ပီꨳꨓြင္ꨵတꨯး ꨓ္ꨮးမူိင္းဝီꨲယꨰတ္ꨵꨓမ္ꨲ

yD;egif.wh: e[:rldif:oD,bSwf.erf,

Dr.qhm:Omif,thm;

    tefpof:cK;vh;N.qgrf:wD;yldef;? e[:zdkefvduf;eh.auK; yAefwmif:N.bl,/ rldefeif, qof; uof,tmef,vgif;ydlef;ydwf.rmuf,eifwD;bef,ukif,sv. qof;uof,vh;rK:eif;e[: ymif,tgif,Omef:aO vlykdef;ydwf.rmuf,eifeef. awySuf,uefbl,/ Orf.qof;uof,vh;rD:vgif;wlofxlyf: qof;uof,vh;ydwf. rmuf,eif wD;e[:ymif,tgif,Omef:eef.ehauK; yAefwmif:N.eif,uof,/ ulnf:uK;tefwlofxlyf:eef. pefqSif;vD? N.Ouf:vDwldof:bl,atK;/

    rD:vgif;wlofxlyf:rK:? vgif;yD;egif.wh: e[:rldif:oD,bSwf.erfrK:sv; P;vh;rK:rSif,uefqdrf: wlnf:zgif;/ wh:e[:rldif:oD,bSwf.erf, pof:uh.Mif.oK;]]wh:uSof;}}eh? zldof,rldof:xlyf:wlofcof? vgif; ]]uSof;}}eh.cofOrf.trf,qgrf:N./ vh;uGK,xlyf:rK:ulef:wh: wD;e[:Nif:yhm:? yAefulef:vlif(wK,ISuf.wK,)? ulef:wSrf;yyf. vgif;wh:bl,bof;/ cofauK;qlrf:xlyf:yD;egif.wh:bl,/ uif;Nxgrf, vgif;yD;egif.wh:bl,/ ymifukrfvlifvgif;wh: wD;rldif:cgef? ref:trf,yAefrK;aOwK. ref:pKbgef:vh; cSyf:pmif<oh.wif:erf? NrfNrfqlrf:qlrf:aO sepof:bl,/ pof:auK; yK:uGK,cSyf:uGmrf:? cSyf:ygh:yD<r[,sv; pAwf:cgif'muf,yef ref:oh.bof;/  ref:auK; qlrf;bl,/ sc:awzSofpof:rK:pKtSof, qkrf:wh:wD;eh.bl,blof./ P;ayK: vmwf;vh;uGmrf:wh:wif:rlwf:sw. trf,yAefbof;? yAefacK; yAefacK;ref: ygif,uefoh.bl,/ (ekdif;? bD<? Omrf? OD,J/ 20=bD<Odyf:? OmrfOdyf:? ymuf,? pAif? rkdef,? qlrf:? yD;egif.wh:/ whm=xhm/ egef:/ udefcof;/ tmof? tK? yK;? vkif:? bK;ehm:? yl,ehm:?J)/

    pof:N.oK; wD;eef.rD: wh:cmof? wh:wrf<(vrf)/ eh.sw.rD:oh.bl,aw./ e[:rldif:cofOrf. Mif.cofoK; xh:=ThaiehoK;/ Orf.rSif,yAef xh:wrf<? xh:cmofoh.bl,/ vduf;cofq[.wkdof:eh. yAefvduf; xrf:(vduf;rldif:? vduf;wh:blef:)ehbof;/ 'dif;si;rmof,OmofcmefuGmrf:awK,uef? wgwf;ugef:qldof:eh. rD:oh.bl,/ bl,wmif:ygwf:Mif,Mif, rldif:oD,bSwf.erf,sv; Nofulef:rD;oh.bl,(1,300,000)/ ulef:vlif vmwf;uGmrf:wh:oh.bl,e[:omef;cof? ulef:ekrf,urf;zgif;trf,arK;vmwf;bof;/ wmif:N.? wmif:arK? vgif; rmuf;rD:wluf:wSrf,aO ulef:qmof:oD,bSwf.erf,cofoh.bl,/ wif:rldif:rD:Nofulef:(82)vmef.? qmof:oD, bSwf.erf,(qmof:cdef: Kinh)rD:(88|)bl,bof;/ uK<Nofvldefwrf,Okwf:rD:bl,(70)awK,vK,bof;/ tefcofoK;xh:(wh:cmof? wh:vrf)eh. ayK:oK;vAef;(wgwf;)ugef:bl,qkdif awyAefvh; wh:eldof? wh: qkdof.bl,bof;/

    qldof.cldof:tefvmwf;uGmrf:wh:bl,eh. rD:bl,(13)qldof./ qldof:eh. Nrf;uefrlwf:rlwf: cofMif. vkrf:uefoK; wh: ehugnf:/ pof:bmrf:pefwh:eh. wSrf; Tai qldif.eh? cofOrf.wSrf; Tay qldif.eh/ OAiftguf,ref: tguf,oK; ]]wh:}}ehugnf:eif,uof,/ rD:qkrf:ulef:qkdof: 1/ Boy(2,000)? 2/ Cong (1,600)? 3/ Giay (50000)? 4/ Lachi(10,000)? 5/ Laha(6,000)? 6/ Lao(12,000)? 7/ Lu(vkdof.)(5,000)? 8/ Nung(ekif)(860,000)? 9/ Odu(300)? 10/ Pupeo(700)? 11/ Sanchay(150,000)? 12/ Tay(Tai)(1,500,000)? 13/ Thai? 14/ wh:vSif/ Tay(Tai) eh. ThoauK;Mif.oK;/ Thoeh. ygif,oK; ulef:ykdef.rldif:? ulef:bl,oh.uof,uof,qArfrldof;ulef:oD,bSwf. erf, qof.eK,bof;/ 'dif;si; Tay sv. Thai rldefuefoh./ wgwf;ugef:? rmof,OmofcmefuGmrf:? awK;pkuf,? qldof:eh. rldefuefrlwf:rlwf:/ ulnf:uK; Tay(Tai)trf,rD:vduf;acKacK? cofq[.(vduf;sc,) oh.bl,bof;/ oD,bSwf.erf,cofauK; q[.vduf;sc,rK:eif,uof,/ q[.vduf;OifauK;bof.? xkuf,rD:tef q[.ref:ugnf:/ wK,pAwf:umefb[,umefvlif trf,rD:vduf;q[. trf,yAef/ qldof.cldof:wh:auK; bmrf;rD: rldif:apKOSif(tSrf,yK,bK,)? rldif:apKcrf:rK:bl,bof.sv; yAefpAwf:umefvlifrK:? pAwf:yAwfumefvlifrK: bl,bof;/

    OAifvmwf;uGmrf: wD;ygwf:qmef:qmef:(rldof;ugef,ugef,Champa)? rldif:oD,bSwf.erf, ySuf,uef wif:ygwf:umif(rldof;ugef,ugef,Dai Viet)tdwf:ekdif;/ wif:ygwf:Mif,Mif,Orf. ySwf,uefxSif;tdwf: ekdif;bof;/ cofbl,w[;sc,pkdifeK,sv; acK;uGmrf:sc, rD:bl,e[:uGmrf:cof(Long=euK:)bl,bof./ Orf. yD;egif.wh: rD:bl,wD;ygwf:Mif,Mif,eh. pkdifqof.vldof ulef:oD,bSwf.erf,(cdef:=Kinh)ugef,sv;acK; uGmrf:wh:auK; crfohe[:acK;uGmrf:cof(ylof<? sr;? Ohm.? tef<qhm<? ikdef:tldnf:!)oh.bl,bof;/ tefpof: Mif.ugifwgif:? ugifcAwf,? ugifulyf:eef. cofauK;rD:/ cofOrf.Mif.(coc=uguf:=gog)ehbof;/

    yD;egif.wh: bl,rldif:v[auK; ulnf:vh;Ogef;yldef;? bl,qgrf:tmrf:emwf;yldef;bl,sv; ayK: trf,arKqgif:aq:pif:ulnf:qof;uof,qkdif sc:awphmqgrf:su;yldef;bl,aw.bof;/ qlof;yh,phmeh. 'dif; si;ref: wkduf.rD:bl,aOwK. ogwf;qgrf:rK:vgh:vgh:eif,uof,bof;/ tefrmof,OmofMif.uGmrf:cmefuef? emif:bdif:cof ckdef;uD,? awK:vhm:eh.auK; rD:bl,ul<wD;/ e[:ulef:cldof:tgef,wif:erf? wh: q[.wkdof: uD,? ulef:wmif,cldof: awK:pkuf,coffee. eif;aO rwf.qyf:tSofcofoh.ugnf:bof./ ugyf;rD:uD,sv; wh:pAwf:tguf,ref;? wldof:tguf,erfvldofyldef;oh.bl,/ qArfulef:qhm:ulef:bdif: ekif;clof:zK;Ogrf,qrf. rK:bl,bof;/ qldof:rD:idkef:cof? ckefcof Okdof.vh;clof:vhm;? clof:sz:? ohm:vif Okdof.vh;clof:rguf,clof: vhm: rldif:uvK:rK:bl,bof;/ wh: bl,wD;rldif:uwf:sv; ekif;clof:omif(rmif)sw. awtrf,yAefvh;/

    uofcK;uGK, rldif:tK,Orf,wD;tefwh:tK,pkrf:bl,eef.auK; bmrf;zSofrK:bof;/ ayK:yD;egif.wh: yhm:vif awrldof:pKtSof, eef.qkdif? qldof:arKuGmrf:tdif:uvAwf;auK; awygif,uefvh;bl,/ /qldof:arK uGmrf:wh:eldof whm:rmof:? wh:crf:wD; qldof:eh.awygif,vh; yD;egif.wh:tK,pkrf:bl,bof;atK;/ ayK:oK; awuGK,pK wh:rldif:oD,bSwf.erf,qkdif wK,vmwf;ygif,uef e[:omef;coffeef. ayK:awuGK, wD;rD;xh: (wh:wrf<? wh:cmof)coffeef.? ugyf;cof arKvduf;rldif:sv; yD;egif.wh: ygwf:tguf,clif:rldif:pKeh aw ygif,uefvDbl,bof;/ ayK:oK;awuGK,pK yD;egif.wh:(Tay)ehqkdif ugyf;ydlof;cof ugnf:arKvduf;sc,sv; yD;egif.wh:eldofwh:rmof: qldof:arKyK:vduf;sc,? uGmrf:sc,eef. cSef:awygif,uefvDbl,bof;/ wD;e[: rldif:sc,? tldif,rldif:ugif:OD<eef. rD:qldof.cldof: ulef:qgif,(wh:)? rD:bl,Nofulef:(17)vmef.? cof vmwf;uGmrf:wh: rldefwh:oh.bl,sv;? yAefcldof:wh:bl,bof;/ qldof:ygifyAefvh; vDrldof:pKq[:? pKtSof,xkdif cof? vAyf;pAef:wlnf:aO vDckdef:vmwf;seuefbl,cK;atK;/

    wD;e[:rldif:oD,bSwf.erf,? vh;pef vgif;ckdef:b[,r[,OkifclofrK:bl,bof;/ ulef:rldif:eguf; rK: tSof,rldif:cof? rK:qhm,idkef:rldif:cofsv; umefimef:wD;bl,wef:Oof:? umefimef:awK.Olif,? umefimef: udefbSrf.? qldof:pAwf:clof:cgif'muf,v[? yAefumefqgrf:oh.bl,aw.bof;/ cofauK;yAefrldif:ugrf,rdof,edwf. sv; vgif;Odkof.chm? vgif;ygifrldif:? q[.vhm:]]pwf.eldofulef:rldif:}}rK:bl,bof;/ ulef:rldif:cof qldof:bl, ygwf:qmef: pefxkdif tar<ID,uefoK; cofrK:qgh;wkduf:ugrf,rdof,edwf.eh/ qldof:bl,ygwf:Mif,Orf.pef oK; tsr<ID,uef,cof rK:wkduf:ulef:oD,bSwf.erf,? rK:bK.rldif:oD,bSwf.erf,eh/ rldof;vAofulef:vlif rldif:oD,bSwf.erf,cof pefxkdifoK; vhm:]]pwf.eldofulef:rldif:}}eh. trf,rD:vgif;ckdef;b[,vh;ehsv; vSuf;q[.vhm:]]ygh,vlrfeldofulef:rldif:}}ul<qldof.bl,bof;/ 'lef:rkdof:xkdofayK:qhm,ymuf,awK,vK,eh qhm, rldof;vAof? vh;wkdof:rldof;vAofbl,bof;/ uK<egef:Nif:Oof:? Nif:vSrf:ekdif;ckdef:(20)awK,vK,? umife[ vAif.yK: cof;Ogh:? auK.'D,bl,bof;/ rldif:tsr<ID,uef,cof Okdof.clof:? yefuK<b[,aOyldef;sv; sc, auK; qlrf:chm/ ulef:vlifrldif:oD,bSwf.erf,auK; uGK,tSof,rldif:tsr<ID,uefaO? pyf.ymif:P;cofrK:vlif: xkef:bl,bof;/ ayK:awc[;uK.chmawK,uef? Orf.uGK,pKymef:zdwf:uefbl,wduf:wduf:eh.? awtrf, yAefOkdof.chmOifvh;bof;/ cofwif;oh. vgif;uK.chm? oh.cdkuf.crf,wldof: ul<vgif;vgif;bl,bof;/

    Ndef:wh:         ref;(zSef,)awK:cgifwh:(Tay)

    ayK:trf,rD: pSif:'h:'K. yldef;trf,qmif<rK:vlif:xkef:? eefsv; cofpAwf:P;pSif:'h:'K. cof ukrf,wkdof:bl,bof;/ rldif:cof tguf,erf.ref:sv; cofchmerf.ref:? ikdef:ref: vh;rK:uK<pkdof? q[.wkdof:Oifeh rguf,xdkifulef:rldif:bl,bof;/ qldof:awpAwf:clof:chm wmif:udef? P;pAwf:ckdwf:qef.urf, 'K,urf:vAofoK;eh/ ayK:rD:yhm:olef.vD tefawyAefumef? ulef:erfvh;pAwf:umefqgrf:eef. ckef ul;yefikdef: P;pAwf:umef/ e[:rldif:cof uGK,wD;v[auK; OSif,su,Orf.ayK:wArfwmif:? wArfrldif:uGK,? Orf.yAefoh. Hondavgef.vgef./ pof:xmrf]]pK.! OSif,su,rldif:sc, vc(uK<Nofvldef)xkuf,uGK,bl,? pAwf:OifOrf.tof Hondavgef.vgef.ugnf:}}/ cofwgyf,oK;]]ayK:Okdof.clof:sc,erf? sc,awrK:vlif: xkef:? clof:sc, awchmvh;e[:rldif:ugnf:/ ayK:Okdof.clof:qK,ymef,erf? qK,ymef,awrK:vlif:xkef:/ clof:qK,ymef, pAwf:tguf,eh. awchmtguf,eguf;rldif:vh;}}oK;eh/ yhm:olef.cof Okifwldof:oh.qef.ekdif; aObof. eif,cofolef.eef. qK,ymef,? xldif,omef,cofauK; cof;rK:vlif:xkef:bl,aw.bof;/ yhm: ydif,nK,qef.qgrf? cofsr:qgrf:rK:pSif:aw.aw./ yhm:qmuf;ckdef;OkifrK: pSif:eK,sv;qef.qgrfcof auK; awvh;vSuf;vhm; rldof;yD<Okwf:? P;ayK:Okdyf,wkdof:vh;? wef:vh;wK,xmrf:imef: e[:Nif:umef imef: qldof:eef. vh;urf:vAof oK;eh/ wK,rldif:cof ckdef;b[,eef. cofvh;wlnf:qgrf:xh:bl,oK;eh/

    yhm:olef.tefekdif;? yhm:pAwf:tefekdif; yldef;ayK:olef.bof.? ygifOmif;pAwf:oh.bof.wif:erf sv; vlduf;wkdof:tof ayK:vh;ihm;ihm;bl,bof.sv; trf,q[;bmrf:pKpkiftof? wlrf;tofpif:ulnf:r[,r[, eef.bof;/ omef;rldif:ckdef;b[,? eK:Ndef:cdkef;b[,eh. tofikdef:qhm,(ekdif;vldef idkef:cof;uK<pkdof? Okdof.vh;cof;Omef? erf.ref:? Oldof;clof:wldof:rK:uK<pkdof)tofeh. rK:wSuf;bof;/ uK<Nofvldefpof:aw rK:wlnf: wlofeyf.Okef(0)wldof:rK:vhmvkuf;eef. awtrf,rSef;/ rldof: 1963? uK:uBD,tSrf,OD,? tSef,wmif,eAif;vlif:rmef:wav:bl,eef. uK:vrf:ekdif; chmvh; 70000d^-yBL:/ ugyf;yldof; puf.uK: uof,eef.sv; trf,Oldof:vhm;ySwf;/ awpKvSuf;qmuf;ref:aO tofrmuf,bmif(12)edrf:rK:O[, P; ref:tSef,vh;rldef;ydlef;eh. awtrf,yAefvh;sv; trf,vDpAwf:blof./ ayK:c[;tSef,z[:? c[;yAef umefz[:qkdif vDOkdof.tof tefr[,wif:vrf:ugnf:bl,bof;/ uK:uof,eh. trf,yhwmif:vh;vDvDbof. aOtrf,uK: sr:aOwK. wmif:yAefuof,ref:awqyf:wlofref:rK:ugnf:eif,uof,bof;/ ayK:awOkdof. uK:? awpAwf:umefuK:eh xmrfauK.pAwf:umefuK: ckdef;b[,rK:eef.? xmrfqof;apK;uK:qK.tefpof:c[; Odkof.eef. awvDwldof:xmrf qof;ay,wmif,bl,bof;/

    uofcK; vh;xlyf:rK: ulef:udefuK<Nofvldef? qgh;chmcof;rkef:erf.cSif(Ice Cream,ab,sc:rlif.)? ekdif;oef:ySwf,qlof;rlif:? vh;ekdif;vldef(120)awK,vK,(ikdef:cof-1,920,000wgif,)wD;oAif:pegh:? rldif:oD,bSwf.erf,eh./ ref:cmwf;vkuf;pif:ulef:aO rD:vh; xD:oD:? ugrf,ydof,wldof,? tD:ar:vf? OSif, su,oh.bl,bof./ cmof:wef:ref:pKpAef: wK,cof;umefr[,wmif,wD;eef./ ref:pAef:P;rD:idkef:wK,udef wK,bl,aObof. pKpAef:xSif;? qkdef,xSif;pSif:wK,cdkef;eldof OAef;wmif:ckdef;b[,oh.bl,bof;/ ckef awvh;pAwf:P;rD:eK;umeferfrK: wK,ulef:rldif:? ulef:rldif: qif,awrD:umefvh;? ulef:rldif:rD:umef qif, rldif:awqmif<ckdef;b[,bl,bof;/ ulef:ekrf,wh:pof: bK,ulofumef/ Nofykdif: bK,vlduf;umefaO urf:/ umefNofvdlefauK; vDcof;pAwf:bl,bof;/ cof;pAwf:umef tefoK;eef. awvh;rD:wD;eef. wif:qlof;ymefpof: trf,q[;vl:/ yhm:olef.? yhm:pAwf:olef.pAwf: wK,ckdef;b[,aO P;wmif,auK. vD qgrf:pof:vh;(vuf.yeftrf,q[;)? sewmif:ckdef;b[,yefvh;aOurf:/

Dr.qhm:Omif,thm;

OhmySef:? No.14, October, 2007, Page-28 to 35.