sv; auK.trf,q[;wh: pAwf:uSif;rK:bkdefyAefwh:-]]pof:yAif<wh:eif,uif<}}oK;ehauK;rD:bl,/ qlrf:auK;qlrf:? olef.auK;olef.? 'mif.auK;'mif.aOwK./ z[yAefOifeef. awvh;toferf.pAwf:ref: rK:wwf:/ toferf.Olyf:ref: rK:wwf:ref:? yAefz[? yAefOifeef. uh.zdwf:bl,bof;/ wD;qef. qgrfauK; rD:ymifOgef uGmrf:wh:? vduf;wh:bl,bof./

      ugyf;yldof; N.quf:yD;egif.wh:aq<oAif:zdof:rK:sv; tgefueftSof,zSofoAif:zdof:uGK,/ cofwkduf. vmwf; uGmrf:wh:bl,wif:erf/ e[:omef;cofpAwf:umef rmuf,rl.? bl,qgrf:uefwif: bmif:(ubdef,)cof/ vh;idef:rK:qArfrdlof;ymef qof;OBLnf,wSuf.? ref:qof;ygh,ulef:rldof:tSof,rK:pKcofbl,oK;eh/ pof:cK;rldof: Ogefvduf;wh:? vduf;xlof,iguf;yefcof/ cofarKqef.ydif,nK,Okifoh.sv; qAof:arKaw.aw./ TOK,qhm: qdif,ymef:? qhm:bgwf;zdof:? TOK,vhm:(A1-pm;awmfquf)cof tgefNofxlof:eK;/ ohm:aOvkif:ckef xkef:tl: yAefNofyof; auKvduf;vhm: 'dif;si;wh: qef.qgrfbef,ukif,(1966-68)bof.aO cK;pof: Okdyf,tofykef;zgef:Nofyof;(1968-72)/ pof:cK;uGK,zSofzdof: vhmyguf;/ uGK,zSofrK: wD;wh:bl,(wkef, aw:? wSuf.uBD:? tluf.umef,)bl,bof./ wD;oAif:zdof: pof:cK;tgefuefazK,qkdof;wh:ehsv; wD;zdof:rD: rK: OldofpmefcGmef'K.? ab;vSif:ymif,/ xSif;OgifyD pof:cK; auKbef,ukif,? qkrf:'dif;si;zdof:(yK:qArf ulef:zdof:qldof:rldof:wif; qmwf;qldif:rldif:ulwf;)sv. auKqef.qgrfrmef:wav: yAwfpAwf:ygh:cldof:wh: wD;omef;ogh:xgif.? aq<oAif:zdof:/ cmof:eef. qhm:crf:vSif(vmif:cldof:)yAefNofyof; auKrmef:wav:/ auKbef,ukif, yK:rldof:ulef:(30)? auKrmef:wav: yK:rK:ulef: Omof:yhm/ yDeef. awyAef 1971 blof.? ayK:zdwf: sr:yefzgif;/ xof;rK:auK; vdkrf:rK:bof./ Orf.awvh;wSrf;rhmqldif.eh trf,'if. rK:/ xSif;yDekdif;yD;egif.wh:aq<oAif:zdof:cof pAwf:yhg:oef;cdlof:wh: wD;omef;ab,OBSef,/ pAwf:aOvhm yD ugyf;idkef:wgif:sv. Ohmihmomef;rldif: bmyf,wldof:rK:sv; ukdwf:uGK,bof./

      Nif:pAef:e[:rldif:wh: vh;Ogefvduf;wh:bl, awK,qef.iof;/ wh:bl,e[:rldif:cmif? wh:bl,e[: rldif:bif:? rlif:bmif:vSif(ubK:)? coftrf,vh;Ogef vduf;wh:/ wD;xkif.vdefyAif:? uh.uh.rD: ymifOgef vduf;wh:? OgefuGmrf:wh:oh.bl,/ ulef:vlife[:vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wh:? tl:auBK,aqK: aOK,yAefyefpKvlif (vgif; vduf;wh:uof,? vduf;wh:r[,)rldof;yD (1967`)/ wD;oAif:vghvlif(wgif,uBD:)pAwf:ymifukrfvlif vgif; vduf;wh:(1968)/ auKbef,ukif,? auKrmef:wav:? auKwgif,uBD:auK;yK:/ qhm:xkef:at:? qhm:auBK,at: cGmef'K.? qhm:rmof,vkdef:cofuGK,/ cK;pof: trf,yAefqgrf:uGK,/ sw,yDeh. e[:rldif:wh:auK; trf,vh;Ogef vduf;wh:bof;/ wK,qldof.cldof:wh:ckdef;b[,auK; wh:wif:erfxSrfpAwf:/ wK,wh:trf,ckdef;b[,auK; wh:urf; zgif; xSrf;pAwf:eif,uof,/ bof.ymifeh.auK; TOK,vlifqhm:tgif,xkef: trf,vh;Okdyf,bl, wgif,uBD:aO vh;chm.ySwf;uGK, oAif:rulnf:bof;/

      yD;egif.sc,cof rD:ulef:vhmqof:vhmcldof:? uGmrf:vmwf;vhmqldof.auK; vduf;cofOrf.rldefuefoh./ yD;egif.wh:Orf. rD:vhmqmof:vhmcldof:aOwK.? uGmrf:Orf. ygif,uefoh.bl,? vduf;Orf. ySuf,uefoh./ ehsv; ukdif,vDrD: vduf;tefpof:Nrf;ueftmef,vh;bl,ehsv; pAwf:tguf,(vduf;wh:ul;cldof:cldof:)rK:/ auK.wSrf; pAwf:tguf,yAef qhm:qhm:qkdef;/ eefsv; yAwfpAwf:ymifukrfvlifwK,vduf;wh:ul;cldof:cldof: wD;oAif:OD,yguf. (OD,ayK.)yguf;ekdif; 25-27.4.1974/ wD;OSefoD 27-29.12.1974/ wD;OD,ayK. yguf;Ogif 19-21. 6.1975(vkif:rBdef.tl:+qof;emif:OBLnf,wD, yefzdkefrhm)/ vh;xlyf:pef yD;egif.wh:vhmwD;vhmwmif: wif:erf/ wK,bldif:ql: P;yAefvduf;wh:Nrf;wlof? uGmrf:wh:Nrf;acK; eef.auK; rD:q[rK:? Okdyf,Ndif:? Okdyf,vSif:rK:bl,bof;/ yD;egif.wh:crf:wD;(qof;ehg.¨mef:qdif,? qgh.ywkif,rK,? qhm:tgif,¨mef.)sv. yD; egif.wh:vSif<cofauK; vh;xlyf:uefrK:? Nrfqlrf:uefbl,aw.aw./ yD;egif.wh:pof:urf;zgif; e[:ymifukrf Orf.trf,vmwf;? rK:uof:uefwmif:eguf;auK;rD:/ qldof:bmrf:pAwf:ulef:vlifrK:auK; rD:ukif,bl,? Orf.rD:rK, eqgrf:rK:/ qldof:rD:ikdef:auK; eif,eef/ qldof:bdyf:ugif; rD:tmrf:emwf;auK;eif,eef/ qldof:rD:ydif, nK,auK; rD:rK,epif:ref:eif,uof,/ qldof:pmif;vDauK; bif:rD:rK,epmif;vDref:bl,/ pof:wkduf.yAefulef: clif:umifvhmvhmsv; ukif,qof;uof,? rK,eqof;uof, awrD:bl,? vDrD:bl,/ ulnf:uK; rldof;q[.wkdof:rK,e eef. ukdif,vDq[. qgrf:vguf:ref:? wD;ref:bl,bof./ rldof:yAefulef:qgrf:auK; vDrD:bl,/ acK;uGmrf: ulef:N.? ulef:erf wSyf:wwf:eef. vDoh.euf:yefbl,/ acK;uGmrf:pof: wmif,ymifukrf? ySuf.trf,yAef rK:? ulef:erftrf,zgrf.aOwK.? trf,vDOaI,vl.? trf,vDc[;qK.? trf,vDbK./ aq,weK,qof;uof, tefc[;P;yAefvgif;vDeef. yAefq[ul.Olof,bl,bof./

      ]]t}}Omrfwlof? cgifzrK. sw,rldof; 1965/ e[:Nif:pAef:rldif:wh:trf,vh;Ogefvduf;wh:sw, rldof; 1968`bof.sv; ekrf,phm:bdif:qhm:wif:erf rD:vgif;rh;q[ ulofvduf;wh:phm/ ulofqldof.cldof:wh:phm eef. erfwldof:rK:/ eefsv; ayK:tguf,Ogefvduf;wh:eif, ]]t}}Omrfwlof cgifzrK.eef. aw vDbl,eh/ rldof;sw,olef.? olef.tguf,rK:]]r}}Omrfwlof(arKtmef,? arKwSrf;? arKeyf.)oK;eh/ ohm:vif qif,O[,xSif;(P; arKOgefsv.arKygif=tgefNof)eefsv; yAefrK:]]r}}pK;wlofbl,bof;/ pmif;cAef, ]]r}}pK;wlof tefpof:pefbl,rldof;vAofeh. yAefTOK,qhm:bD;vAuf: cAef,tguf,oh.yefbl,bof;/ yyf.wK, Ogefref:Orf. pAwf:tguf,yyf.(N.pefvduf;wh:)bl,bof;/

      ehsv; ayK:xkdifcmof:rh;rK:eh yAefymifOgefvduf;uGK, vhmwD;vhmoAif:bl,aw.bof./ qef.qgrf bef,ukif,(OAifrgef:tguf,wcgef:)? qef.qgrfref:wav:? qef.qgrfwgif,uBD: tgefuefygifumefpif: z[ref:bl,bof;/ e[:(1972`)TOK,qhm:tgif,xkef:sv. qef.qgrfrmef:wav:? qhm:ymef:OSifcof rldof:Ogefvduf;wh: oAif:ar,rAof.(Nofymifvlif? ySif,tl:? ydef,tl:)? oAif:pdefvrf(uRuf.sr:) omef;ykif,olof: qldof:eh./ wmifwlofauKvduf;vh:aq<vmef.aOsv; qhm:Ogh;OSif(Nofrl)vh;rK:yK:qgrf:bl,bof./ e[: 1983 qkrf:qhm:vcof uGK,omef;OeAef:? oAif:ymifvlif/ rD:vgif;ngyf: vgif;bK. vgif;ayK. vgif;pSrfuGK, tdwf:ekdif;/ qhm:¨mef:ilnf, wldof.qAyf:pSif: ayK:Omif<bl,bof./ cmof:eef. qhm:'K. zSofbl,wgif,il, oh./ awK,pmef.rldof;vAof umefOgefvduf;wh:? umefwgrf:q[cldof:wh:wkduf.cD:oh.bl,/ yD;egif.wh: e[:rldif:cmif auK; Okdyf,OgefOkdyf,pAef:rK:/ yD;egif.wh:xkif.rmof: rldof:qhg;wif:erf/ qhm:'K.auK; yefwlofyefq[ yefpSif: yefymefref:aO pAwf:Omif;bl, awK,rldof;vAof/ P;bl,vDudefomef? ul.Olof,xkdifwlofcdif: ref:qof;aOurf:/ qldof:wgrf:q[vduf;wh: rD:wif:erf? ySuf.Orf.oK; wD;e[:eK;vduf;tgef,eh. trf, yK:qkdof;rK:aOwK.auK; ayK:yAefumeful.Olof,bl,bof.sv; P;wlofq[Olqof;ul;auK.cBmrf:OK,uefaOurf:/

      1967 qhm:auBK,rdef.(zdof:)(rldof;vAof-qof;cGmefrldif:)tgefNofOgef vduf;wh:wD; so:xgif.? zdof:/ TOK,vhm:vkif:ymef:cSif,OgefyefcSef./ qkrf:bef,ukif,rK:qhg;? rK:yefqkdof;r[,/ 1967-1971 yAefpAwf:ygh:oef:wh:? OldofpmefcGmef'K.? qhm:bgwf;zdof:? qhm:odef:rgif, cofauK; cof;xSrfpAwf:xSif;/

      Nofvl,yl,uRif:cof? tK:qmefcofauK; yAeftefqgh;wgrf:vduf;wh: uGmrf:wh:rK:bl,bof;/ qof; TwK:cof tmef,TwK:wD;ymifrK,OK,pSef:Ogrf:qldof:eh.v[yAefvgif;wgrf:q[vduf;wh:aOtrf,uK: yAef'dif; si;cgifwh:pof:bl,bof;/ qldof:arKuGmrf:? cmefuGmrf:(wh:egifMif.-wkdufaw;)cofauK; eif,eef? tgef uefy[.yK:q[vduf;wh: uGmrf:wh:rK:bof;/ qmwf;? OSif:? qldif: qldof:eh.auK; y[.yK:'dif;si;pof:rK:bof; (trf,xkuf,vDekif;Odef;bmof:wdefzlduf, eif,zrK.cof)/ qldof:tef wSrf;uGmrf:? cl:arKqhm:crf:vAuf: cof? qhm:xD:OSifcof? qhm:rl:cof? qhm:Ohmrmof:cof? qhm:OSifqgrf'K.cofsv. qldof:pAwf:umefyhm:rlef:ymef rldof;eh. wif:OAif;(O[,pSif:? O[,idkef:qof;uof,aO pAwf:Omif;bl,eef.)qldof:eh.auK; yAefumefwgrf:q[ cldof:wh:? yAefumeful.Olof,bl,bof.atK;/

      qArfulef:Ndef: qArfqof;cof? e[:xkif.rmof:eh. bmrf;uGK,Ogefvduf;wh: e[:rldif:rmof:? rldif:sc, ykef.bl,/ rldof;qof.cofyefOgefbl,/ ohm:vifulef:eguf;rldif:? trf,yefOgefbof;/ ayK:arKOgefyAef ulef:rldif:cofsw.vh;bl,oK;eh/ rldof;vAof vh;umef,vgif; ]]rldof:vhm<vhm< rldif:wdif}}eef.? c[;yefpSif: ekrf,qmrfcmofbl,(bK,ayyAefq[wluf:aOurf:)/ wmif:N.qof;uof,? wmif:xlyf:wlofqof;uof,eef. P; ref:yAef vgif;vlif:xkef:? vgif;sw,wK,urf:awrK:aOurf:/ cif:ekdif;? yguf;ekdif; uh.yAefqldif.eh bl,/ OlzSofbof. cif:ekdif;sv; arKpKvhm:r[,wldof:vldof qldof:yh,bmrf;zSofeef.bl,bof./

      wD<ckef<rdef:(egifaO)Ixymef<(ckef)sc,cof yefikdef:qkrf:wh: P;pAwf:tguf,yyf.wh: (wh:eldof? wh:rmof:)/ qkrf:wh:auK; pAwf:tguf,rK:bl,bof;/ ulnf:uK; yD;egif.wh:wmif:eef. arKtmef, vduf;sc,bof.sv; trf,ayK:xmif,ckduf.vduf;wh:/ ehsv; trf,ayK:Odkof./ eefsv; yyf.vldofoh.? ugif oh. rD:wif:erf/ ayK:yyf.trf,crfrkdof:qkrf:wh:? cofawOkdyf,pAwf:yyf.vh;xSif;bl,/ ikdef:auK; awvh; xSif;bl,/ wmif:pof:Orf. tkdyf:yyf.vduf;wh:/ wK,P;vduf;wh:cD:bl,eef. awvh;rD:ulef:tef,ref: eef. yAefrhmekdif;bof;/ wK,wgrf:q[vduf;wh: awvh;rD:ulef:tmef,vduf;wh:/ eif,Ndof awc[;tmef, vduf;wh:? yyf.vduf;wh:eef. awvh;yK:vgif;vDwK,wh:eef.bl,bof;/ qldof:yAef zl;ygifumefauKvduf; vhm: ul;oAif:oAif:eef. pAwf:NdofauK; arKvduf;wh:bof.(udkif,vDarKbl,)qkdif? vDOkdyf,pAef:tofvduf;wh: eldof wh:rmof:bl,/ ayK:qldif.eef pof:tgefuef Okdof.tofyyf.vduf;wh: wD<ckef<rdef:eef. rK: tmef,qkdif? awvDwK, wif:Ogifzhm,bl,bof;/ cofauK; awqmif<Okdyf,pAwf:yyf.uGK,? pof:auK; awrD: yyf.tmef,uGK,/

      wK,wgrf:q[vduf;wh:? uGmrf:wh:? P;yAef(vduf;Nrf;wlof? uGmrf:Nrf;acK;)eef. ref:uheK,eh auK; sc:awyAefvh;bl,/ urf:eh. vh;rK:pef wh:erfwldof: e[:rldif:wh:eh.eK,eK,/ erfvldofe[:rldif: wh:eh.eK,eK,/ ayK:eef P;yAef vduf;wh:Nrf;wlof? uGmrf:wh:Nrf;acK;eef. cSef:bmyf,wldof:uGK,bof;/ yD;egif.wh:pof: vDwldof:tguf,wmif:tdwf:ekdif;/ vDwldof:N.quf:vduf;vhm:? acK;uGmrf:? 'dif;sv; yD;egif. wh: wmif,wD;tdwf:ekdif;bl,bof;/ vduf;wh:auK; Nrf;ukif,? uGmrf:wh:auK; Nrf;q[uefbl,/ wgrf:wlif,uSyf. uSyf.auK; P;rD:? wgrf:wlifuGmif;uGmif;auK; P;rD:vh;aOurf:/

Dr.qhm:Omif,thm;

OhmySef:? No.13, July, 2007 Pg-12 to 19.