umef;crf:Omif,Omrf
|
|
ykdef:vduf;wnf:(wlofvduf;)
|
rhmwrf:yyf.
]]ykdef:vduf;wh:(wlofvduf;)}}
|
umef;crf:Omif,Omrf(vl:)
wSrf;
Dr.qhm:Omif,thm;
cyf:cdkiftguf,
su:su:?
!Swf.!Swf.
cyf.vduf;
Computer
qhm:OhmvSif:rldif:
cyf:pSef:pmif,cldif;
wgif.avK:tgef,(vghqmif.)
Film
rguf,ulOggh;vSif(wK;ukif;)
tdwf,tguf,
vldefar,?
yD< 2002
1500
yyf.
cyf.rhmNofacK;
1.
NofzkdefJ
2.
ydkef:vduf;wnf:(wlofvduf;)
3.
wlofvduf;wlofbmof:(xlof,iguf;)teftrf,rD:Omwf;J
4.
wlofvduf;wlofbmof:(xlof,iguf;)rD:Omwf;qrf;J
5.
wlofvduf;wlofbmof:(urfOAef:)J
6.
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:(OmrfOAif)J
7.
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:(pK;OAif)J
8.
wlofvduf;wlofrldef:(Nuf:OAif)N.pefvduf;wh:J
9.
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:(Nuf:OAif)vduf;wh:ul;cldof:cldof:J
10.
wlofvduf;wnf:vSifJ
11.
wlofvduf;wnf:tK;NrfJ
12.
wlofvduf;wnf:w[;clif:J
13.
wmif:pefxkdif vkif:umef;crf:Omif,OmrfJ
14.
vduf;xrf:wh:(vduf;ydkef.rldif:)- Dr.qhm:Omif,thm;J
Nofzkdef
vgif;tefvnf;wSrf; ydkef:vduf;wnf: zkdefenf.
ugyf;yldof;Oguf;OK.pKvnf; iof;pmuf;tefwnf:pof: vnf;wSuf,bmnf;uef?
qkrf:eldif;sv;qkrf:eldif; Nyf.pefuef Orf.ayK:trf,ygifumrf:uefqldof:eef.
ref:rD:wD;tefpof:Nyf.pyf.OK,OeK, awvnf; oK;enfbof./
eif,tef wmif:N.uof bkdef:xkdifeef.
rldof;wnf: ynf,yK;Nyf.zK,OK,ykwf. xeef. pof:bdyf:wnf:
wlofbmof:(wlofxlof,iguf;)eef. q[.wkdof:onf.ul<wD;wD;? tefeif,yD.wumwf;
acK;Oif,Ogefqof;ykwf.xK.enf. rldof;zgif:ref:qof;ykdefsz; OK,OeK,eef.
ref:qof;q[.wkdof: umrf:vmwf;wldif:ruxcofaOwK. ref:qof;vmwf; yef
egif.ekif;ref:qof; wD;tefxkuf,vDq[.wkdof:umrf:wmif,tefauK; q[.wkdof:vnf; bl,?
wD;ygif,tefuSyf;uSyf;ref: umrf:e[:cl:e[:oAif:sv; umrf:rmef;eguf; eK:ymif,auK;
bif:qmif;ySuf,yldif;uefenfbof./
umrf:acK;enf.
rD:onf.wD;acK;Oif,qof;ykwf.xK.aOauK; xkdifwD;pkdifbmof:cmof: bmefrK:
e[:rldif:tdef,wD:bK:cof tofzK,OK,ykwf.xK.wSuf,imuf;uef yAefpD.eK.bK,eK. uK,?
ohm:eef. pD.eK.bK,eK.eef. acK;ySuf,ref: Orf.tguf,rK: ax,voK,wK.enf/
ugyf;enf tefqgrf:Omnfwmif:ax,voK,wK.eef.
yAefqof;ykwf.xK.acK: OK. urfuSef,tSef,aO rldof;ref:cof;rK:e[:OD,vD.vif,uK,rK:
Oguf;pKyD.wumwf;eef. ugyf;yldof;yDw.umwf;ax,venf. cofq[.wkdof:yK,vD.ruxonf.?
omnf:ref:ygifwSrf;zdkef odOkwf.xD.rmuf; twf.xuK,xK,bof. wrf:yefzdif; tefekdif;?
tefoK;yD.wumwf; qof;ykwf.xK.enf. awvnf;q[.wkdof: umrf:yK,vD.rux?
ayK:trf,q[.wkdof: xkuf,tK, ymwf;(wmif:zdwf:)enfonf.sv; qif,oK;qkrf:ax,voK,wK.
pK;rldif:enf. qif,qgrf: vmnf: tefyK,vD.auK;yK:? umrf:z[umrf:ref:auK;yK:/
vmnf:rpK,bK,eK.eef.
tofyK,vD.ydef,yAefumrf:cofurf:vAof? umrf:yK,vD. eef.
cofonf.yAefzK,OK,tefekdif;aO qkrf:ygifumef yD.wumwf;cofNofulef:at, at,N.auK;
vnf;bl,enfbof./
wD;enf;wnf:pof:enf.
vh;pyf.tofqkrf:ax,voK,wK.sv; trf,eefOdkyf, Omnfymnf:blef:? ymnf:rmef<sv;
qif,tofumrf:vmwf; umrf:qKwnf:pof: trf,ygif, uefvnf;uK,? tefwD;OAifwmef;?
OAifvmwf;ySuf,uefeef. ugyf;yldof;bl,qrfulef: wmif,cldof:sv;yAef? enf.sw.
ayK:vmwf;uefxldif:xldif:qkdifygif,uefvnf;bl,? tef tofumrf:yK,vD.cof;qdrfeef.
trf,qmif<pAwf:pkdofygif,uef? wD;wSuf;rldefeif,qkrf:xnf: cof
ayK:cofoK;]]ayK;sr;}}enf pof:ygif,vnf;bl,?
ayK:cofoK;]]rK<wK<yD<wK<}}enf pof:trf,ygif,bof.? ayK:cofoK;]]zD}}enf
pof:ygif,bl,? ayK:cofoK; ]]aw<owK<}}enf pof:trf,ygif,bof./
(OmnfOkdyf, wmif:bgrf:tefenf. rD;tefeldif;
trf,q[;e[:yldifykdef:vduf; wnf:auK; vDvnf;N.sv;qif,wSrf;yK:enf.bof.?
wD;tefoK;]]rK<wK<yD<wK<}}eef. ref:aw,]]sr;}} qif,rK: ]]ayK;}}?
ref:yAef zdif;tdef,wD:bK:? iof;wD;wnf:pof: vkuf.rK:enf.
Orf.yAefqkrf:tefvkuf.wD;]]ayK;}} qif,rK:]]sr;}}? pof:yAefqkrf:tl;
yAefiof;Ndef:? tdef,wD:bK:cofOrf. sr;yAefiof;Ndef:qldof:enf.vDolef.bl,)/
qgrf:eif,seonf. e[:zdkefvduf;enf.
wK,wSrf;qgrf:umrf:wnf:enf. rldof; ugef,pKonf.(wlofsr;vgrf;sr;vduf;) 16 aO
sr;uyf:eef. cdkef:xgeftofe[:sr; vgrf;eef.rK: 8 wlof? sr;OAif 10 wlofaO
ukrf,q[.ukrf,wkdof:rK:enfbof.? ugyf;pof: tofyK,vD.cof;rK:sv; ]]n}}eef.
qif,rK:ykwf;wD;]]b}}eef.enfbof./
Oifpof:olef.xkdifrldof;qof.
yldof;zK,OK,rK:clef:cof:pof:eef. tefyAefvduf; Nrf;wlof - umrf:Nrf;acK;eef.
awimnf;imnf;ugnf:/
umef;crf:Omif,Omrf(vl:)
ykdef:vduf;wnf:(wlofvduf;)
ugyf;Oifsv; vnf;wSrf; ydkef:vduf;wnf:-
1.
vgif;OifydlifOif trf,oK;ayK:ref:bAwf,bmof:cmof:pkdifbof.qkdif awvnf;Oguf;pK ykdef:ref:bof./
2.
wnf:pof:enf. yduf.oK;yAefildef;eldif; cldof:vAof yAeftefvAofuefaOauK; ugyf;
vgif;wmif:ul<yldifyldifaOsv; vnf;bmnf;bmwf,zmwf,szuefaO vduf;vmnf:auK;
ySuf,yldif;uef/
3.
ayK:trf,clef.Oguf;cguf:pKaO rlef.sr: P;vh;Nrf<uefckdef:? rldefuefckdef:qkdif
qldof.cldof:auK; awbmefzmwf,uefuK,wduf:wduf: qldof:enf.bof./
qgrf:eif,vduf;ulef:pof:wD;vkrf;'K.enf.
ayK:tofNofpkyf;tefuSyf;ref:rD: Ogifqkrf:? qkrf:ekdif; -
vduf;wlofpmif<teftofwlofvduf;wmifacK;umrf:? qkrf:Ogif –
tofOAifwmifacK;umrf:enfbof./ wnf:pof:enf. yAefqkrf:tofOAifwmifacK;umrf:eef.
bof./
rldof;yD<umnf vnf;uK,pef
wD;vkrf:rkuf.qkrf:vduf;vmnf:sv; bAef,si;wlif, oAif:erf.crf:?
rD:onf.wlofvduf;wnf:eK:cD:]]rldif:sc,}}rD:onf.Ogifwlof? yAefwlofvduf; wlofpmif<?
Orf.rD:Ogifwlofugnf:sv; vnf;pefqnf.ref:aOwK. ildef;ref:trf,ynf, vnf;?
trf,ynf,qmif<wkdwf.qmif<xmof? ugyf;enf awvnf;tofwlofvduf; tefOAif
wmifacK;umrf:eef. wSrf;tguf,rguf,seugnf:bof./
qgrf:eif,vgif;wmif:Omrfyldif
yK;eldofeef.sv; ayK:awcnf;clef.olef.qgrf: OAef;wmif:ykdef:vduf;wnf:pof:enf.
pof:awvnf;urftof ac:tefoK;]]vduf;wnf: Nrf;wlof-umrf:wnf:Nrf;acK;}}eef.aO
Orf.toftefoK;]]wlofwSwf;OAifwmnf-vmnf: Omnf<P;wluf:}}enfeef.
pAwf:yAefcldif;q[.uK,wduf:wduf:enfbof./ e[:uK; ykdef: vduf;wnf:enfauK;
ref:yAeftefuof qluf:cdkwf:bkdef:xkdifvnf;eef.ugnf:/
rldof;vnf;vlif:uK,bmef,ukif,
uK,qgnf;qmnf:crf:rldif:(zmnf,ykdef:)? wK,ref: awtofykdef:vduf;wnf:
O[,e[:ydkef:wnf: tefawydef,wSrf; zmnf,tAif:uvAwf; eef. trf,vnf;xkwf,onf.sv;
yguf;enf. qif,vnf;cdkef:Oguf;pKuAyf:wSrf;xSif;r[, r[,enfbof./
e[:uK;vduf;wnf: pof:enf. ref:vkuf.wD;wlofbmof:(wlofxlof,iguf;)rK:ql:wlof
bmof:? wlofurfbAef:? wlofrlef:pAwf:enf vSuf;vmnf;rK:wduf:wduf:? ugnf:oK;
iof;ref: auK.v[pAwf:tguf,? qkrf:v[pAwf:tguf,? pAwf:tguf,rldof;v[? ymefv[?
enfeef. trf, qluf:pKvnf;/
urf;zgif;oK; ymefckefMif? ckefMifuK,tofrK:?
ayK:wlnf:e[:ydkef:ckefMifeef. ref:uK,Oguf;pKxrf:odeb tefynf,ukrf,wD;rldif:sc,?
pKxSrftefbgrf:wD;rldif:sc,eef. enfeef. ref:trf,uAof;umnf,uef wif:wlofvduf;/
ugyf;vgif;wmif:qldof:enf.
tefyAefvduf;wnf:(wlofvduf;)ydlifwSrf;ref:aw vnf;tofvduf;wlofbmof:(wlofxlof,iguf;)aO
wSrf;wmifseyefuK,bof.? tefawwSrf; uK,enf.ref:yAef pmif<yldifwlofvduf;sv;
wif:OAiftguf,acK;umrf:wnf:pof: yAefOgif ydlifenf.bof./
vduf;wlofbmof:(wlofxlof,iguf;)tefrldof;qof.eef.
yldifwSrf;ref:trf,ynf,rD: tefoK;]]Omwf:}}eef.? tofwlofref:umrf:uefaO
tguf,OAifrK:? trf,eef tofsr; vgrf;awK,sr;vgrf; umrf:uefaOtguf,OAifrK:? trf,eef
tofsr;uyf:umrf:(trf,eef O[,sr;uyf:)aO tguf,OAifrK:?
qgrf:eif,zl;N.vlifvlif.vSif,zhm,OAifcofpAwf:tguf,onf. yefpof: qldof:yK;egif;
yK;vifenf. awvnf;oK;enfbof./
wlofvduf;wlofbmof:(xlof,iguf;)
teftrf,rD:Omwf;
yldifse
wlofvduf;wlofbmof:(xlof,iguf;)
teftrf,rD:Omwf;
OAiftguf,ref:
]]Oifvuf:cdif:emif:ql: eif,cmrf:cofonf.
ugnfogef:eK,bl,auK;? rldof:eK;qof; cgwf,puf.
qof;Mwf;rguf,vmwf;qif,wuf:wgyf,Olnf; zl;ulwf.tofwif:Nef,qAef;qgnf.
rguf,bK,cmoful, - emif:rldif:qyf:bof.? eif,enf. tgef;tgef; aeK,qgnf.cgnf;cgnf;
wSif,ugnf;clef.omif;Mif;xnf:yl, - e[:acK:? -emif:imrf:qif,wuf:pAwf:tef cdefclof
cdefcmefzkifemif: e[:q[OSifrldif:uSef,clwf:aiK:-rlrf,Olnf;r[:bof.?
OmnfNifwuf:oK; udefzofudefimnf: bmrf:e[(v[)aOauK;
aqK;aqK;bkkuf.yAif:NofOof:wldif,? -zDMif;z
aeK,-vuf:P;Olqof;eSwf;-aOK,]]ol:uBmif<bSef.}}zlofcK;pdyf:eSwf;bmefOldif,(Okdif,)
qAof:rK:vlnfsv;}}/
*
wD;tefydlifwSrf;-2eef. Orf.szxSif;]]Omwf;qrf;}} ]]Omwf;zSwf:}}enfbof.?
Omwf;qrf;tefoK;enf. ref:awygif,oK;-]]wlofrD:qrf;eef. ref:ukduf:wlofbl,wmrf:
ref:eef.pkdof? ayK:trf,qrf;yefeldofwlofukduf:eef. uloftrf,N.wlofv[udkuf:wlofv[
eef.pkdof?
wlofvduf;wlofbmof:(xlof,iguf;)
rD:Omwf;qrf;
yldifse
wlofvduf;wlofbmof:(xlof,iguf;)
rD:Omwf;qrf;
OAiftguf,ref:
]]rldof;eef. ayK;sr;qof;OgifOl,pmif:yK:/
qif,wuf:ygifuefoK;vmnfcK:- wSif, vmwf;? Oifeef wef:yAif:ilwf;pdrf:vlif-rl,Nnf;/
-wD;teftkrf,Nrf;rnf.bluf,ulnf; -rD:erf/
pK:vkuf.ynfpAwf:pnf;zkuf,cof;uknfzlduf,-ulyf:iK:? P;yAefOlefvlifoK: ukdef:
ugK,vmnfcK:-Omuf;Omuf;? wif:uK; vmnfyldifcdlif;wmif:udef-bK,xmwf,? vuf:ygnf:
pmyf, udkwf;cof;umifumwf,rldof:cmnf/ rof,eef
omef,cof;qof.zkuf,Ogrf;-eldofvdef-bmrf:tkdyf: zofimnf:vnf;tofudef-rof,bmuf;/
zlofar:ygifuef tduf,wif:Ogif-zl;vkuf;? clyf,rldof;
yef,cgyf;oef:OgifzK.e[zkuf;vSif:rK:/ ayK;sr;vkuf;OmrfOD,-ulef:zmef? udefimnf:vD
vD qif,vlif:bmef-Nrf;zmnf;/ qif,wuf:ynfxkdifwef:yAif: ckrf,tdkrfwkdrf:-rl,Nnf;/
wD;tefyK,tkrf,rnf.bluf,ulnf;-Nuf:Omif:-puf.vlnf;wif;vif; erf.vef;ukdwf:vnf
ygif,-yAefsu:? –zkdefvdefylyAif: pAif:v[auK;vDsr:-xldef,pnf;}}/
*zdkefvduf;teftofO[,yK:rK:enf.
ref:yAef]]atK:Owf.xrf,wgnf:iof;}}wlofvduf; ref:qkdif-rldefMnf:urfukwf,onf.?
pmif<awtrf,q[;Mnf:urfyD; tefyAefclefwlofOwf: eef./
wlofvduf;wlofbmof:
(urfbAef:)
yldifse
wlofvduf;wlofbmof:
(urfbAef:)
OAiftguf,ref:
eK,rK.wmef:Oduf;
vduf;qof;cof;qkdof;zkdefOSifumrf:crf: xrf:qof;cof;qkdof; qof;teK,uOdif,
wD;cK;bof. qof;wmif:vmnfcofNdnf:? cof;yAefrpK,wK,eK.wmif:vl,
ul.Olof,clofOSifpmof:crf: TzK:wuK,xrf:idkef:rmef;Mif: bif:tefteduf.qK.
umrf,TwK: Mwf:pmif; xkdifwlofuK,aO uK;ar:uK;vkuf; ykuf.rl,zkifvmef
qldof:tefbl,yK;egif;yK; vif qif,wuf:uBLof:qK: tK:xkuf;
ykuf.aqK,vduf;vmnf:erf.xrf:TwK:awK,qof;? qArf uK;ul: uK;wrf:cgef, rguf,bK,OrD:
xD:wkif:qmuf;qK,cof;erf.Ogrf:cmof atK,qK,tK,pK, TvK. Oyf.ywf.xK. OD.OrBK.?
uK;tef uBmrf,oK;vnf; ygifyAefeef. vldefOdyf: tAwf:vnf; Odyf:Omrfoef: wuf:rK:
bkuf.abK:axKOl, bkuf.vl,abK:wmef:? TzK: TwK:Oif,cK, Tvwf.eK,rBmwf;qof;
wif:OmrfP;yAeftuBLof: umyf,wlofzKcdif: r[:ulef: xof;? yAefulef:auK; P;vnf;vD?
yAefzDauK; P;vnf;rBmwf;? P;vnf;vDul<qmwf;? rBmwf;ul<ymef? cmefayK:awK,
wlduf;? Odluf;Mwf;ymefOSif ymefcrf:TzK:yAefqof;tTvD. rdwfaw,bK. vlif:rK;ayK,
xmif,ymif:Ndif:rldif:vlifau,wl.rwD, rldof;v[oef:eef. P; teftuBLof:wK,eK.
wmif:vl,qkifqgif,egif,yef; ymnfwdefymnfrkdof: P;vnf;rldof: Mwf;rldof:xdkif
w[;wuf:ouf.cof,? P;vnf; vguf;yAefax,TvD,ax,TvK, tSuf.uK.OK,ouK. Tvpmef;wK, vrfvdefrdefrkefqgrf:qof;
cof;Mwf;rldif:rpK,edyf.ymef, trmef,cmef yAefsw.sw. bK,pmif.bK,pmwf;bK,umwf;
bK,umif:wD;cK;vlnf;wK;rkefNdnf: rkefaeK:? OK,xl.JOK,xl.JOK,xl.J?
emif:oOkif,xaTv, Omuf;aO,wgif:ukdrf:wD;cK;vlnf;wK./
vmnf:wSrf;wlofbmof:
(wlofxlof,iguf;)
vmnf:wSrf;wlofbmof:(wlofxlof,iguf;)enf.
vnf;pAwf:umuf;trf,vnf;wrf:yAif:? qldof.ei,fzldefwSrf;vduf;?
vnf;wmif;qef:cdkef;wmif:eldof? tofrmifaq;(cSyf:aq;) ymnf.vlif: wif:Ogifzmnf,?
pAwf:qK.pdyf,rmifaq;qyf:uefeef.pdyf,onf.? arKvduf; eif;yK;eK;umuf;eef. Okdof;Okdof;?
tofyD;(urfclefwlofOwf:)qkyf.erf.rkduf.vmnf.vlif: enfbof./
omnf:vkdef:rK: wnf:pof:arKtofurf
ukwf,cSiftefrD:Onf;eef. xgefOnf; ref:tguf,aOpAwf:cldif;wSrf;?
cldif;wSrf;tefeef. qif,Mif.urfukwf,? erf.rkduf.bl,e[: ulifurfeef./
vmnf:wSrf;ref: vnf;rD:zldefOD,qAif,bmof:?
rD:wdefwrf:? wrf:qgrf:wmif: bmof:? tofaq;yof,? yyf.yof,? wrf:eldofzldefaO
tofurfukwf,wSrf;? ugyf;yldof;urfukwf, enf. trf,qmif;wkdwf.bmof:qefbmof:?
wlofvduf;eef.qif,yAefOD,qAif,rK:? trf, eef ygwf:rK:? qif,Mif.qgrf:
clof:cldif;wSrf;ref:]]wlofvduf;urfbAef:}}enf? ugyf;ref:
vkuf.wlofbmof:bAef:rK:enf awvnf;oK;enfpkdof/
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:
(OmrfOAif)
yldifse
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:
(OmrfOAif)
ydlifse
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:
(OmrfOAif)
OAiftguf,ref:
awegef:wlnf:eK;rldif:xmef;ay:vldif? qif,oK;tewf;wK:enf.
ref:trf, yAefyldif-wlofeof;egefqgnf:bof.? wlofuofsw.sw.auK;trf,vnf;oK;
yAefyldef;ugnf: ugnf:-rD:rlif;rSif:Owf.e[:ykrf? ayK:oK;
oK,abK,xmwf;vlrf:Okrf-bmefymnf;wlofpK:? N.
wuf:cof;yAeftmnfOmyf,eof;vrfOK:-yAeferf.egifNof;qkdrf:vnf? qif,oK; yID,aw,
oK,rldof;bmrf:enf - zlofcgnf;bof. ar:pnf;ilof,uBK:enf.?
ayK:oK;rK,IeK.qgif,vmuf; ar:zmuf;bmefuK: - zlofOrf.wuf:pnf; Olef:cD?
qif,oK;wif:ulef:sv; wif:zD- rBLof:enf.ref:trf,yldifvgnf:?
qif,oK;cof;yAeftewf.wK.qldof:enf.ugnf:ugnf:-ref: trf,ayK:vD? ckdef:vSif:ae.wSif:ul;oef:yD-Oof:rkdwf;xiftgif:?
q[:P;y[.tlduf,aq; e[: tkifykif,erf.OD,sr; egifzgif:-su:udkwf;cef;clrf?
wef,eK,uD.av,OK, Omif,rkdwf;qlrf: Nrf-rmifauK.bif:Orf.vkdrf:ySwf;Odefxrf:?
eif,tefrdif.awK,acK;xrf:qof;ylifwrf:- Okif:vmwf;ogef:Ogef? vmnfykuf; vmnfwgnf:?
onf.P;qof;pof:ylwf:xmwf,cBL.ymifygnf: -ul:vSrf;Ndof:Oyof:
cdkef;rldif:eduf.ymef:qgrf? TzK:qof;pof:bAif:av:rkif;wlnf:vgrf-cD ugyf;pof:y[.udkwf:vkwf;vifvSrf;Omif:azK:?
qof;pof:idef:wdyf,uyf.ulifacK:-cBK:onf.yef vduf;vmnf:rmnf oK;tldnf:? wif:tefOK,OeK,vgif,wguf;ydlif:Ndof;Ndif:Omnf-O[Ndof;ukef:
ukef:? pmef.awK,Mwf; ygwf:qof;wlefvkef:-yGmif:rldof;omnf:egif;omnf:vif? qif,oK;
wgif:wK.-qldof:pof:rlof:bof: Omif;clif:umif-Ndnf:-z[auK;vDqgif.urfyef;Odefxrf:?
ulof tefvkwf;vgnf:ySwf;vmnfvrf:-rldefrldof;ckdef:vif?
ayK:trf,qduf;ul:Oifugnf:bof. vD rlef;vDOldof:? cnf;q[vgif;pof:vnf;vef,vkwf;
vgnf:ySwf;vifNdof:-pof:enf.ref: ildof;Okwf:Oefblof:? rmifulef:Orf.
bif:wefNdnf:-su:ylef.q[Owf:? pduf;oK;urfOdef
enf.egif:uwf:-ulofpdef.bkif:qD;clyf:tSof? wkuf:wKOrf. qkdify[.ykif,y[.vguf:wD;wef:iSof
-qkdiftrf,rD:pdef.rD:bkif:? sv,uGK,y[.yKoK,yKrkif:-pAwf:cAif,e[:erf.e[:egif?
rmifauK.yldef; ayK:Mif.yl,Mif.cdif: Orf.uBLof:ygif-rBLof:eef.ugnf:ugnf:?
ayK:yldef;oK;qlof:wif;ymifygnf:- qkdifoK;ref:trf,ayK:qkdef;Omef:q[? oef:cdkef:crf;ulyf:e[-ugnf:N.cmif:oK;
Nofcnf;Nof rof:? wluf:wKOrf.sv,rlef.yK,atK;ylif:vof:-pKvgif;N:rAef;e[:vgnfbof.?
av,rlyf,ulrf; uAyf:Mnf-sr:awK.wguf:ySwf;wmif:ulef;vSrfodwf:?
rmifauK.trf,yldifN.umefvgif;wmif:zdwf: -pAwf:urf;ref:yAef?
ulef:trf,N.wmif:bmuf; wmif:cAef-uldof:oK;ref:J
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:(pK;OAif)
(r[,Okifvduf;wnf:)
yldifse
auKf,rD,wD,
wK,awfarf:cdkifvduf;wh:eh. ch;P;vduf;wh:pof:phmuGK,? trf,eefch;bK. vl.bK.vSof
vduf;wh:uof,pof: tefrD:oh.eef.trf,q[;? ugyf;yldof;ch;P;wh:pof: ul;auK.qf>
vAuf.qf>b[,arKftmef,? arKfwf>ugh:trf,uK:
eif,pkdofulef:wmif,rBLof:auKf;awOgefvh; tef, vh;vduf;wh:pof:ihm;avf;
qif,vh;sr:ckdifoh./
yldifK>eif,pkdofqkdof.cldof:wh:pof:
awfqg>:vh; umyf;udif:omef;rldif:yldef;tef b[,rK; uK;OkifrK:eef.
vlof,srf:ckdif vduf;wh:pof:bl,bof.? vduf;wh:pof: tefrD;oh.uof,uof, eef.
ugyf;tef t>,q>g:OzK,orhmOAifvduf;vhm:yhmayf,svf;vduf;abf;wlof OAifref:vh;
tguf,vhmqldof.vhmyldifeef.qkdif-wh:pof:awft>,qg>:ydlef;vh;ugh:t>,uK:
vkdef:vhm:ohm:eh.rK: vduf;wh:eh. awfogwf;omh:phmugK,sw.sw.bof.? ayK:vduf;vhm:yhmay,phmauKf;qldof.cldof:awfphmq>g:
ugK,tefoK;eef. pof:ul;auKf.ul;ulef: N.uefbl,vDvD? eif,pkdofvduf;pof:cldof:pof:
awf t>,phmeef. wh:pof:xkuf,vDtofch;q[? cwf:q[uefpmif:z[pmif:ref:bl,bof./
vgif;tefwK,sr:ckdifvduf;wh:eh.
qif,pK rK:pAwf:tofxSif;r[,r[,eh.ugh:trf,q[;? qf>rldof;ymef tSif:uvAwf; yD
1940 wlofeef. uK;wD;vk>:eh.rD: ydif,nK,rif:uBD:uof, rdwf.qwK,udwf.(E.G.N.Kinch)yAefiof;
tduf,wif:auKf.tefwf>;qkdof;yK;w[;Okwf:eh. vh;wldif,ymif,yK,rguf.c
TOK,OzK,oOAifvduf; rdwf.qwK,Ikwf.(F.W.W.Rhodes)aqf.
qmyf;oh.bof.? vlof,ayK.ulnf:sv; omef;rldif:Orf.rK:vl.aO qif,oK; trf,yh,wef:vh;
pAwf: vh;ayK. yAefrl,yAefzkdefbof./
xkdifrK:rldof;Okduf:bof.eef.
vk>:eh. vh;pyf.c>m,oh. vduf;ydif,nK,Odzhm,vduf;wh:
ul;wD;ul;vSefyeftuB>m,oh. wK,awfsrf:ckdifvduf;wh:sv; qif,vh;vof;xkdifvmwf;qK,wldif,
ymif,wif: tqlof:brldif:wh:aObof. zg>.vh;q[uefzdwf;rguf,ulef:wmifwlofsv;
qldof: tefN.b[,pefe>zhm,vduf;wh: rK:qkwk>uef pAwf:auKf,rdwD,eh.wK,cdkifsrf:vduf;wh:eh.
bof./
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:(pK;OAif)
yldifse
e[:yyf.vduf;wh:tefayK.tguf,bof. qldof:eef.
pmef.awK,oef:rldof;eh. P; ayK:bdyf:wkdof:vh;e[:su;wh:ul;wD; yh,rD:rK:aObof.
qkdifOrf.oK;bl,? yAefwh:eif,uef yyf.vduf;wh:Orf.trf,cof;su;wh:vh;ul;wD;/
yyf.vduf;wh: tefawcof;su;wh:ul;wD;ul; vSefeef.
wuf:awvh;P;ref:tguf,rK:erferfbof./
e[:rldif:zgrf.Nrf;rldif:rmef;eh.
yD;egif.wh: rD:oh.bl,ul;qguf.ul;qAif,? rldefeif, rldif:wh:? e[:rldif:cmif?
e[:rldif:ubK:? pdrf:Omyf,erf.cBmif:(cBdef:wdGef:)? pdrf:Mrf:oAif:zBL:? oAif:yK,uldof(sy:ul:)?
oAif:bef,ukif,? rldif:ay,? e[:rldif:bmif:(auK,¨l:av,)sv; wlif,w edef:¨K,ID,
qldof:eh. yAefwD;yD;egif.wh:bl,vgef.vgef./ yduf.Orf.oK; bl,zmwf,uef ceh.auK;
cofbif:wkduf.vmwf;uGmrf:wh:? wkdof:vduf;wh:tefvAofuefbl,/
qgrf:eif, erf.vdefpdef'K tldif,ekdif;sv;
tldif,ekdif;yldif;uef? wmif:bl,? wmif:ekif;trf,rldefuef? yD;egif.wh:awK,wh:
trf,ayK:cof;cof;tguf,tguf,uefsv; OAif vmwf;yD;egif.wh:auK; tldif,ekdif;sv;
tldif,ekdif;? ygwf:ekdif;sv; ygwf:ekdif vh;ySuf, ydlif;uefoh.bof./
(ySuf,-tefoK;eef. ySwf,P;ayK:trf,vmwf;ql:uefvh; trf,qkdof;/ ayK:vmwf;vhg:vhg:?
tkyf,vgh:vgh:Orf.ygif,uefoh.bl, wif:OgifyK;/) pAwf:ehaO wh:qldof:
rD:OAifvmwf;(OAifvduf;ekdif;wlof)Nuf:OAifauK;rD:? qldof:rD:qAwf:OAifauK;rD:?
qldof:rD:ySwf, OAifauK;rD:? qldof:rD:pK;OAifauK;rD:/ rD:bl,wif:erfvlifbof./
ayK:wlnf: OAifvmwf;yD;egif.wh:
e[:rldif:zgrf.Nrf;rldif:rmef;? awpef-
(1)wh:vlif(bl,e[:rldif:wh:)rD:OAifvmwf;pK;OAif/
(2)wh:ckdef(e[:rldif:wh:ygwf:oef:tguf,)rD:ySwf,OAif/
ugh:oK; bdyf:wkdof:Nuf:OAifurf;erf/
(3)wh:eldof(e[:rldif:wh:?
e[:rldif:cmif)rD:Nuf:OAif/
(4)wh:rmof:(e[:rldif:wh:?
e[:rldif:cmif)rD:Nuf:OAif/
(5)wh:crf:wD;vlif(e[:rldif:cmif)rD:qAwf:OAif/
ugh:oK; tefbdyf:wkdof:erf rD:Nuf:OAif/
(6)wh:crf:wD;tgef,(qgrf:Omyf,erf.cBmif:)rD:qAwf:OAif/
ugh:oK; tefbdyf:wkdof:erf rD: Nuf:OAif/
(7)wh:vSif(e[:rldif:cmif?
e[:rldif:rmef;ygwf:Mif,)auK; bdyf:wkdof:Nuf:OAifurf;erf/
ayK:wlnf: qldof:vmwf;rK:yK;eldofeh.
vh;pefyD;egif.wh:wif:erf ul;wD;ul; vSef bdyf:wkdof:Nuf:OAifoh./
ayK:oK;awP;vduf;wh:wSrf;qgrf:uGmrf:wh:vh;vDvDeef. rhm OAifvduf;wh:auK;
awvh;rD:Nuf:tefbof./ ugyf;eh eif,Ndofvduf;wh: ayK:awyAef vduf; wK,cdlof:wh:vhmOdyf:rAof:eef.
e[:yyf.N.pefvduf;wh:eh. qif,vh;O[,oh. wlef: OAifNuf:wlef: rhmOAifpK;tefbof./
e[:yyf.eh.
tofuGmrf:wh:vlif(pK;OAif)pAwf:iof;oh./ uGmrf:vmwf;wh: teftldif, ekdif;sv;
tldif,ekdif; vmwf;trf,rldefuefeef.auK; tldif,v[auK;vDbof. rldof;vl? rldof; tmef,yyf.eh.ayK:Nyf.xlyf:
acK;uGmrf:teftrf,ygif,vSif:q[eef. cSef:awK;ydkwf,wlnf: wmif:ygwf:pmifyyf.wD;
uefuGmrf:wSwf;eef.aOurf:/ awygif,vSif:rK:bl,bof./
uGmrf:wSwf;e[:yyf.eh. ckdef:bdyf:acK;uGmrf:
tefyK:e[:yyf.tgef,eh.uhg:/ ohm:eh. rK: eif,NdofayK:awyAefvh;
uGmrf:wSwf;zkdefcdkuf.zdkefcrf, wK,wh:wif:vlifvh;tdifydkif; eef.
awvh;cwf:q[bl,bof./ eif,NdofyD;egif.wh:vhmOdyf:cldof: awvh;bdyf:vduf;Nrf; wlof?
awvh;vmwf;uGmrf:Nrf;acK;eef.auK; awvh;cwf:q[bl,eif,uof,/
qgrf:eif,umefvlof,wlnf:vduf;auK;
rmifohm.yldifekdif;? bmrf:vh;wK,ayK.tguf,yyf. eh.auK;at,sv;? ayK:oK;
xlyf:rSef;wD;zdwf:wD;yldif;eh cSef:awK;ygh,omif:wmif:zdwf: aOurf:/
rguf,xkdifwD;zdwf:ref:rK:aOurf:/ vkuf.wD;eh;aO qlrf:xkdifulef:qldof:qhg;?
eif,NdofayK:awyAefvh;yyf.eh.rK:eef.sw.sw.atK;/
rkif;rgif:oef:vduf;wh:yAefNrf;wlof?
uGmrf:wh:yAefNrf;acK;/
'kifvkuf;tgef,wh:?
qldof:yK:q[clef.vduf;vhm:
sv; 'dif;si;wh:?
wuf.uOldof,cof
oAif:bef,ukif,? oAif:rmef:wav:
sv;
auK:vAuf.oAif:wgif,uBD:/
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:(Nuf:OAif)
vduf;wnf:r[,tefrD:qef.?
yyf.pAef:vduf;wh:r[,qef.( )
vkrf:zhm,ydif,nK,rldif:wh:?
yldifse
umrf:e>m:
auK,rdwD,vduf;wh:r[,eh.
ugyf;yldof;c[;P;ulef:rldif:e[:qkdif;wh:pof: qArfvAuf.qArfb[, arKtmef,arKwSrf;
ugh:trf,uK: eif,pkdofulef;wmif,rAof:auK; awOgefvh;? tmef,vh;ihm; ihm;sv;
cdkef;uK; r[,Okifckdwf:qgrf: umyf;omef;ymefrldif:
rldof;vAofeh.qif,vh;sr:pAwf:oh. bof./
vduf;wh:pof:tefrD:oh.uof,uof,eef.
ugyf;yldof; rhmOAiftrf,ukrf,xlef;qgrf:OZK, ovduf;wh:sv; OAifref:auK;
tguf,vhmqldof.vhmyldifoh.? ayK:awrK:pAwf:tzdxmef,? wlof vduf;ab;wlof
P;tguf,OAifab;u>:? cdkwf:q>g:yldef; qldof:tefulef:e[:u>,eK,bdyf:wkdof:
bl,rldof;vAofeh. t>,yAefvh;sv; qif,sr:cdkef:bof./
vduf;wh:r[,e[.qif,pKsr:pAwf:tof
rldof;vAofeh.ugh: t>,q[;? sw,wif;pAwf:rK: qArfrldof;yDcIAwf.-1940
eD;eef.bof./ ugh:uK; omef;rldif:O>.vl.aOqif,vh;ukdwf:oh. bof.?
xkdifrK:
ohm:Okduf:vlifu>,zK,yguf;Ogifbof.bof. qgrf:eif,uofcK;vh;N.pefOazK: Oef,w
umifq[ulef:rldif:wh:rD: c[;P;vduf;wh:r[,Okifcdkef;uK;sv; uofcK;qif,wmif,xkdif
vlifygifqkdif;wh: zgrf.vh;q[uefaObof. qif,wmif,oh.auK,rdwD,zhm,srf:vduf;wh:
yAef eif,tefqkdof;OAifyK:rK: yK;w[;eh.bof.J
1.wlofvduf;wlofrlef:(Nuf:OAif)
2.N.pefvduf;wnf:
omnf:aOvduf;wh:r[, tguf,rK:bof.
tofcof;e[:Nif:pAef:vlifygifqkdif;uK,trf, ayK:pkdif qgrf:eif,
umefrmef;rldif:trf,edrf? vlifygifqkdif;trf,edrfaO tofvduf;wh:
tefcof;e[:Nif:pAef:vlifygifqkdif;eef.auK; ukdwf:uK,aObof. omnf:eef. qif,rD:
qkrf:qldof:puf.vduf;vmnf:cof cwf:q[tguf,yyf.pAef:rK:tefedlif;
tefoK;]]N.pefvduf; wnf:}}tefoK;eef.? e[:yyf.eef.rD;vmuf,
vmnf:rK:yK:wif:OAifNuf:tefrmnfOAif}} (-K<)}}tefMif.]]buf:ckdef;}}eef.
enfbof./ tefyAefOAifbuf:ckdef; uK;yAef wnf:cldof:wnf: ul<teftef?
ul<wD;wD;(onf.aOwnf:vlif)vnf;q[.wkdof:ugnf:ugnf: enf? q[.wkdof:ugnf:trf,uK:
bif:yAefOAifiof;vl:ugef,bof./
wlofvduf;wlofrlef:(Nuf:OAif)
vduf;wnf:ul<cldof:cldof:
yldifse
ujrf:ejrf:
wlvduf;tefbdyf:wkd: e[:yyf.wif;apef:eh.
ayefwlvduf;wh:uk;cldof:cldof:tef ruf:ref; wd;ymifukrfvlifvduf;wh:ukcdlof:cldof:
wD;aoif:OD,ayj.rldof;yDOj,Oej,qof;ykwf.
xj. 2518 vldefNuf:r[, aqwf:oef:(yDcIdwf.-1974
vldefOD,vh; 27oef:)eef. bof./
wlvduf;eh.trf,q[;oj;pAwf:tguf,r[,r[,
eif,pkdofyD;egif.wh:uk;cldof:cldof: qdl:bl,e[:
rldif:zgrf.Nrf;Ol,aaOB,vdwf.qgrfqkdif;rldif:rjef;eif,uef
cdl:ekdif;aav;cdl:ekdif;ayj:aw
uyf:Okdyf,uefvh;aav;vduf;wh:tefc[;bkdif;oh.bk,eh. P;ayj:cdkef;qgrf:vguf:vhj:ej;ujef yhj:rjuf;rD:?
yhj:uyf:uhj,? yhj:rldif:
ymefr[,rld;avofeef.auj(ekdif;aauyf.)pjif;aapef:
yjif ukrfvlif vduf;vhj:wh:uk;cdl:cld:aav;
aujvkrf:vj:vduf;wh:
uk;cdl:cld: qif,wrf:vlif:iof; pmuf;cgyf,vguf: yuf:ydlifvkrf:vj:vduf;wh:
uk;cdl:cld:bof.? tofvduf;wh:uk;cld:cld: e[:rldif:zgrf. Nrf; Ol,aaOB,vdwf.qgrfqkdif;rldif:rjef;
tefrD:ukduf:cdl:z[cld:ref:oh.uof,uof,eef. rj: ujrf:uefaO
bkkuf:tofydlif(wlclwf:wlaij:)tefaaw;aaewf;?
tefrd:ydkef:ref; ukdrf:/ tefaavyf;uefwif:vhj:Ohj<aOif(Phonetic
science)uk;rldif:rldif: bdyf:wkd:eef. aav; tefrd:aOif
aawwf;aaewf; tefaawrf;qgrf:vh;aOif yD;egif.wh:uk;cdl: cdl:eef.
ruf:ref;ayefvduf;wh:ul;cdlof:cldof:ehbof./
wlofvduf;wnf:vSif
yldifse
wlofvduf;wnf:vSif
OAiftguf,ref:
atK:uK,OK. rkefNdnf: cBmuf;enf.pkdofyAef
vDNrfvDqlrf: ckefzl;q[pmef wmef: rkefOSef;q[Ndif: Owf.xK,/ qof.crf;yvD.qK,
urf,zgrf.pK;ukif rof,bK;qgef: su:/ ukdif,tefrK,wK,yDwl.
OgifaeK,ayK;sr;Mif.O[,qkdof;TzK:wuK, ylwkrf,-q[omef?
ref:ckefq[tdifxrf:OSifTwK:tmrf,bKzmef-bkrf,rmwf;? cof;qkdof; uBmrf:OSifTwK:
eduf. yK,eK.-uK,xK,/ ref:qof;yl,aqK,zduf;Oduf; onf.wmif,uof;OD,rgrf;atK:uK,-abK:wmef:
apK:eK;/ /cof;prf;ykuf.wK.atK,vOK.Frmwf;Tvwf;weK,vkuf;puf.q[eldif;Omrfcdif,
-qmnf:vD(eD:)? ulef:zl;Nofq[e[:wlofxl:Nif(Ndif:)yAefyldifOSifcSof rldif:cof
ckefMef euK:Tvgif,xkef:tD:-Ndof;bgef;apK:eK;? uK;enf.tuBLof: zdkefO[vmnf:xrf:ac:TwK:-
xrf,rK.? ul.Olofwuf:rK:olnf,P;atK,Tvwf.OK.vkuf;puf.wD,wK,-rBK:yefcK;bof./ olnf,
qArftldif,qef.OSiftkef,cmif;vkuf;ayK;vlrf:xmwf,-bmefuK:? crf:zl;qgrf:vif
ckefyK: zgif:xdef wmif:qdyf:wmif:emof wmif:yAefwmif:wmnfpmnfomnf:
umrf,TwK:-rof,ref; enf.aeK;? oK;wD;crf:
qgef:igef:Ndnf:-yof;OdofOgef:-rl;rnf,ayK;aeK;/ cAef:awK;
rK:pyf.rK:Mif;ul.Olofzdkefvduf;
erf.bmwf,wof;aTv,qmuf;rBK:olnf,-yefqgrf:enf.wK./
/eguf;enf.olnf,yefzlof:emuf;qof;tgef,bgnf,wlduf;xlef;yAefrmof,-Omofqlrf:? ckef
zl;yAefyldif rlofMrfymef: ymif:ul,ugef:vlrf:-omwf;Ognf;enf.eK:? ?oK;wD;vmefcrf:
xkef:at:wkduf.Ol:aO:-rl;rnf,enf.aeK:/ uK;Ol qgrf:vlnf;urf,rOuK, umrf,Omif;
onf.uBKif,cgyf; ymefxnf,-bmefNdef:cofNdnf:? ?OifoK;pmif;Olvnf;cof;yduf.wl,
yduf.wK, tOl,TvD.su, tsy, bK.vdkyf,w[;yAofrK,-rldif:zmefauK;-P;teftuBLof:zkdef
vmnf:tgeftofcgefcdif:ylef.uK;bmef-tguf,vgwf;vlnf;sv;/ /OifoK;rldof:xkdifxmef eldofzaoK:
vlrf:arK;qef.rldif:zD-emwf;MK,auK;/ cAef:P;ul.Olof,zdkefvduf;qgrf:Mwf;
Ol.uwD.bmef:ayBK, vAef;pAwf:rlef;rof,bK, tgefOldof:vlnf;sv;/
cBmuf;enf.uK;eif, zdlefOSifuBmrf:crf:TwK:
vnf;tl:cBK:-ulof:ugnf,aOtldnf: P;vnf;ylef.vgwf;yduf.wK,yduf.wl, tOl,TvD.su,
pmnf.OD,Tvmyf;tK<sy,-av:yK:/ qgif;eldif; P;vnf;ylef.vgwf;
znf:ulyferf.wmrf,qof; qlefzBmuf;aI,rD:clof:Ol,-iK: yK:/
tofQArfcgifOgrf:Mrf:xSrf cgifcAef yAefaz:wmrf,Odyf:yK:-bK,ufG;ugnf:sv;? ?P; vnf;bmefaOaz:cAefOSef
yldiferf.ulyf:znf:-qkdif:Tvmef,/ zl;vuf.zl;vldwf;auK.
wkdof:rmef,ySif:qif:sv;Oif/ cdlif;tefzdwf:zdif;/
TvK,qK,-ckefvmnf? wif:uK;az:erf
vlrf;Omof:ymnf pK;qgif;? wif:tef OmrfOdyf:Ogif yldifwggwf;wdif,OK/
uBmrf,rK,tTvK,eK;/ tduf,vlnf;uof;Odyf:Nuf:qgif;qK. teK,-bmefcdif:/
prf;vlnf;Odyf:Nuf:cldif;tkyf.ymwf;euf:egif,-tySwf,cgif;Nofq[yBL,yK,/ prf;vlnf;
Imef,Ol,qK.pK;qgif;rof,bK,-wif:vlif/ uK;enf;pof:vnf;vgwf;vlnf;acK;
xrf:Ogif,TwK:? P;vnf;unfbmefwlofcdif:pof:crf:ymuf,pAifoK:-rdkef,rlif;vlnf;sv;?
?Oif oK;rldof;pof:xkdifpAif:udif:cmef:ymefOSifrkefOkif rAwf.aw:TzK:rK:ymif:
umifukefuBKef:vkif: blnf:blnf:w[;vrf:OSif-urf.auK,qrf./ pof:cK;P;vnf; zmnf;cof;
xmef;qof;Orf, zK,rAwf.aw,bBK.w[;qmuf;zkif:ayK,-crf:vSifugnf:eK;? uSef,qof;
wgnf,wgif;tkdif;tkdif;
yNof,eK,ID,cBD,cBmuf;wldof.wSef,emuf;Omrfzof,-emef:xlof:qrf:? bmrf:eifcdif:pof:
P; vnf;N:idef:vdef:OSifrlnf:at:TwK:cK,Noftl:-xgrf,acK;vlnf;sv;?
?rkefOkifrAwf.aw: TzK:ySefyefcSefcgKrK:rK:OmrfcK:Mif. {[d
{[d bdu©L qrf./ rldof;eef.pof:cK;P;vnf;
cdkef;yAefax,ID,IK,at,uwmuf;ildefolif.egnf,
Frmwf;xkdifOl,-rdefvlrf:ugnf:eK;/ /P;
vnf;cdkef;cD,Nef; blef;blef;rmuf;umif,uK.ySwf,vSrf;Ndof:zgif,-Omif:azK:?
P;vnf;rldof: xkdif rldif:bAefrldif:vD rldif:yAefoAif:OSifedyf.ymef:eif,q[acK:qgrf:qof;vlnf;sv;
rkef Ndnf:JrkefaeK:JOK,xl.JOK,xl.J/
wlofvduf;wh:tK,Nrf
(rldif:tdef,wD:bK:)
yldifse
wlofvduf;wh:tK,Nrf
(rldif:tdef,wD:bK:)
OAiftguf,ref:
rof,N.qrf:Iof:vuf
P;xof;rldif:wK:zDcdefIof:rK:? qof;yl,vnf:auK;qif,oK;
cgrf:rof,awK,rof;xkuf,vdufq[vgefvduf/
eIof:oK:enfbof.? qof;rK.wof.Odlofcrf:
qif,P;IlyfIof: wK:zDcdefP;wmnf< OD? ygnf:wAwf,ODrK:wlufrldif:?
rK:bl,wD;wAwfIef;bof.? qJJwoK<enf:ugnf.? yD< vufeD;ylduf,iD:qrf:qofvlifwof.Oldofcrf:zK.
ImnfODrldif:bof.? qlof<ref:qrf:qof; enf;udef rldif:xlef;OmrfOdyf
ymnf<OgifyD<bof.? rldif:qif,Imrf:uK,vlrf;uof;yD<bof./
qif,ylnfxof;ylnfsu,
Mif.uefygifuefqrf.eof<rK:wK:ekufbdifuef<bdif? qof;vlif
wof.OldofwkdofpAwfqof;bof.? ref:qof;bl,]]uK:z}} ufImrf:ugnf.? cofwdofpK:
qif,wuf:Oof: zgyfIkdofeof<uK: qif,wufP;uleguf ynf,yK;P; wmnf<ODbof.?
vufeD; clwfiD:qrf:qof;Oldof wldof.zK.Imnf ODrldif:bof.?
qlof<ref:qof;enf;udefrldif:xlef; OdyfOmrfyD<bof.? ygnf:egif.ref:qrf.
wof.cgrf:xD< pAwfqof;bof.? rldof;qlof<ref:pdwf ckefqrf:
cofylnfxof;wif:rldif:zkef.OD? vufeD;uK,rof.qrf:qof;zK.wof.cgrf:xD<
ImnfODrldif:? qlof<ref:qof;qrf: enf;udefrldif: xlef;OdyfOmrfyD<bof.?
rldif:qif,Imrf: uK,vlrf; 9 yD<bof.? qif,wufrldif:rof,rD;qof;Oofrof,rD:ySif<?
ygnf:xof;Odof ckdefynf, yK<uK:ul;wrf;zmufwD<bof./ qif,y[.uefqof;Oldofeif?
xof;Odofcrf:cdkef;rK:Oof:wD< xof;rif:crf:vkuf;vmefyl,xmef: yl,vdefqof;zl;
zgif:irf:ugnf:? cofylnfxof;wif:rldif: qif,Mif. uefzifuef? yD<vufeD;Ilif.u[.
qrf:qif,wuf:emof<qof;eK. Odlofelifckdef; vduf qof;wrf;ekif ayvKuefbof.?
ygnf:rldof;qlof<ref:qrf:qrf:OdyfzKJ
rof,N.qrf:pof:vuf:P;xof;rldif:wK:zD
cdefpof:rK:? qof;yl,vmnf:auK;qif,oK; umrf:rof, awK,rofxkuf,vduf q[vgefOSef
efpof:oK;enfbof.? qif;'K.wof.Oldofcrf: qif,P;Nyf.pof: wK:zDcdef P;wmnfaO? ygnf:wAwf,aOrK:
wluf:rldif:? rK:bl,wD;wAwf, pAef;bof.? qvmwf;oK; enfugnf.?
yD<vuf:eD;ylduf,bD:qrf: qofvlifwof.Oldofcrf:zK. pmnfaOrldif:bof.?
qlof;ref:qof;qrf:vnf;udef rldif:xlef; 32 yD<bof.? rldif:qif, pmrf:uK,vlrf;
uof;yD<bof./ qif,ylnfxof;ylnfsu, Mif.uefygif uefqrf.P;rK:wK:]]ekuf
bdifuefbdif}}qof;vlif wof.Oldofwldof. pAwf:qof;bof.? ref:qof;uK:z/
uhpmrf:ugnf.?
cofwdofpK:qif,wuf:Oof:zgyfpkdof emof;uK, qif,wuf:P;ulegufynf, yK;P;wmnfaObof.?
vuf:eD;clwfODiK.qrf: qof;Oldofwldof.zK. pmnfaOrldif:bof.? qlof;ref:qof;vnf;
udefrldif: xlef; 13 yD<bof.? ygnf:egif.ref:qrf: wof.crf:xD<
pAwf:qof;bof.? rldof;qlof;ref:pAwf:ckefqrf: cofylnfqof;wif:rldif:zdkef.aO?
vuf:eD; uK,rof.qrf.J qof;'K.wof.crf:xD:pmnfaOrldif:?
qlof;ref:qof;qrf:vnf;udefrldif: xlef; 13 yD<bof.? rldif:qif,pmrf:uK,vlrf;uof;yD</
qif,wuf:rldif:rof,rD;qof;Oofrof,rD: ySif< ygnf:xof;Odof
cdkefynf,rK;uK,ulwrf;zmufwD;bof.? qify[.uefqof;Oldofeif; (vlif)xof;Odofcrf:cdkefrK:Oof:wD;xof;rif:crf:
vkuf;vmefyl,xmefyl,vdefqof;zl;zgif: irf:ugnf:?
cofylnfxof;wif:rldif:qif,Mif.uefzifuef yD<vuf:eD;Nif.u[. qrf:qif,wuf:
vof<qof;zK. Odlofelif(vlif)ckdef;vduf qof;wrf:ekif(vlif)ay vKuefbof.? ygnf:
rldof;qlof;ref:qrf: Odyf:zKJ
wlofvduf;wnf:w[;clif:
(rldif:sc,)
wlofvduf;wnf:w[;clif:
(rldif:sc,)
wlofvduf;wnf:w[;clif:
(rldif:sc,)
wlofvduf;wnf:w[;clif:
(rldif:sc,)
OAiftguf,ref:
vmwf;vlnf;cldof:vmofvlifuof;vkuf;
pof:bl,e[:ukefoef:vlifenf. rD;vmofvlif
uof;Nnf,? tofcofqrfunfoef: rK:cyf.-rD:Onf:Odef<(vmoferf.)?
qdef<Odef<(vmofcrf:)? wD,OAof.(vifvdefrldif: ulef:)? clof:Odef<(vmofznf:)?
rl;Odef<(vmofrnf.)? xl:Odef<(vmofvdef)? xSef<
omif.Odef<(vmofxSef<omif.)? tif:rdef.omif.Odef<(vmofrdef.omif.)?
tofvifvdefrldif: ulef: pof:rK:oK; cyf.wmrf:ydefvkuf;rmnfOmrf/
ayK:oK;tofwmif:vkuf;b[,vkuf;vduf.cyf.?
rl;Odef<(vmofrnf.)yAefvkuf;rmnf eldif;? xl:Odef:(vmofvdef)yAefOgif?
xSef<omif.Odef<(vmofxSef<omif.)yAefOmrf?
cmnf:omif.Odef<(vmofcmnf:omif.)yAefOD,? vmofvkuf;vifvdef
rldif:ulef:pof:enf.? ugnf: cyf.xkdifvnf;rmnfpK;?
vkuf;tefrmnfeldif;eef.(rl;Odef<)b[,aO vkuf;vkrf;zK.ulef: pof:enf. 1316
yknf,(ykef;) ugnf:oK;Oknf:Odef<(vmoferf.)onf.tgef,aOyldef;? ugnf:oK;
ayK:tofwmif:euf:wmif:rofref:qkdif onf.rl;Odef<(vmofrnf.)euf:aOyldef;?
ref:euf:aO vkuf;vkrf;zK.pof: 318 yknf,? vkuf;tefrofaOyldef;yAefOknf:Odef<
(vmoferf.)? vkuf;tefvkrf;zK.rldif:ulef: euf:aOref: 18
yknf,(ykef<)ymnfckdif;/
pof:Orf.rK:wlnf:vmofvlif Odef.Odef<
uof;vkuf;enf. cof,bl,e[:rldif:oef: (umifoef:)Orf.pAwf:pkdofyef,? z[z[:z[xldif:?
rmnfeldif; yAefOknf:Odef<(vmoferf.)? tefvkuf;vAuf.aOyldef;eef.? wmif:z[:ref:
e[:ab;rSof: qSuf.umef.ynfvnf; 48 ulif<vD:? vkuf;vkrf;zK.pof:yAefrmnfOmrf?
wmif:z[:ref: ab;rSof:ynfvnf; 29.8 ulif<vD: tofvmofuof;vkuf;enf.
yef,e[:rldif:oef:rK:oK;qkdif-vkuf;v[bl,unfuSefoef: aOyldef;auK; vkuf;eef.
ynfvnf;xldif:aOyldef;? rdef.omif.Odef<(vmofrdef.omif.)
bl,rSef;e[:rldif:umifoef: wmrf:eguf;aOyldef; ref:uSef,yef,vnf;xldif:aOyldef;?
e[: ab;rSof: wmif:z[: ugnf:ynfvnf; 4.7 ulif<vD?
ayK:tofvkrf;zK.rldif:ulef:pof:rK:oK; vifvdefyef,e[:rldif:umif oef:pof:rlwf:ab;Myf;vlof,ab;yD<?
ugnf:ayK:tofOknf: Odef<(vmoferf.)rK:oK;ugnf: 88 oef:ayK:yef,Myf;bof.?
ayK:tofrdef.omif.Odef< (vmofrdef.omif.)rK:oK;? P;ref:yef,Myf;
umifoef:ab;Myf;Ol;vlof, 248 yD< qif, ynfrlwf:ab;Myf;/
vmofvlif uof;vkuf;enf.-pif:z[pif:ref:
bl,e[:rldif:oef:(rldif:umifoef:) enf. qgrf:Mnf:z[
Mnf:ref:(Omnfwmif:z[Omnfwmif:ref:)yef,omnf;rlef:onf.? pif:Nnf,z[ wlofref:auK;
Orf.yef,onf.? tofvkrf;zK.rldif:ulef:oK;auK; wlofref: pif:ref: yef,ab;Myf; vlof,
24 rgif:? eef. Mif.ab;oef:? tofOknf:Odef< (vmoferf.)rK:oK;?
pefoK;ref:vkuf;vAuf. Orf.uK,vnfz[:? ayK:tofwlofref:pif:ref: yef,xldif:sw.sw.?
wlofref: yef,ab;Myf; 59 oef:? tofqldof:vmofuof;vkuf; eef.rK:oK;?
pif:ref:yef,vnf;xldif:aOyldef;enf.onf.qdef<Odef< (vmofcrf:)? vlof, 244
oef: pif:ref:qif,yef,bof.ab;Myf;? tefref:ymef,omnf,ql: wmif: eK;oef:tguf,?
ref:Orf. vkuf.wmif:oef:tguf, omnf,ql:wmif:oef:wluf:/
pof:blk,eldofvkrf;zK.rldif:ulef:enf.?
ugyf;yAefqldof:e[:zkifvmof bl,eldofumif pmof
tgif;wD;rldif:oef:(umifoef:)vkuf;enf.eef.vkuf;eldif;? vkrf;zK.(eifvdef)rldif: ulef:pof:
wif: vmofqldof:eef.rldefuef? z[z[ref:ref: yef,vgrf.e[:rldif:umifoef: enf.
trf,edrftrf,Oof:/
e[:vmofuof;vkuf;enf.
ugyf;Oifugnf:eldofvkrf;zK.
tefrD;wlofq[`
e[:cofvmofuof;vkuf;enf.
onf.aOvkuf;vkrf;zK.? ugyf;Oifqldof:eef.Orf. trf,rD:ulef:(trf,rD:ulef:vnf;)`
tefeif,vmofvlif qdef<Odef<uof;vkuf;enf. trf,arKvSif:pif:ugnf:? cofugnf:
tdifOmnfoef:xgif,rSif;(xgif,wldof.)qif,awqmif< tkef,? qmif<rnf;?
qmif<vSif:? ugyf;yldof;Oif vmofvlifuof;vkuf;enf.-wmif:tkef, wmif:rnf;ref:?
wif:oef:xgif,aqK;(xgif,wldof.)qrfunfauK; trf,rldefuef? vkuf;v[ qrfoef:
uK;pkdofauK; vkuf;eef.tkef,vldofrnf;vldofcK;eef.? qldof.eif,pof:tofcldif;
wSuf;uwf:rnf; rK:wSuf;wlnf:? Oknf:Odef<(vmoferf.)rD:pSif:rnf; 338 rD,wK,?
qdef<Odef<(vmofcrf:)rD; 430 rD,wK,? vmofvkuf;vkrf;zK.rldif:ulef: 23 rD,wK,?
clof: Odef<(vmofznf:)rD: 28 rD,wK,? rl;Odef<(vmofrnf.)rD;wmif:vmif;uwf:
ylef.vdef sO,(ylef.wK) 138 rD,wK,? xl:Odef<(vmofOdef)uwf:ylef. 148 rD,wK,?
xSef< omif.Odef<(vmofxSef<omif.)uwf: ylef. 200 rD,wK,vlif:w[;?
eif,tefpof:wlnf:rK:? e[:eif, vmofvlifuof;vkuf;enf. ugnf:rD;vmof
vkuf;vkrf;zK.rldif:ulef:pof:vkuf;enf. wif:clof:Odef<(vmofznf:)OgifcK
Ogifvkuf;enf. wmif:tkef,ref: qif,awxkuf, rSef;ulef:rldif:clif:umif? ugnf:oK;
eldofclof:Odef<vmofznf:eef. pefoK;umifoef:tmnf tkef,ref: ugnf:rD: 28 rD,wK,?
Oifxkdif 132 rD,wK,bof.? ydlof;enfugnf:rD: vmof vkuf;vkrf;zK.pof:Nnf,enf.
trf,oK;umifoef:umifckdef:? qif,awtrf,rnf;trf,uwf:? tkef,rnf;zAif,uef?
Orf.rD:erf.rD:vlrf:? qif,awrK:xkuf,rSef;wlofq[? qArfwlef;
rnf.wlef;wguf,bldof;bK;? tduf,wif: ulef:pof:/
(zmifcldof;qdef<ydef,)
ckuf:q[vnf;wD;rldif:sc,
rldof;ymef]]olif.wD,}}eef.? ref:zSefumefb[,vlif Ogiftef-
1.
ref:q[tofpSif:ulef:rmef;ulef:rldif:(yefbmyf,)ulef:rmef;ulef:rldif:aO auK,Omif;
wmnf;Omif.vliftefb[,vldofyldef;wD;vkrf;zK.wif:OAif;?
2.
uK;yAefzkdefvduf; zdkefvmnf:e[:rldif:sc, wif:rlwf: tofqkwf,znf:ySwf;OAif;
OAif;aO cdkef:bdyf:vduf;tefvAofugnf:aOsv; qif,yAefcldof:sc,wif:OAif; yAefugef;
vAof? tefvAofrK:? trf,rD;wmif:bkif;bgif wSuf,bmnf;uefOifenfbof./
(yldifyAeftefeef. vduf;wnf:pof:auK;
qmif<yK:qgrf:pkdof`)/
ugyf;yldof;enf auK.wSrf;vduf;qif,vnf;
egef:zefwlnf:aO blofayK:tof cmof:pkdif cmof:bmof: awyAeferf.
yAefwlofrK:bl,pkdof` trf,eef vkuf.wD;wmif:olef. olif:aO
qmif<yAefumefsw.rK:enfpkdof trf,oK;vnf;/
umef;crf:Omif,Omrf(vl:)
2001
wmif:pefxkdif
(umef;crf:Omif,Omrf)
eif,oK;
vnf;wmif,vmwf;serK:cldof:vduf;(wlofvduf;)wnf:pof:qldof:eef.? ayK:wlnf:
wD;tefref:vSuf;vmnf<cmnf.pmif<cmnf.yldif ref:rK:qldof:eef.qrf: tef ref:
rD;rl,rD;qkrf:rD;rldof;rD;ymefaO vSuf;vmnf<auK;rD:? teftofwmif:N.wmif:pef
arKvduf;cofqof;aOzl;aOulef: vSuf;vmnf<tofauK; awrD:/
tefvnf; toftAeftofpSif:rl,qkrf:?
pSif:idkef:wgif:? pSif:cmof:bmrf:aOvSuf; vmnf<yK:eef. vnf;N.pef
urf:]]vduf;wnf:r[,}}(vduf;vlifygifqkdif;rldif:wnf:)sv;
urf:vduf;wnf:ul<cldof:cdlof:eef. yAefOgifyguf;enf.bof./
rldof;urf:vduf;wnf:r[,eef.
trf,rD:vgif;bkif;bmif; OlefOmefOlyf:umrf:Oif awwK.auK;
urf:vduf;wnf:u<cldof:cldof:eef. vnf;yAefvnf;rD: vgif;bkif;bmif;Olef
OmefOlyf:umrf:uefsw.sw.? awK,xkdif vduf;wnf:ul<cldof:cldof:
ayK:trf,yAeferf.yAef wlofvnf;/
ayK:awxwf:wlnf: vgif;yAefref:tdwf:tgef,eldof;qkdif-qgrf:eif,zl;ygif
umefvduf;wnf: ul<cldof:cldof:coftofacK;umrf:tefoK;-
1.
vduf;wnf:awvnf;Nrf<wlof? umrf:wnf:awvnf;Nrf<acK;?
2.
wlofwSwf;OAifwmnf? vmnf:Omnf<(Odyf.y>,)P;wluf:enf?
(1)eef. yAefwD;bdlif:xkdif(2)eef.
yAefumefpAwf:? umefOmif;? vmnf: pAwf:? vmnf:Omif; ref:ehbof./
tefrK:cgif;crfuef wD;tefsr;uyf: atK=o=tg
eef.? urf;zgif;pefoK; ]]o}}eef. ref:yAef ]]atK}}? urf;zgif;Orf.
urfonf.qgrf:eif,bldif;tof wD;rmef< rK: ]]tg}}yAef t-o Mnf;?
ayK:oK;]]tgif}}pAwf:enfOrf. ygif,bl,? tgif:rgif:? tgif: rkdof:? tefenf.vnf;
bgef,yefonf. vmnf:wSrf;Ogifyldif]]ugrnf.? auKrnf.}}ygif,oK;
atwif:tK,auK;yAefvnf;-
bl,enfbof./
bl,enfbof./
Orf.xSif;tefeldif;-hsv;-nf(umnf,cdkef:sv;nzdwf:)Ogeftefenf.urf;
zgif;pefxkdifoK; ]]nf}}enf.tguf,OAifsr;uyf:Ogef.tnfvnf;bl,?
]]trf,eefwmifOAif}}umnf,cdkef:tefpof:
q[.wkdof:rK:eef.vnf;blk,? urf; zgif;Orf.
urfuSef,onf.oK;]]wnf:}}enf.trf,yAefvnf;qldof.cdlof:pof:? ]]wh:}}ayK:pAwf: enf
qif,yAefvnf;? enf.auK; urf:vkdef:Okwf:vnf;onf. vmnf:wSrf;Ogiftef eif,uof,?
(umefvduf;wnf:ul<cldof:cldof:enf.ugyf;yldof; uofauK; yK:e[:auK,rD,Odef,auK.
eldif;sv; vgif;yAef vgif;vl.ref:N.xkdifvDvDimrf:imrf:bl,bof.)/
vgif;tefwD;rldif:sc,wnf:w[;clif:cof
cmnf.vmnf<umefvduf;(wlofvduf;)wnf: pof:eef.
vkuf.wD;vduf;wlofxlof,iguf;(wlofbof:)vlif:ql: vduf;wlofbmof:ugnf:eif,uof,? ugyf;yldof;vduf;ymefuof,eef.
wloftrf,wSwf;? OAiftrf,wmnf? vmnf:vduf;ul<rldif:rldif: ynf,wluf:sv;
qldof:qof;zl;vlif.vduf;vlif.OAifcof sr:xSif;sr:xSrfsr:xgef awK, xdkifvnf;q[.
vnf;wkdof:rK:eif,wKpefqif,enf;bof./
eif,tefyD;egif.wnf:w[;clif:rldif:sc,cof
pAwf:umefsr;vduf;cof yAefvnf; xkdifwD; xkdifwmif:uK,(trf,eef
wmif:bgrf:trf,ayK:rD:)eef. vnf;pefrD;vgif;wmif: Ogeftef-
1.
ugyf;yldof; cofugnf:vkuf.wD;vduf;wlofbmof: tefumrf:uefteftrf,O[,Omwf;? Orf.
wlofbmof:O[,Omwf;aO vlif:xkdifwlofbmof: OAifwSwf;rK:/
2.
ugyf;yldof;cofvnf;bl,qgrf:vmnf:wkduf: zkdef.vlif tefayK:xkdifwD;xdkifwmif:? tef
vnf;q[.wkdof:wmif:pwf:pmef uSef,cSif? olef.vkduf.olef.umif;olef.unfeef.rK:?
yAef Ogifvgif;enf.awvnf;oK;enfbl,bof./
cldof:wnf:pof:wD;vkrf;zK. rD;rldif:ugef:acK
trf,rD:rldif:ugef:acKaO trf,oK; ayK:pof: trf,tofumrf:yK,vD.? Ouf.uwK.
pAwf:yAefacK;q[. umrf:wnf:pof:qkdifpAwf:pdkof auK;
awNrf<uefbdyf:wkdof:vduf;wlofbmof:(wlofxlof,iguf;)tefOAifwSwf;tefyD<egif.
wnf:w[;clif:rldif:sc, bdyf:wkdof:ymefrldof;vAofenf.bl,bof./
vduf;xrf:wh:(vduf;ydkef.rldif:)
Dr.qhm:Omif,thm;
yldifse
vduf;xrf:wh:(vduf;ydkef.rldif:)
Dr.qhm:Omif,thm;
vduf;xrf:wh:eh. vduf;ykdef.rldif:?
vduf;rldif:? vduf;blef:? vduf;vmof:? vduf;wh: vkdof.? vduf;vmef.eK:?
vduf;wh:cdkef? qgrf:eif,wD;bl,wh:ySuf,uGK,eef. Mif.vlifuGK, qkdof;vhmbif,
vhmqldof.aOwK. yAeftefvAof? qldof.vAofulnf:/
vduf;eh.wD;owf.rldif:vmof:? wArf;rhmoh.
qArfrldof; AD. 1002 eef.? ugyf;ehtK,
bl.vduf;eh. xof;su,eK,bof;? ref:vkuf.wmif:OD,Nofeef.rK:urf:vAof? trf,rD:vgif;
uAof,vlnf;vduf;ref<Oif? yAefvduf;xrf:wh:? yAefcgifwh:?
yAefukif,rkefwh:bof.cK;/ e[:vduf;yK,vD.sw.sw.eef. trf,rD:(¨)umyf;vdef.?
vduf;rgef:auK; trf,rD:(¨) umyf;vdef.eh.? eefsv;? vduf;ydkef.rldif:auK;
trf,rD:(¨)umyf;vdef.eifuof,? ukif, wh:tefrD:oh.eh.? trf,vDzK;ygh,ySwf;cK;/
ayK:ukdif.umif.wlnf: pmif<wlofvduf;eh.?
rD:vgif;ihm:qrfvduf;yK,vD.ref<oh./ qof; v[? zl;v[?
qldof:arKoh.yK,vD.ref<bof.qkdif wK,arKvduf;xrf:wh:? vduf;blef:? vduf;
ykdef.rldif:eh.? awvh;pKpAef: tof 20 qlof;rlif: ceh.ulnf:/
qdrf:wlnf:sv;
xSof 1
* yAefvduf;ykdef.rldif:?
xSof 2
** yAefvduf;rmef<?
tguf,OAifxrf:? yefoh.? seoh./
wlofvduf;wh:tK<Nrf
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