ပုိꨓ္းတꨯးမူိဝ္ꨳမုိꨓ္ꨵꨀြꨓ္ꨲ

qldof.vmef.qof;

wSrf;

ykdef:wh:rldof;rkdef.ugef,

1998 - March

2000 yyf.

acK;Oif,

zl;uSyf:MrfwgrfwSrf;

ykdef:tefoK;eh. ref:yAefcldif;yldiftef rofrmifauK; trf,q[; aOauK.aOulef: ar:pmif;Omif;ygifckdif tofauK; trf,qkdof; uSef,vuf:cofyAefcldif;yldif tefeuf:euf:eKeK ckduf.vkduf.vrf,urf,zD,aO wkdef:ref:yAefrK: qgrf:qldof.cldof:ulef:cldof:z[,cldof:ref:eef.bof.? trf,eef qldof.cldof:ulef: ekdif; cldof:eef. wuf:awvh;rD:rK:yAefrK:ykdef:J ykdef:tefoK;eef.bof./

      uofcK;sw. yAefzl;uwf.cSef, vlif.vSef,zhm,ykdef:auK;trf,q[; wkduf.yAefzl;vAyf;pAef: clef.cGK.ykdef:auK.ekdif;ulnf: ugyf;yldof;rldefqldif.eif,uGmrf:tefoK;-

                  wh:ul;auK.wh:ul;wD; P;arKvduf;wh:

                  wh:ul;auK.wh:ul;wD; P;N.ygif,ykdef:wh:

                  wh:ul;auK.wh:ul;wD; P;N.pefxkdifrldif:wh:

      eheef.aOJ

      eif,yAefydkef:uof,ymeftgefwh: wuf:awtrf,Nif:trf,phmtrf,whm eif,NdofyD;egif.wh:ul; auK.ul;wD; ayK:awN.ygif,pefxkdifykdef:wh:rldif:wh:eef. ugyf;yldof;ykef;zgef: qldof.qmwf;yefwluf:rK: eldofNofrK, (oK,) ykef;wK,wh:ul;auK.sv; uK;eif,ouf.rK:pKvh;uK;oK;vh;ygifyAefeef. uofcK;qif,vh; ckdef:ar:ukrf:uAyf:MrfwgrfwSrf;yAefyyf. ]]ykdef:wh: rldof;rkdef.ugef,}}eh. tguf,rK:zSofxkdife[:rkdof:zl;vl vduf;pof:cofcK;bof./

      ayK:awckuf:clef.olef.ckdef:ykdef:ulef: rldof;aw,wif;vluf;vkrf,'K.eef.qkdif awvh;N.oK; rD:ulef:bl,ukduf:urf,'K,rK:OD,cldof:ehbof. OD,cldof:eef.

(1)qkrf:cdlof:ulef:rkef,ulof:? eldof.vldif   = Mongoloid

(2)qkrf:cldof:ulef:bl:Ilyf.? eldof.cmof    =Europid

(3)qkrf:cldof:ulef:eD,uvlof:? eldof.vrf  =Negroid

(4)qkrf:cldof:ulef:atK:Oxlof:? eldof.urf, =Australiodtrf,eef

qkrf:cldof:ulef:uguf,au:OAef:         = Caucasian eh.bof./

      ayK:rK:tofqgrf:ykdef:vluf;oK;qkdif qkrf:qldof.qmwf;cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:eh. yAefqmof:qldof.cldof: tefb[,aOyldef;wif:OAif;sv; aw,yAefrK:tgefwmif:yldef; e[:cldof:ulef:urf,'K,ehbof.? ulef:cdlof: wh:pof:eh. ugyf;yldof;azbmeftguf,rK:wD; ulef:cldof:rkef,ulof:sv; wh:pof:auK; awvh;oK; pof:yAef ulef:qldof.qmwf;cldof:b[,tefbl,ukduf:vluf;urf'K,rK: qArfrldof;v[rldof;ugef,ehbl,bof./

      wK,P;pof:pK: ayK:awvh;N. vgif;oK;wh:pof: szbmeftguf,yK:wD; cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:tef oK;eef. pof:pK:xkuf,vDvh;eyf.brf cgyf;q[xkdifeldof zl;wSrf;ykdef:]]vD,cdwf.NefTwK,ulof,}}sw.sw. bof;? OifoK;trf,rD: zl;wSrf;ykdef:]]vD,cdwf.NefTwK,ulof,}} ayK:ehqkdif wK,P;pK: ayK:awvh;N.iof; pmuf;Omuf;aOwDcldif,ukdrf: ydkef:wh:pof:vDvDeef. trf,N.vh;? ayK:trf,vh;N.ykdef:pof: vDvDqkdifvlrf: vSif.vlif yof,xgif:rK:zhm,wmif:v[auK; pof:wuf:aw ydofqgrf:uGK,wmif:eef. trf,pmif.bof./

      arKwSrf;vduf;]]vDcdwf.Nef,TwK,ulof,}}eh. ayK:tofykdef:rkdef.Okdef:ugef,oK;qkdif pof:yAef qldof.ikdef; Ndof,ch:tefvAofuefehauK; awtrf,zdwf:eif,uof,? eef.sw.oh.aOugef, vgif;oK; ref:rD:q[puf.tdwf:vleldofwh:pof:bl, tefoK;eef. xmif,vSif;vSif:vDbl,bof.? qldif.Ndofsv;oK; eef. ayK:ehwK,awyAefrK:yyf.ykdef:wh:zkdefeh. tguf,q[tguf,acK: cmrf,tlwf:bldef.uef;bmyf,bmuf; clef.cGK. sw.sw.oK;oK;aO wSrf;yAefrK:yyf.eef.bof./ yyf.ykdef:wh:tefref:wSrf;eh. rD:oh.zhm, tif:udwf.ulnf:trf,uK: bif:yhmydef,wSrf;yK:zhm,xh:vl:ugef,? ulnf:uK; tefuofcK;ckdef:ar:uAyf Mrfwgrf ql.aO wSrf;eh.sw. ykdif;tdifeldof ]]ykdef:wh:rkef,ulof:qof;}}tefzl;wSrf;vduf;Omrfqgrfuof; wSrf; oh.eef.aO qif,yAefrK:yyf. ]]ykdef:wh:rkdef.ugef,}}eh.bof./

      wK,awyAefrK: vh;yyf.eh.auK; cgyf;q[ikdef:vDeldof arKwSrf;vduf; pSif:OldofcSifsv; Nrf; wmif:arKwSrf;vduf;sv; zhm,clef.cGK.ykdef:vkif:cGmefOSif? arKwSrf;vduf; qhm:ymef:pSif:cofsw.sw.bof./ erf.qArf:ydef,zK,OK,eh. awomefwmef,erf.elrf:tefqSwf;tefqmif,ref: trf,q[;tefoK; eef. z[auK;awN.xkdifuefbl,? qldif.Ndofsv;eh. ugyf;yldof;vh;tofwD; vduf;yldef;uGmrf:yldef; wSrf;oh. vmwf;oh.qldof:eef.rK:bof.? tefydef,oh. qldof:eh.sw. rmef,rSef:qyf:vDeK,bof.ehauK; trf,oK; eif,uof, rmiftefrmifacK; c[;ihm:auK;awihm: c[;umwf;auK; awqmif;umwf;bl,cK;? OifoK; qof;zl;arK zl;N.cof pefxkdifuGK,wD;yldif;ref:ayK:ehqkdif cSef:awK;rlef.ar:yefaOurf:eh. bgrf.pyf.bl,? Oif oK;qof;v[z[c[;vl c[;qdrf:wlnf: erf.elrf:qSwf;tefyh,avK:erf.vdyf:eef.aOtdwf(trf,eef)

      OifoK;c[;vlzwf:wlnf: yyf.ydlifvlifteftdifykdif;eldofref:aO wSrf;ydef,oh.yyf.eh. ayK: ehqkdif P;uofcK;vh;qD.seyefwD;vh;wD;N.ref:aOurf:? qkdof;yyf.eef.sw. ''Likit Hoontrakul, the historical records of the Siamese-Chinese relations, Bangkok, No.34 Rajadamnern Avenue, Mansion 5, 1951. P.G 137" oK;ehbof.? zhm,xh:auK;wSrf;oh.wif:erf? OifoK;qof;uof, qgyf,Oguf;pKqkdif awpefrSef;bl,bof./

      qldof:zl;bmrf;vAyf;pAef:ykdef:zl;N.ykdef: zl;vlifvSef,ykdef:cofsw. vgif;oK;rldof;ymefv[rkdof. v[aOauK; wh:pof:trf,wgef.yAefcK;z[trf,wgef.bl,w[;zgif:irf: trf:emwf;z[rK:tefoK;eef. awN.xkdifuefbl,? wh:tefoK;ehauK; wD;ygif,ref:oK;ulef: ]]vgwf;vSof:Oof:acK}}ehbof./

      xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(2697-BC)eef. wh:pof:ayK:arKaw,wif; tkyf,omef;ygifrldif:rK:pif:acKacK bl,bof./ ymefwh:rldof;eef. ugyf;yldof;tlrkeftrf:emwf;b[,aOtrf,uK: qldof.cldof:ulef:auK;b[,erfaO sc,sv; xkdifwD;sc,cof ayK:vh;bkuf.bgif;Mif.wh:oK; pof:yAefyD;qhm:cof 1. The Tai race was the elder brother of Chinese. oK;eh vD,udwf.Nef,TwK,ulof, zl;wSrf;ykdef: vgif;sc,sv;wh:wSrf;oh.e[: yyf.ykdef: tefrldefeif, vmwf;rK:yK;eldofeef.bof./ zl;teftrf,vAyf;pAef: ykdef:vDvDsv;Oif zl;xmif,b[,ckduf.sc,cofsv;Oif ]]wh:eh.sc,bAef:yAefrK: vkuf.wD;cldof:sc,rK:}}ehbof./ wD;sw.ref: wh:auK; trf,vkuf.wD;sc,bAef:yAefrK: sc,auK;trf,vkuf.wD;wh:aO bAef:yAefrK:uldwf,yAefrK:pif:z[ pif:ref:acKacKbof./

      rldif:wD;bl, ul;wD;egef:wh:pof:? wD;zuf.zgef,wD;bgef,q[ wD;zifNuf.zifap, qK,wd aw,ildef;Ohmwkdef: qldof.qmwf;cldof:wh:pof: tgefwmif:Okwf:sw. aw,wif;rK:wD;ygwf:umif ukefvlif (Asia) at:OBL:wD;tldif,OSefOhm:eef.bof.? xkdifrK:rldof;yD< (2677-BC)eef. Nrf;Mrf:uefwh: wif:sc, sztguf,rK:e[:qkrf:cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:aO rK:wif;ome;ygifrldif: wD;wlif;umiferf.Mif;Nof; sv; erf.bmefOD,umifeef.aO Oof:Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:uefyAeftlnf:vDuefrK:oK;ehbof./

      ulnf:uK;vgif;v[aOtrf,oK; yAefwh:pof:vh;tgefNoferf:eK;sc,cofaO ckdifygifpAwf:Omif; eK;umefwKimef:rK:bl,bof.? xkdifrK:yD<(BC-2512)eef. qof;apKcrf:wh(qof;wlefbluf,)trf,eef qof;OSifcAofaw,wif;yAefapKcrf:wh: e[:rldif:oSefOhm:eef.aOsv;(tkyf.yldif,zgif:irf: rldif:sc,rldif: wh: wif:rlwf:bof.)? aw,tofrldof;ymefzgif:eef.rK: awK,ymefapKcrf:wh:vmef.qof;

Okdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uefrK: ymefv[ymefeef.-

(1)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:?

(2)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:tknf'h:?

(3)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:vkdof:?

(4)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:bkdef:?

(5)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:cldof:Oldof?

(6)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:qof;?

(7)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:cdif:?

(8)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:rldif:vgh?

(9)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:Omrfrldif:?

(10)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:erfqof;?

(11)ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlif?

(12)ymefapKcrf:wh: (rldof;ymef)qof;'K.wh:?

(13)ymefapKcrf:wh: (rldof;ymef)qof;'K.wh:uof;rldif:OmrfOdyf:Nuf:eef.ehbof./

      ulnf:uK;ayK:vmwf;cldof:rh.auK; N.uK;awvh;vmwf;yK:cldof:vgh ayK:vmwf;cldof:rldif:wh:auK; aw vh;vmwf;yK:cldof:rguf,ugefeh yAef'dif;xkif:ref:bof.? rldof;ymefwh:tgefwmif:sw. bmrf;yAefckefrldif: sc, sv,tkyf.irf:rldif:rmef;rK:aOwK. xkdifrK:ymefwh:awK;vAofeh.vl: wkduf.tkyf.zuf:Oif wkduf.irf: wkduf.ikrf:yKOifbl,? qof;'K.wh: qof;ckefwh: phmvhmuGK,rD:wif:qguf.qAif,v[eh trf,vmwf;seauK; qof;uof,awN.xkdifOkwf:bl,bof./

      rldof;vAoftofughrlnf.ySwf; qof;'K.qof;crf:ulnf:trf,uK: bK.vSofyK:apKNdef:qldef:wmif,cof qof;rlwf:bof.? wkuf:wK,ayK:cgifcofsw. rD:e[:vdefauK;ckwf: tguf,Orf,seyldef; rmifv[rmifrAof:Oif yAefcgifpof:trf,qK. rldefeifapKvlifurf,ayK:qK. wK;ukif;(uarÁmZeef;awmf&efukef)eef.auK; yAef cgifcofoK;eh tofcgifyldef;pAwf:pmif;qof;ref:bl, w[;vmif;vgrfclof trf,N.wloftrf,vDthmaOtdwf: pof:sw.vldofaO vh;wmif:zdwf:q[ ugwf,uh,wlnf:vhmvhm trf,rD:Okef, vmwf;vh;Oifbof./

      wif;tofoef:rldof;eh.uGK,eK; ayK:awbldif;pAwf:qgrf:uGmrf:tefoK; ]]qof.rmef;wh;'h: qof. wh:vSwf,tguf,}}aO ukrf,vkuf.vK; ukrf,vlifwlofvkdrf:cdif: trf,tofuefoK;yK:uefyAefukrf,thm;oK;qD,tD, oK;pkif ukrf,oK;auK;bof.auK;bK, ukrf,uAifq[eldofyldef; ukrf,oK;wh:ygwf:Mif, ygwf:tguf, ygwf:qmef:ukrf, qSuf,szoK;wh:rmof:? wh:vlif? wh:crf:wD;? wh:ckdefbl,wduf:wduf:qkdif vSwf,yh,Nif;phmauK; wh:awwhm vhmphmySwf;rlwf:bof./

      rmuf,zdwf.eef. rK:wmif,O[,qkdof:r[,yef ref:oK;rmuf,qArf:ehauK; ref:trf,qArf:rK:vh; N. wkdef:zAwf:bl, trf,pmif.bof.? eh.auK;rldefeef c[;yAefwh:OifyAef wh:auK;N.uK;yldef;wuf:Mif.wh: ulnf:bof.? ugyf;pof:bl,bmefcSef;uef Nnf;vghsv; uGmrf:pof:ySuf,yldif;uefaOwauK; vgif;oK;pof:yAef wh:cldof:vAofuefeh. z[awrK:xAifpof:vh;? rldif:yK,yl, tK,ebl:uD,eD,eh ulef:rldif:cofrD:Omrfvmef.yhm yhmaOtrf,uK: qldof.cldof:ulef:cofauK; rD:Nofvldofvldof zK,OK,uGmrf:vmwf;cofauK; rD:qAwf:ymuf,yhmyhmaO wK. ugyf;trf,qSuf,qSuf,szuefsv; tofvh;vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKpif:cofbl,bof.? rldif:pof:vl: ulef:rD: vhmqldof: uGmrf:vmwf;rD:vhmtefulnf:`/

      pof:vl: trf,c[;vh;c[;bl, vgwf;vSof:Oof:acK qldif.eif,cofpK. ayK:xmrfeif,ehqkdif z[ auK;awK;N.oK; c[;vh;tldof;ehbl,bof.? ayK:oK;pof: c[;ckdef;b[,r[,Okif qldif.eif,cofqkdif cofpAwf:pkdof sv; cofvgwf;vSof:ckdef;b[,rK: tefoK;eef. qof;uof,xkuf,vD vAyf;pAef:vgif;vldif;cofaO yhqgrf: OAef;wmif: qldif.eif,cofbl,bof./

      bmrf:vAofeh.yh,wluf:vkdef: uBKof,udif:pof:vDpkdof trf,N.bof.? trf,yh,xkdifwD;yldef;oK;pif:pK: ]]bK,ayvmwf;uGmrf:wh: bK,ayekif;Oldof;clof:wh:}}eh qldif.eif,yD;egif.wh:e[:rldif:sc,? ulnf:uK; qlof; zgif:yh,wluf:vkdef:eef. xkuf,rkdef:wKoh:bof.? ykdef:tefylef.rK:auK; ylef.rK:OAif;bof.sv; tef vDauK;P;toftefrofauK; P;ySwf; xkuf,vDtofyAef ykdef:wgef;Ogefpof:aO 'mif.uefuGK,yK;eK; bof;/

      ykwf.xqof;apK:oh.oK; ]]rh.wlefvAoftefrD:e[:umifymif,eef ayK:vlrf:vlifOmif:cBSif:yof,rK: qkdif wlef;ref:b[,aOwauK; qmif;vlrf.ulef,yif:bl,bof.? wlef;rh.vAuf.ehg.tgef,aOwK. ayK:cof rK:Mrf:qk.wkrf yAefauKvAofuefqkdif vlrf:vlif:ywf.yof,xgif:rK:wmef,v[auK; trf,xdkifwD;udif,rh.ulef, yif:vlrf.vh;}}ehbof.? pof:auK;eif,Ndofvlrf:vlif ayK:awtrf,yof,xgif:vh;eef.aOtrf,uK: ayK:c[; ylef.vgwf;wif:vlrf:vlifyof,xgif:wgif;qkdif xkuf,vDbldif;wlef;rh.tgefqk.wkrfuef tefykwf.xqof; Oif,OgefyefrK:eef.bl,bof;/

      ykef;wK,awyAefrK:yyf.zkdef ]]ykdef:wh: rldof;rkdef.ugef,}}eh. cgyf;q[eyf.xkdifidef:vDeldof ayK;sr;Ogifqof; Nrf;cof;TOK,cl:Ogef tgefNrf;tlnf:auK.tlnf:aO;sv; wif:zl;qgh;xSrfpSif:ikdef: vkif:cGmefOSifcof wif:apKwif:Ndef:? tduf,yK:zl;vlvduf; puf.vduf;wh:pof:cof wif:OAif;aO qif,vh; wSrf;wmif,oh.eldofrhmzkdefeif,ehbof./

qldof.vmef.qof;(rldif:yAif:)

22.12.97

ykdef:wh:rldof;rdkef.ugef,

      awqArfrldof;Ndifrkdef.ugef,eef. quf.uBK,ovK,urf,'K,rldif:ulef: pAwf:Ndofzkwf:ayK,yAefrK: ref:Orf.ckdef:pAwf:Ndofvl.vSofyif:uGK,tefoK;eef. c[;N.xkdifuefbl,ul;auK.bof.? rldefeheif,uof, ulef:tefoK;eef. ref:pAef:Ndofzkwf:ayK,yAefrK:tefoK;eef.auK; c[;N.xkdifbl,bof.? eif,Ndofaw N.eef.auK; zhm,yhm:Ohm;cof qgyf,Omif;xwf:pK iof;pmuf;OK,xuK.ref:ulnf:aOtrf,uK: vgif;yhm:olef. auK; qof;arKolef.cof olef.tofpif:z[,? pif:ref:bl,? ulnf:uK; P;ayK:N.pefxkdif qSif;qSif;vSif:vD sw. z[auK;trf,yh,qmif;seerf. sewlofref:vh;eif,uof,/

      e[:acK;Oif,Ogef uGmrf:xrf:TzK:yAefqof;oK;oh.sw. ulef:tefoK;eh. ckefOmif(Fymrf,rK,) OD,wlefcof yAefrK:oK;ehbof.? rldof;Nofykdif:ymefugef,eef. rD:ckefOmif,(Fymrf,rK,)OD,wlefugyf;yldof;cof qof; udefrSef;ch;cD;vdefsv; tlrkefzkif:iof;wD;wlofcofqof; phmuGK,ySwf;aO qif,yAefrK: Nef, pmif;sr;bdif:sv;ulef:qhm:oK;ehbof.? xSif;vhm;ekdif;Orf. ckefOmif(Fymrf,rK,)eh.ugyf;yldof;qBmefcofqof; wluf:sv; qmif,yAefuGK,Nef,pmif; ulef:qhm:sv;sr;bdif:aO yAefrK:zK.oK.ymefulef:pof: oK;ehbof./

      zK,OK,OK,OeK, cdIdwf.cofOrf. ulef:pof:wif:OAif;eh.xK,ovK.ref:ukdrf:TzK:qof; zmef, Omif;pAwf:yefrK:oK;eh? rldefeheif,uof, zK,OK,OKOeK, tdwf,Ovrf,cofauK;oK; tef,vK.pK.TzK: cofqof;eh. uK;yAefwlofrD:q[ trf,rD:q[ umifpmofvdefrldif: e[:clif:umifwif:OAif;wif:rlwf:eef. TzK: cofzmef,Omif;pAwf:yAefrK:oK;ehaO tgefuefbkrf,brfoh. pif:z[pif:ref:bl,bof./

      pdef,wl,cofqrf. Orf.xSif;vhm:ekdif; vluf;clif:umifsv; ulef:pof:wif:OAif;eh. ugyf;rldof;arK TOK,vlif ckefOmif(Fymrf,rK,)zmef,Omif;ckdifygifyefaO qif,yAefrK:oK;eh tgefuefbkrf,brfoh. pif: cofbl,eif,uof,bof./

      vgif;tefuK;oK;rK: yK;eldofqldof:eh.sw. ref:yAefvhm:bkrf,brf zK,OK,TwK: pif:z[pif: ref:ulnf:? z[c[;oK;OifoK;z[c[;vmwf;Oifvmwf; vgif;oK;qldof.cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:Ogiftefsc,sv;wh: sztguf,e[:qkrf:rkef,ulof:aO rK:aw,omef;yluf:rldif:yD< (2697-BC)qldof.cldof:sc,sv; qldof.cldof:wh: eh. yAefcldof:b[,

pmif;zSef,vdefwh:pof: bl,Oof:rK:rldof;ugef,

1.'eferf. 2.bD;uAif: 3.cD.uAif: 4.yAif:uSif: 5.uAif:wl 6.vlofvlof 7.vlifpmof 8.uAif:wl 9.Odyf:Ogif yef:eK: 10.vmef.eK:S.C Nuf:qof;cldof:vlif rD:ukduf:urf'K,rK: tgef,wmif:ulef:wmif,qldof.wmif:cldof: cof qArfrldof;yD<(2697-BC)cof rD:'dif;si;zK,OK,vduf;vhm:aO vgif;bl,vgif;Oof:umefulef:wif: OAif;auK; qef.Okifvldofyldef; e[:vluf:urf,'K,bl,bof.? (480-BC)e[:olif;umif 2,760,000sv; 2,000,000 vmef.yD<eef. wD;ygwf:umifukefvlifat:OBL: vgif;oK;rD:ulef:bl,Oof:rK:tefoK;eef. wK,seerf.sewlofref: vkyf,ulef:vkyf,Owf:vlifiof;urf,'K,eef.sv;Oif bif:vh;pefbl,awK, rldof;vAofbof./

      wD;e[:rldif:Noferf. (Hon Nan)awK,rldof;vAofclof:cgifsv; OofpdefzKNdef:qldof:eef. wkduf.ukdwf:qlrfxifoh. e[:vdefrldif:bl,? ugyf;oK;OofpdefzKNdef:qldof:eh. pkdifeK,bof.sv; ayK:vh;qlrf uGK,e[:vdefrldif:aOwK.auK; ulef:wh:cldof:wh:qArfrldof;ugef,eef. bif:wkduf.ukdwf:oh.bl, xkdifoef:eh. bof./ rldof;ugef,bmrf:eef. wh:sv;sc,eh.yAefulef:bl, udefpdrf:qrfuefsv; zK,OK,'dif;si;qldof: eh. trf,ayK:pefrD:wD;ySuf,yldif;uefvlifvmifxkdifrK: yD<(226-AD)eef. wh:sv;sc, vh;zmwf, umefaO wmif;omef;rldif:pif:z[[pif:ref:bof./

      rldof;ymefrldif:erfqof;(Nan Chao)sv; rldif:bl,erf (Yunnan)eef. apKcrf:wh:wh:eh. rD:oh.wD;rldif:wK;vD (Tali)e[:rldif:bl,erfeef.bof./ rldof;ymefqof; tdrf,yK,bKsc,(qkdif;;sc,)]]cGmif uGmif}}tefyAef qldof.cldof:wh:auK.ekdif;eef. vh;tkyf.rldif:Omif;rldif:? qkdof;ref:Mif.oK; wef,bkuf. (Than Yok) oK;ehbof.? rldof;eef. wD;e[:rldif:sc,eh. qSuf,szuefoh. rD:bl,Nuf:rldif:/ qkdof;rldif: qldof:eef.qrf.J

1.rldif:Noferf.    -     Hun Nan

2.rldif:OD,ckrf.     -     Szechuan

3.rldif:ulnf;cAof    -     Kwei Chew

4.rldif:bl,erf    -     Yunnan

5.rldif:uGmifOD;     -     Kwaun Si

6.rldif:uGmifwif;    -     Kwaun Tung

      yAefqldof:eh.bof./ rldof;zgif:eef. sc,cofMif.wh:pof:oK; yD;thm;(Ta Kou)"The elder brother of Chinese"ehbof./ ckefapKcrf:wh: tefwif;oh.e[:rldif:bl,erfeef.auK; Mif.qkdof;oK; ]]erfqof;vlif}}oK;ehbof./

      rldof;yD<(4600-BC)eef. wh:Orf.ayK:wif;rldif:apKcrf:e[:rldif:sc,aObof. wD;bl,wh:pof: uof,uof,sw. yAefwD;e[:rldif:bl,erf zhm,qmef:erf.sr;vlif bmef,OD,umif (Yantze Kiang) eef.bof./ rldof;yD<(2200-BC)yhmyhmeef. wh:vh;vlif:rK:bl,zhm,qmef: rldif:sc,bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh:wh:xlef;ekdif;(2697-2596BC)qof;wlefbluf, 1 (trf,eef) qof;OSifcAof

      wlefbluf,(Tuan Yok)yAefckefapKcrf:wh: teftkyf.yldif,e[:rldif:sc,eef. yAefcldof:apK crf:wh:aOwK.auK; ref:qof;eh.Orf.rD:q[rAwf.wK, ySif:puf.eldofulef:ul;cldof: e[:rldif:sc,sv; yAef ckefTwK:vlif tefyldef;eyf.xkdifbof./ zhm,zkuf,Ogrf;sv; zhm,xwf:Omif;rSif,yef erf.ulef:rldif: eef. ref:qof;yAefauK.pAwf:Omif; bdyf:aOK:ref:bof./ uAof,uyf:vgif;yhm:rldif:sv; vgif;wK,tof erf.zhm,pAwf: vgif;zkuf,Ogrf;eef. rD:oh.e[:rkdof:ckefapKcrf:wh:bof./ rldof;ymefckefapKcrf:wh:yK:eh. trf,wgef.vh;xlyf:wmif:bmyf,wmif:zdkwf,Oifvlifvmif/

      zgif:vlifckefuGmif(Kung Kang)zl;urf.umefzhm,zhm,eef. bmrf;vkuf.zkdef.ref:qof;bl, aOwK.auK; ugyf;ref:qof;pAwf:qgrf:TwK: vgif;rSef;vgif;xkuf,sv; qof;tdrf,yK,bK,vlifrldif:sc, ayK: vh;tmyf;yef trf:emwf;qgrfOkduf:vlifaO P;tgefNof wkduf:ySwf;ulef:Okuf.bkif; ckefuGmifcofbof./

      ugyf;ref:qof; pAwf:qgrf:wmif:Okdof;sv; e[:rldif:sc,tefrD:yK;w[;ref:qof;eef. wmif: bkif;uof:bAefphmaO xkdifwD;ayK:vh;uwf:bAefvDuGK,bof./

cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:(Monogoloid)

      cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof: tefoK;eef. yAefulef:qldof:tefODeldof.vldif? wKvrfaO rD:clefNof trf,aiK:OAef; clefNofvrfoh.eef.bof./ e[:cldof:ulef: tefuldwf,ukduf:urf,'K,rK:eh. cldof:rkef,ulof: auK; cof;yK:yAefulef:iof;urf,'K,cldof:ekdif;/ ugyf;eh ulef:wh:auK; cof;yK:e[: cldof:ulef:rkef,ulof:sv; vh;oK;wh:pof:rD:rK:udkuf:urf,'K,qArfugef,? yAefcldof:ulef:iof;urf,'K,cldof:ekdif; tefoK;eef. vgif;wmif: ref:ref:ukdrf:oh.bl,bof./ wh:eh.yAefcdlof:b[,cldof:vlif cldof:ekdif;tefoK;eef.auK; yAefvgif;tef qkdof; tefq[;sw.sw.bof./

      wh:-xh:-wh:vmof:sv; crdef:(urf;zgif;)cofqldof:eh.auK; yAefcldof:ulef: tefvkuf;wD; rkef,ulof:rK:sv; yAefOhmvldwf; eldof.vAofuefbof./

      rldof;(2697-BC)tgefwmif:Okwf: wh:sztguf,e[:rkef,ulof:aO rK:aw,wif;omef;rldif:e[: vdefrldif:sc,ygwf:qmef:olif;umiferf;sr;Mif;Mof;(Hwang Ho)sv; erf.sr;bmef,OD,umif,(Yantze Kiang)tefoK;eef.aO tkyf.irf:bl,Oof:pif:ugh:bof./ (rldof;vAofyAefqif,owf.Jtdlif,rldif:rldif:ekdif; aO rD:e[:rldif:sc,bof./)

      rldof;vkuf;eh. yAefrldif:wh: yAefwh:auK. aw,wif;tgefwmif:Okwf:yldef;bof./ rSef;rldof; ymefvAofuefwif: apKcrf:wh:wh:bl,erfsv; apKcrf:sc,Noferf.(Hu Nan)eef.bof./ bmrf:eif, eefsw. wh:sv;sc,wkduf.yAeftlnf:vDuef? z[yh,yK;pAwf:Okduf:pAwf:cAefawK,z[ ohm:aOeef.wD; wh:bl,eh. ugyf;oK;cof;erf.rmuf,vdefpdefzKyAif: ayK:vDvldofsc,sv;Omif? erf.Mif;NoftefOkdyf,Ohm q[sc, e[:Noferf.ref: rD:e[:rldif:wh:sv;Oif? rldof;ymefeef. sc,bif:vh;egrf:yK;w[;wh:aO bl, uGK,ugef,ehbof./

      umefpAwf:zhmzhm,ygh,erf.yef ul;zhm,zhm,eef. eif,NdofayK:awukrf;vlrf;yAif:ayK:wh: auK. cwf:Omif;pmif;pAef:yef ugyf;yldof;Ohmq[sc, sr;erf.Mif;Nofeh. Nofref:rD:e[: eifvdefwh:sv; bmrf:eef. vgif;bl,vgif;udefwh:eh. bif:Okifvldofsc, tefoK;eef. yhm:ykdef:cofseoh. wD;ref; ukdrf:ref:bl,bof./ cldof:ulef:tefsztguf,rK: e[:rkef,ulof:sc,sv;wh:eh. wh:apKcrf:wh: rldif:wh: qldof:eh. yAeftefqef.b[aOsc,bof./

ykdef;wh:uSyf;ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:erfqof;(Nan Chao)

      wh:tefbl,Oof:e[:rldif:wh:(1)bl,erf? (2)OD,ckrf.?(3)ulnf;cAof cofOmrfrldif:eh. Nrf;ygif: uefaO qif,wif;yAefrK:rldif: erfqof;(emef,cBSof,)tefoK;eef.bof./ rldif:emef,cBSof,(erfqof;) eh. yAefrldif:tefckefapKcrf: tkyf.irf:eef.bof./ rldof;zgif:eef. rSef;bmrf:vAofuefwif: ckef apKcrf:sc,pmof,wD,(Hwang Ti)auK.vkdef:Okwf:wkduf. tkyf.irf:udefrldif:sc,bl,eef.bof./

      e[:vdefrldif:bl,erfzgif:eef. sc,eif,uef wkduf.pdrfuof:tof(trf:emwf;)tK,eK, omef; rldif: wK,yAefckefpif:z[pif:ref:sv; yAeftefOkuf.bkif;tlefuof:oh.bl,/ ulnf:uK;J Noferf.Mif; Nofeh. rD:e[:vdefwh:tkyf.irf:sv; vh;ulofwh:vh;egrf:yK;w[;wh:oK;ehbof./

ymefapKcrf:sc, xlef;pK;(2057-1901-BC)

xkdifrK:yD<eef. ckefapKcrf:wh: tefvh;tkyf.yldif,

e[:rldif:sc,qof;zSef,vdefwh: xD. 7 xkdif xD. 12 eef.Orf.J

1.xD. 7 yAefqof;wD,Odyf:yD< 2057 xkdif 2041-BC

2.xD. 8 yAefqof;wD,ohm; yD< 2040 xkdif 2015-BC

3.xD. 9 yAefqof;wD,rif: yD< 2014 xkdif 1997-BC

4.xD. 10 yAefqof;wD,OD, yD< 1996 xkdif 1981-BC

5.xD. 11 yAefqof;zl;cSif yD< 1980 xkdif 1922-BC

6.xD. 12 yAefqof;wD,umif; yD< 1921 xkdif 1901-BC

      ymefqof;zSef,vdefwh:xlef; 12 qof;wD,umif; trf,eef qof;wD,cknfeh. tgeftof Okduf:uGK,wkduf: rldif:Omifwmif;(Shang Tang)rldif:apKcrf:sc,sv; qof;apKcrf:sc, trf,c[;wkduf:Okduf: aO- tofvkuf;bdif:Omofref: tefqkdof;oK; ]]rlnf}}eheef. tmyf;yefqof;wD,umif;bof./ qif, trf,vh;yAefOkduf:wkduf:uefeef.bof./ ohm:eef. ugyf;sr;ref:emif:apKcrf:]rlnf}}eh. bdyf:umuf,aOK: ref:oh.sv; trf,qmif;ckdifwkduf:Okduf:wmif:v[xSif;? tofpSif:tlrkefyK,oK,apKcrf:ref: Okwf:OAif;uGK, qgrf:wmif:rlef;wmif:auBK,aq:qdrf,cBmrf:OK,ref: awK,Okwf:qlof;bof./

      ckefwD,umif; rldof;ref:wkduf.rlef;auBK,aq:qdrf,bl,eef. ulef:rldif:cof zgrf.uefwmif,toft rmwf;zgif:rldif:auK.ekdif; wmif,yAefzl;tgefNoferf:eK;aO qlof:uefpAwf:Okduf:zkdef.ql:ckefapKcrf: qof;wD,umif;aOwK.auK; ugyf;trf,ay.pSif:Okduf:ref:vh;sv; vh;wluf:Okrf:bl,bof./

      yduf.Orf.oK;ulef:rldif:clof vh;wluf:Okrf:aOwK.auK; ugyf;oK;ckefapKcrf:yK:eh. ukrf,rof:qgrf: cldif;auBK,umefaq:qdrf,ref:bl,ugh:trf,tofq[O[, umefomef;umefrldif:Oifsv; ckefapKcrf:rldif:erfqof; trf,wlnf:vh;aO qif,vh;tofOkduf:rK:wkduf:awK:ySwf;qof;apKcrf:wD,umif; xmef;ayK:vh;wluf:Okrf: OAif;umrf,Okwf:rkefuGK,bof./ ohm:eef. qof;zSef,vdefwh:qif, bhm;apKcrf:rK:oh.e[:rldif:erfqof;aO tkyf.yldif,uGK,bof./ rldif:erfqof;(emef,cBSof)rldof;vAofrD:e[:tldif, rldif:tmefNnf;(A Hui)eef.bof./

      qof;apKcrf:wD,udwf; zl;tkyf.irf:rldif:erfqof;eh. vh;Okdyf,udefrldif:erfqof;(16)yD<aO qif,OAif;umrf,Okwf:rkefuGK,bof./ Nrf;avK:uefwif:rlwf: ref:qof;vh;tkyf.rldif:udef rldif:sc,wif: rlwf:ref:qof;vh;tkyf.rldif:udef rldif:sc, wif:rldif:wh: wif:NdifrD: (53)yD<rldif:bof./

ymefapKcrf:sc,xlef;pK; - ymefapKcrf:wh:xlef;Nuf:

      ohm:aOqof;wD,udwf: OAif;umrf,egef:az:uGK,bof. rldof;ymefapKcrf:xlef;OD,auK.aw,eef. tofOkwf:phmohm:ogwf;uGK,bof./ xkdifrK:ymefapKcrf:sc, xlef;pK;eef. ymefapKcrf:wh:xlef;Nuf:qof; wD,cluf.(Ti Kok) ckdef:yluf:ygifOkdyf,tkyf.yldif,rldif:sc,rldif:wh:tefbmrf;rD:w[;irf:wh: rldof;tgefeef. xSif;bof./ ymefeef.eif,uof, qof;zSef,vdefwh:wD,cluf.eh. sr:ukrf:sw,wif;omef;rldif:aO wmif, qldof.cdlof:apKcrf:wh:oK; ]]wh:wh:}}rldof;yD;(2434-2365BC)eef.bof./

      ohm:aO qof;zSef,vdefyK:eh. vh;tkyf.irf:omef;rldif: 7yD<eef. ugyf;oK; zleftrf,wluf: sv; ulofulef:rldif:tkdyf:bmuf;aO-vh;pAef:ygh:ymif:zlef(ygh:Mif.zlef)ehbof./ rldof;eef.ref:qof;umof, xkdifzDaw,oK, tK,uK,umifpmofoK;]]OifoK;uofcK; pAwf:zdwf:aOOrf,-aOyldifsv; trf,pAwf:trf,uBmif. urfqgrf:TwK:ckefehqkdif cSef:awK;cK;rK:ylwf:yghomif:cGmif:yefaOurf:? rldof;eK; cK;awcwf:q[yAef,ySif uGK,bl,? cSef:awK;bKP;wlofq[uofcK;sv; ulef:omef;ulef:rldif:cof vh;xlyf:wmif:bmyf,zkdwfaOurf:}}eh aOsv; umof,uGmrf:uwD.Odqf.qK,Nuf:yldifaO Mif.zlefbof./

1.uofcK;awtofqgrf:TwK:xrf:ckefaO tkyfyldif,omef;rldif:?

2.wlofuofcK;sv; vgif;pAwf:wmif:Omif;uofcK; awP;rlwf:O[ul;rAof:?

3.uofcK;awtrf,qgrf: wmif:rlef;auBK,aq:qdrf,aO vlifvkdrf:eK;umefwKimef:?

4.apKcrf:uofcK;auK; awtrf,ayK:pAwf:ckduf.pAwf:crf,aO ulef:q[.ulef:Ogh;auK; awtrf,oh.erf ylef. wD;ylef.vSefref:?

5.uofcK;awtrf,pyf.cmrf, cgifzmuf,clof:wgef;udefOl:udefvmyf;qgrf:tuwD.?

6.uofcK;awtrf,pyf.vmwf;uGmrf: Nuf:phm.uGmrf:uBmrf:(zIkOfOoK,qK,)sv; uGmrf:rofrmif trf,rD:vgef.rD: uSefOrf,zyvK,yK.]]eif,uK;oK;rK:acK;uwD.yK;eldofeef. OifoK;uofcK;trf,vh;pAwf:zdwf:rK: aOqldof. aOyldifqkdif cSef:awK;P;IK,OD,tkwkckdef:vD? 'K.zlefckdef:wluf:? P;omef;rldif:uofcK;ckdef;b[,r[,Okif? cof;erf.wmif:udef P;vldif,rmuf;sv; P;cK;omef;ulef:rldif:wif:OAif; bl,vDudefomefwif:OAif;aOurf:}} oK;ehbof./}}    

Nef,pmif;ckrfyK,pAof; qof;zSef,vdefwh: qof;Oldofpmof;tefOAif;umrf,Okwf:rkefuGK,rldif:e[:yD< 2596-2513BCeef.bof.? yK,pAof;eh.rldof;vAof rD:e[:tldif(Ol;zl;)rldif:Omifwmif;bof./

Nif;pmif;ckrfyK,pAof; qof;apKcrf:bl, teftkyf.yldif,rldif:wh: rldof;e[:yD< 2205-2198BC eef.bof.? rldof;vAofrD:oh.e[:tldif,rldif:Oof pdefygwf:qmef:wD;eldofvghNnf;qh:Omef pdrf:sr;erf.bmef,OD,umif eef.bof./

ohm:aOacK;uGmrf:wldif,umof,uwD.Odqf.qK,ref:qof; Okwf:uGK,bof.eef. zlefvlifauK;vlif:rK: pK,b[,pK,vlif qgrf:erf.Mif;? erf.su:sv; egifcofqldof:eef. erf.ayK:wArfuGK, ul;qguf.ul;qAif, bof./ ugyf;zlefvlifwluf:rK: rldefrldof;tgefaO ulef:rldif:cofvh;pAwf:vh;Omif; umefimef:wlduf,ph; vguf;eK:ckdef:sv; omef;rldif:yAeftefuwf:bAwf Oldof:elofsw.sw./ ulef:rldif:cofauK; vh;bl,auBK, Oldof:rlef;eif,q[sv; tgefuefpuf.Mrfeyf.brfxkdif qof;zSef,vdefwD.cluf.sw.sw.oK;oK;bof./

      ugyf;ref:qof; tofqgrf:TwK:aO tkyf.omef;rldif:sv; omef;rldif:uwf:bAefcBmrf:OK,eK, rldef eef.ulef:omef;ulef:rldif:cof puf.Mrftofukif,rkefref:qof;? Mif.ref:qof;oK; ]]ckefpuf.qof:rldif: (The well beloved sovereign)}}eh.bof./

      rldof;ymefqof;wD,cluf.(Ti Kok)eef. umefbdyf:q[.vhm:ikdef:cofwgif:cofulnf:ulnf:sv; vh; Mif.oK; ]]ymefidkef:wgif:}}ehbof./ cldif;bdyf:clof:wkdof:teftofikdef: tofwgif:pAwf:oh.qldof:eef. aw,rD:rK:rldof;qof;wD,cluf.eh.ehbof./ ugyf;ehsv;ymefrldof;eef. ugyf;qof;zSef,vdef pAwf:P;ulef: rldif:omef;ule:rldif:ckdef;b[, rmuf;rD:vDyAefvh;bl,uwf:bAefq[z[ref:sv; wh:pof:ymefeef. yAef tefckdef;b[,? qef.OkifaOyldef;wmif,cldof:bl,bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}xlef;Ogif(2596-2513-BC)ymefapKcrf:sc, xlef;ekdif;wif;(2697-2596-BC)

ymefapKcrf:wh:olif.wD,

      ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh:wh: xlef;ekdif;(olif.wD,)Okwf:uGK,eef. ckef]]Oldofpmof;}}tefyAef vkuf;qhm:apKCrf:olif.wD,wlefbluf,qif, Okdyf,aw,wif;cldof:apKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}xlef;Ogif wD;e[:rldif: Omifwif;(Shang Tang)rldof;vAofMif.uefoK;cBL:'L:(Chu Fu)ehbof./ yduf.Orf.oK; ref:qof;yAef ulef:cldof:wh:ehaOwK.auK; yK;w[;zgif:irf:ref:qof; rD:sc,quGK,ulef:vhmqldof.vhmcldof:sv; q[ref: qof;trf,rD:vgif;c[;cD,eAuf:wAuf:wAifz[? oh.umefOkef,vh;zAifyAif:uef ul;auK.cdif:ulef:? ul;wD;ul;vSef ehbof./

      ymefqof;zSef,vdef qof;Oldofpmof;(Seow Hao)eh.ugyf;yldof;tkyf.yldif,yluf:ygif omef;rldif: qgrf:TwK:aObof. - zgif:rldif:vldof:bdyf:umef yK;w[;ref:qof;auK; pAwf:qgrf:ruf:rhmrD;vguf;umefqgrf: eif, qof;apKcrf:wrf:omif:oh.yefeef.sv; ymefeef. omef;rldif:wldof:wgef:ckdef;b[, uwf:bAef sw.sw./

      ulef:omef;ulef:rldif:cof qif,wmif,qkdof;bgif;rkefref:qof; ]]olif.rif:TwK:}}ehbof./ ugyf; ulef:omef;ulef:rldif: eyf.xkdifqof;zSef,vdefsv; zgrf.zAif,yAif:ymuf,uef sw.sw.oK;oK;aO omef; rldif:wldof:uK; Ndof;Ndif:yldif:O[, vDauBK,sw.sw.bof./

      (qof;Oldofpmof;eh.yAef vkuf;xlef;Ogifqof;olif.wD;(Hwang Ti)wlefbluf.xlef;ekdif; ckefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}bof./)

      ohm:aOqof;Oldofpmof;vh;ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:trf,ayK:Ndofeef. ]]ckefumif}}tefyAefzgif: rldif:vlif qof;yK:ekdif;eef. ugyf;ref:vh;bdyf:zhm,umefyhm:rldif: wD;vrf,vgif;ref:sv; vuf.MrfpSif: Odkuf:aO tmif:vkuf.zkdef.awK,ql:ref:qof;ugef,bof./ ulnf:uK;vmefref:qof; qof;Okduf:vliftof ykef;zgef:aO vkdyf;wkduf:awK:ySwf;sv; umefvkuf.zkdef.cof trf,wef:vh;xkdifwD;? vh;wluf:Okrf: uGK,bl,bof./

      uyf:uhm,vlnf; umefvkuf.zkdef.eh. ugyf;umefxwf:Omif;qAuf,szrSif,erf.trf,yAif:ayK:q[ sv; yAefrK:ehbof./ qof;zSef,vdefckdef:ar:xwf:Omif; rSif,erf.P;wArfq[ulef:rldif:cofaO tkyf. omef;ygifrldif:sv; ymefeef. omef;rldif:uwf:bAef Odlof:auBK,aOyldef;ehbof./

      ugyf;omef;rldif:uwf:bAef trf,rD:zl;bK.ulef:uof:cofsv; qof;Oldofpmof;qif,awwif;vh;qkdof; rldif:apKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}vh;ihm;ihm;eef.bof./ ohm:eef. qof;zSef,vdefwh: tefOkdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uef eif;apKcrf:]]wh:wh:}}rK:eef. ymefekdif;bof.ymefekdif; tkyf.yldif,wif;apKcrf:ref;ukdrf: vh;vDimrf: xlef;qlof;z[,ymefref:bof./

      ymefqof;zSef,vdef qof;Odlofpmof;eh. ugyf;oK;ref:qof;bdyf:xdif:oh. erf.Mif;Nof;sv; erf.bmef,OD,umif Ogifsr;eh.aO xwf:Omif;qSuf,szyef e[:rldif:ul;wD;wD; P;vh;zAif,yAif:uef sv; uK;wD;e[:tldif,rdlif:ukefODsv; tldif,rldif:Noferf.qif,wif;tgufrK: vhm:bdyf:wkdof:erf.(erf.zkif) eheef.bof./

      ugyf;ehsv; rldof;ymefeef. wD;xkif.sr;erf.Mif.Nof;sv;erf.bmef,OD,umifeef. yAef vdefwD;bl, ul;wD;egef:wD; zifNuf.zifap, wD;sw,ildef;Ohmwkdef:iof; ykdef:yl, rgef,rldif:wh:'dif; si;wh:rK:bof./ (The original home of tai people, in 2515 B.C)

      wD;tefyldef;Mif.uefoK; xkif.vdefrldif:OSefOhm:(Shan Si)sv; Noferf.(Honan)eh. eef rD:pmef.awK,eh.bof./ rldof;ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}(Tai Tai)qkdif;rldif:tefNdof;Ndif:vkdof:eh. yAefrldif:uGmif:OD<sv; Noferf.Ogifrldif:eh.ehbof./

vhm:tkyf.yldif,zgif:irf: ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}} qkdif;rldif:

      rldif:bl,erf rldof;ymefapKcrf:qof;Oldofpmof; rldof;yD<(2515-BC)awK,xkdif(1644-1911 BC)eef. rD:eif,yK;w[;eh.bof./ e[:yuf:yldiftkyfyldif,eef. zhm,eldofOkwf:rD:]]qof;zSef,vdef}} vmyf,bl,eldofacK;bl,w[;? zhm,w[;Okwf:rD: ]]vmofwh:}}tefwdwf:awK,uyf:Okdyf,ckefapKcrf:vh; urf: vAofeef.bof;/ yldiftefuBmrf:ref:sw.rD:eif,yK;w[;eh.bof./

      rldof;yD<(2515-BC)vgif;vh;tkyf.yldif, zgif:irf:omef;rldif:e[:rldif:bl,erf(1644-1911-BC)

(1)qof;zSef,vdef(qof;apKOSif) King Emperor

(2)Noferf.(No Nan)

(3)uGmif:OD<(Kwang Si)

(4)OD,ckrf.(Sze Chuang)

(5)ulnf;cAof(Kwei Chew)

(6)uGmifwmif;(Kwang Taung)

(7)zgif:rldif:vlif (Principal Minister)

   uGmif:wh: (Chong Tai Minister)

(8)OrK,xdzl;P;uGmrf:N.(Vice Minister)

   qh:wh:(Chi Tai)

(9)zl;wSef:apKerf:zl;rhmrldif:(under secretary of State)

   xkif:wh:(Tung Tai)

(10)zl;rD:uGmrf:brf zl;uGmef:rldif:(Provincial of State)

(11)zl;ugef:tldif,(Provincial Chancellor)

   cAwf;wh:(Git Tai)

(12)zl;ugef:zef,wK,idkef:(Provincial Financier)

   ymefwh:(Pan Tai)

(13)qgrfOkduf:vlif(Provincial Commander in Chief)

   wAef:wh:(Then Tai)

(14)apKcrf:ugrf;(Provincial Commander)

   xof;wh:(Tao Tai)

      yhm:tkyf.yldif,apKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}rD;qldif.eif,serK:ehbof./ ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:wh:}}cmif. eh. Ndifemef:awK,xkdifyD<(139-BC)qof;zSef,vdefOkdyf,wSef: tkyf.yldif,uGK,rD:pK;qof;apKcrf:eh bof./ ]]wh:wh:Tai Tai}}tefoK;eh. ygif,oK;]]vgwf;vSof:rldefq[vDeK,}}ehbof./ wh:ygif,oK;vgwf; vSof:? Ndof;vSif:bl,aO,aO, e[:TwK:eheef.bof./

ymifzduf;Oduf;rif,uvK,

      xkdifrK:ymefqof;]]cD,wD, (Chi Ti) vkuf;xlef;Omrfqof;wD,cluf.eef.? ulef:rldif:cofpAwf:ygh: zduf;Oduf;rif,uvK,aO bkuf.wmif,yAefqof;zSef,vdefbof./

      ymifygh:zduf;Oduf;eef. zgif:rldif:sv;ulef:omef; ulef:rldif:cofwif:rlwf: tgefuefrK:ckdef; bkuf.bgif;bof./ qof;cD,wD,auK;vh;yAefqof;zSef,vdefwh: ]]wh:wh:}}Nuf:rldif:eef.bof./ xkdifrK:yD<(629-682-BC)eef. apKcrf:wh: vh;chm.uGK,e[:rldif:Noferf.aOsv; aw,wif;yAefapKcrf:wh:]]wh: cldof:Oldof}}rldof;yD<(688-BC)eef.bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh:]]wh:cldof:Oldof}}(688-BC)

      ]]qof;OldofyAif:olif.}}auK.yAefvkuf;qof;apKcrf:qof;Oldofolif.rdlif:vkdof(Lao State)bof./ urf: eef.ckdef:sr:aw,wif;yAefapKcrf:wh: - wh:cldof:Oldof(Tso Dynasty)eheef.bof./ e[:ymef eef. tgefuefchm.wD;bl, vkuf.wD;e[:rldif:bl,erfaO chm.uGK,bl,Oof:e[:rldif:apKerf. pdrf:wK;erf. Mif;Nof;eef.bof./ apKcrf:wh: wh:rldif:vkdof:eh. yAefcldof:apKcrf:tefbdyf:umefzhm,rldif:xwf:Omif; qSuf,szyeferf.eef.bof./ rldof;ymefeef.sr;erf.Mif;Nofsv; sr;erf.bmef,OD,umifOgifsr;eh. rD:e[:rkdof:qof;apKcrf:rldif:vkdof:bof./

      vkdof(10)tefoK;eef. wD;ygif,ref:rD:OgifrAof:-

(1)rD:ukif,rkefOaI,OD,tef

(2)wlofeyf.OD, oK;ehbof./

      ukif,OaI,OD,tefqrf.-

(u)ukif,rkefrmuf;rD:vDyAef

(c)ukif,rkefrmef,rSef;qgrf:xrf:?

(i)ukif,rkef,trf,rD:avK:z?

(q)ukif,rkeftlef;tgef,elef:edrf?

      yAefqldof:eh.bof./

      ukif,OaI,OD,yldif,eh. yAefvhm:ruf:ref;yAefckefapKcrf:wK,tkyf.omef;ygifrldif:bof./ ayK: trf,pAwf:qgrf:vh;OD,yldif,eh.auK; wh:awvh;wluf:Okrf: ymefckeftkyf.ygifomef;rldif: oK;eh.bof./ wh: ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:vkdof:eef. tofukif,rkefOaI,(wif:uBmif.urfOdefxrf:)OD,tefeh. oh.uSrfwlof uSrfq[bl,wK,aOsv;qif,oK;ckdef;b[[,r[,Okif ckdwf:qgrf:umyf;ymefeef.oh.bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:vkdof:

      vkuf.wD;bl,erfaO chGm.uGK,ykdef.umifzif,erf.bmef,OD, umifrldof; 2696-BC xkdif 2683-BC.

      xkdifrK:apKcrf:wh: rldif:vkdof: vh;chm.uGK,wif;e[:ykdef.umifsr;erf.bmef,OD,umifbof.eef.-wh: eif,uef vh;pAwf:Okduf:ql:uefrK:bof./ wh: wh:vkdof:vh;chm. apKcrf:eh.auK; ugyf;vh;yAefOkduf:wkduf: zef:uefsv; ]]qof;OldofyAif:olif.}}tefyAefvkuf;qof;]]Oldofolif.}}rldof;2692-BC eef.eh.bof./

      ugyf;qof;]]qof;Oldofolif.}}vh;sy.Okduf:sv; vh;Okdyf,udefapKcrf:wh:cldof:Oldofsv; apKcrf:wh: vkdof:uGK,wif:Ndif(15)yD<bof./ rldof;yD< 2600-BC zgif:eef. apKcrf:sc,wD;rldif:emef,ylof,(Nang Po)e[:tldif,Noferf.ygwf:tguf,eef. vh;pAwf:Okduf:ql:uefwif:apKcrf:wh:wh: teftkyf.yldif,rldif:sz: tldif,Noferf.eef.bof./ Okduf:eh.sw. trf,q[;Okduf:cGmuf;rldif: yAefOkduf:qmrf:pSif: qmrf:erf.uwf. wmif:cSef,uefulnf:ehbof./ ulnf:uK; - rldof;ymefeef. pSif:wh:b[,ukdef: cSifvSif:eK,sv; Okduf:sc, cof trf,wdkuf:sy.Okduf:wh:aOyguf; Okduf:wh:pof:sy.ulnf:ulnf:sv; wh:vh;yAefqof;zSef,vdef tkyf. yldif,eldofrldif:sc,rldif:wh: wif:rldif:rK:bl,bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:Ol;(trf,eef)tknf'h:2357-2257yD BC

      rldof;ymefeef. yAefzgif:sc,sv;wh:? wh:awK,wh:aw,wif;ymefOkduf:]]awK,Ol;}}cwf:pSif: sc.cAifpSif:uefsv; Mif.oK;]]yAefymefwh:Ol;}}trf,eef yAefymeftefsc.cAif,pSif:Okduf: wkduf:uef ayK: tlefomef;tlefrldif: trf,xmwf,aOyguf;sv; vh;Mif.oK;]]ymefwh:tknf'h:}}eh qof;apKcrf:wh: ]]qof;Ol;}}(Shu)aw,wif;yAef rK:qArfrldof;(2357-BC)ehbof./

      qof;Ol;eh. yAefvkuf;qof;apKcrf:Odlof yAefvmefqof;wlefbluf,(Mif.) qof;OSifcAofbof;? rD:egif.qhm:auK.ekdif;qkdof;]]qof;qmif.}}? ugyf;sr;ref:qof;whmySwf; qArfvAuf.qArfOSifsv;ayK;qof;Okdyf, sr;r[,xSif;? urf:eef. sr;Okdyf,sv;wif:egif.qhm:ref:qof;wAuf:eAuf:sy.eK,sv; qof;Olk;eh. rldof; vAuf.rldof;vSifwluf:bmuf; cmefq[sw.sw.? ulnf:uK; - ref:qof;bldef.uef;tofaO pAwf:yefwmif: vDwduf:wduf:sv; ohm:vifrK: sr;Okdyf,sv;egif.qhm:qof; ckdef:puf.Mrfqof;rK: awK,qof;ayK:vh;yAef apKcrf: qof;rldif:tknf'h:eef.bof./

      ymefrldof;tknf'h:(Ew Pi)eh. ugyf;oK;erf.Mif;Nof trf,ayK:ukdef:rldefuof,bof.sv; wD; ygwf:oef:wluf: rldif:sc,eef.erf.wK,ulef:rldif:q[.wkdof: trf,ukrf,vlrf; eif;Ndofe[:omef;e[:rldif: aw vh;q[.wkdof:erf.ukrf,vlrf;wArfeef. ckefapKcrf:qof;Ol;qif,q[.zl;wmifwlof tefyAefckefzgif:rldif: vlif]]ckefbl(Yu)}}tofykef;zgef:aO pAwf:Omif;sv; yefpK(yBOeK,)vgif;erf.eh. tofrldefq[ ulef:rldif:sv; omef;rldif:uwf:bAwfOldof:OK,sw.sw.bof./

      ohm:aOckdifOmif;pAwf:P;omef;rldif: uwf:bAwfvDbof.vDimrf: qof;apKcrf:Ol;auK; tofegif. qhm:ref:qof; qmif.(Chang)eef.oK; ]]rldif:qmif.ol(Chang Wu)eheef.bof.? rldif:apKcrf:tef Mif.oK;qmif.oleh. cof;yK:e[:vdefNoferf. ygwf:qmef:uGmif:OD<ygwf:Mif,sv; uGmifwif;ygwf:wluf:cof qldof:eef.ehbof./ qof;apKcrf:qof;Ol;eh. olef.oK;egif.qhm:qof; ]]qof;qmif.}}eh. pAwf:Omif;umef rldif:vh;aO ref:qof;ehsv; qif,vh;tmyf;omef;rldif:trf:emwf; pmif;apKyefegif.qhm: wlefwlof ref:qof;sw. ugyf;trf,wdwf:Mh:aq:qdrf,ckefaO trf,uK:? Orf.c[;pKwmif:vD ykef;wlofuof,sv; qif,vh;tmyf;apKcrf:aO tguf,xldef,uGK,pAwf:IaO:uBmif.urfOrxK.TwK:awK,OAif;umrf,egef:rldif:uGK, e[: ymefeef.bof./

      cef,xK,cmyf;wlofqof;Ol;eh. egif.qhm:ref:qof;]]qof;qmif.}}Okdyf,tofvkrf:vK: zifoh.eldof vgh(Kiew Yi Shan)]]udof,bhm;Oef}}eh:tldif, ]]edif:blef:(Nang Yoan)}}eef.bof.? ulef:yhm: ykdef:cof wSrf;oh.oK; ]]qof;apKcrf:wlefeh. yAefckeftef ulef:omef;ulef:rldif: puf.Mrfqlrf:ySif:sv; tofukif,tofrkefyK:ekdif}}ehbof./ ymefapKcrf:wh:]]tlnf'h:}}trf,eef ]]qmif.ol}}eh. sw,wif; rldof;yD<(2255)aO ogwf:ohm:vl.vSofuGK, rldof;yD<(2303-BC)eef.bof./

      qof;apKcrf:qof;Ol;eh.vh;eif;udefrldif:(wif:sc,wif:wh:)wif:NdifyD<avK(48)yD<eh.bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh:cldof:Omif(trf,eef)cldof:bkdef:ymefapKcrf: wh:bkdef: e[:rldif:vkdof(BC 2939-2365)

      ymefapKcrf:wh:ckefumifegif. qof;apKcrf:wh:cldof:Omifbkdef:(Shang Okyin)eef. vh;uGK, tkyf.yldif,apKcrf:sc,ykwf;wD;bl,qof;apKcrf:sc, rldof;yD<(2158-BC)aO tkyf.yldif,udefrldif:uGK,(13)yD< vkrf:vkrf:rldof;ymefeef. vh;tkyf.yldif,omef;rldif:vAuf:vhm;chm.rK:sw,ehbof./

      yK;w[;ref:qof;ef. rD:zgif:rldif:vlifOgifauK. Mif.oK;]]ckefNif}}sv; ]]ckefNof:}}? cKOgif auK.eh. ql.MrfpSif:Okduf:aOsv; tmif;ckdef:zkdef.ref:qof;bof.? ugyf;yK;w[;NofOdkuf:cofulef:vlifzhm, yhm:rldif:cof urf;zgif;sv; ckdifpKwmif:Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:ul;zhm,ul;wmif:bof./

      qof;zSef,vdefqof;ckefumifauK; ugyf;oK;omef;rldif:tleftmefarKrK:eK,sv;qif,Mif.tof qof;uSrfrkdof:qof;bkdef: rK:qgh;xSrfyef omef;rldif:ref:qof;bof./ qof;bkdef:eh. yAefqof;uSrfrldif: wrf:q[apKOSif tgeftofapKcrf:wif:rldif: yAeftefvAofuefsv; yAefqgrfOkduf:vlifzl;tgif,Okduf: yK:ekdif;ulnf:trf,uK: zhm,tkyf.yldif,omef;rldif:auK; uwf.cSef,eK,sv; rD:tlrkefzkif:iof:aq,qK,b[,eK, aO qif,vh;wAuf:eAuf:tgif,sy.ulef:tlefuof:e[:omef;e[:rldif: bAefphmuGK,wif:rlwf:eef.bof./

      yhm:ykdef:zhm,sc,cofwSrf;oh.oK; rldof;zgif:ckefzgif:rldif:OgifauK.vkuf.zkdef.eef. yAefOdkuf:e[: rldif:('h:e[:)qgwf,uGK,ul;wD;? ugyf;erf.uwf.cSef,pwf:pmef qof;uSrfrldif:aO omef;rldif:ckdef:uwf:bAef vD? Orf.vh;wldof:cGmuf:eK;vSefvdefyAef omef;rldif:xSif;ugef,ehbof./

      qof;uSrfrldif: qof;bkdef:eh. ugyf;oK;ref:qof;pAwf:P;omef;rldif:wldif:uK:ckdef;uwf;bAefckdef: rldefeif,yuf:uof,yldifvifsv; qkdof;OSifref:qof; ukduf:ykdef:oh.oK; ]]zl;tguf,Okduf:qgrfpmefvlif qof; bkdef:}}(Yun the Conqueror)ehbof./ ugyf;eefckefumif qif,vh;bkuf.bgif; wgyf,ukif,au:ql:ref: qof; P;yAefckefcrf:ugrf;(zl;tgif,Okduf:vlif)ehbof.? szyefomef;rldif:]]rldif:vkdof:}}P;ref:qof; tkyf. yldif,zgif:irf:bof./

      apKcrf:wh:wh:rldif:vkdof:rldof;eef. rD:e[:rldif:z:]]Nsz:(Hu Peh)}}apKsy.eef.eh.bof./ apKcrf:wh:vkdof:eh. ohm:eef.vh;chm.uGK,wif;wD;rldif: Nsz:ygwf:qmef:(vkuf.ygwf:wluf:chm.uGK,)uhm:umiftef yAef apKcrf:wh:yluf:ygiftkyf.irf:eef.bof.? erf.srf;uhm:umifeh.yAeferf.sr;tef vhql:sr;erf. bmef,OD,umif eef.ehbof./

      ymefapKcrf:wh:bkdef:eh. sw,wif;rK:rldof;(2939)xkdif(2365BC)aO Okwf:phmuGK,bof./

      qof;ckefumifyAefauK.aw,wif;aO qof;zSef,vdefwh:tkyf.yldif,uGK, ]]22}}wlefwif:Ndif yD<avK:yD<(644)yD<sv; ymefapKcrf:qkrf:eh. qlof;bkdef:bmof:sw.sw.ehbof./ ymefeef.qif, vh;Mif.oK; ymefwh:bkdef:ehbof./

ymefapKcrf:wh:cldof:qof;(1122xkdif 250-BC)

      ymefapKcrf:wh:qof;(Chou)eh. szoh.rD:Omrfymef

(1)rldif:qof;ygwf:wluf: 1122 xkdif 771 BC

(2)rldif:qof;ygwf:tguf, 770 xkdif 426

(3)rldif:qof;ygwf:tguf, 425 xkdif 250-BC

(ymefwh:uof;rldif: trf,eef ymefyAefOkduf:vlif)

(4)ymefapKcrf:qof;ygwf:wluf:(1122-BC)e[:ymefeef. ckefapKcrf:udefrldif:uGK,(12)yD<bof./ ymef apKcrf:wh:rldif:qof;eh. qof;apKcrf:OdlofoAif:olif. tefyAefvkuf;qof;Oldofolif. aw,wif;yAefrK:rldof;yD< (1122-771-BC)eef.bof./ ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:rD:e[:rldif: OSefOhm:oAif:qmef:eef.bof./

      ugyf;zkif:Odefxrf:qof;yK:eh. b[,pSif:eK,sv; tkyf.irf:qgwf,uGK,eldofrldif:wh:rldif:sc, ul;wD; ul;vSefbof./

      qof;Oldofolif.eh. rD:vkuf;vmif:erfaOwK.auK; tefykwf;wdefwmifrkdof:ref:qof; tef xkdifqduf:xkdifqgrfeh.yAef qof;OldofoAif:olif.ulnf:bof./

      qof;apKcrf:wlefeh. rD:yef,nK,yhm:tkyf.irf:vkdof:vifeK,sv; ymefrldof;eef. wh:rldif: qof;cof uGK,wkduf:wh:rldif:vkdof:qif,sy.vh;vDimrf:aO xdif:omef;rldif: qof;apKcrf:qof;vDimrf:bof./

      wh:rldif:vkdof:eh. ugyf;trf,vh;pmif;pSef:oh.auK;yldif,ekdif;? ugyf;pSif:Okduf: trf,imrf,uefauK;yldif ekdif;sv; vh;Okrf:Okduf:wh:rldif:qof;cofbof./

      qof;ckefOdlofoAif:olif.eh. rD:wmif:N.b[,wmif:pefuGmif;aOtrf,uK: - yAefzl;uwf:cSef,eK; umef zhm,tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:vDauK.ekdif;sv; ymefeef. rD:qkdof;OAifb[, vkdof:Nifsw.sw.? vhm: tkyf.irf:yef,nK,ref:qof;eef. wSrf;yAefyyf.yAefzkdef tofOgifyefulef:omef; ulef:rldif:P;yAef yuf:yldif]]vhm:bldif;}}bl,bof./ yyf.tefref:qof;wSrf;oh. wmif:erfqldof:eef. tefuBK.cSef,eK,yldef; eef. yAefyyf.tefqkdof;ckefvDsv; vgif;vhm:yluf:ygifomef;rldif:eef.bof./ yyf.qldof:eh. ckefrldif: wif:erfcoftgefuefbdyf:uSrfrK: ymefz[ymefref:eef.bof./

      yuf:yldiftefref:qof; oh.yAefvgif;euf:vkduf.vrf,eef.yAefyuf:yldif wK,awOkdyf,y[.vlvgrf wlnf: qldof.cldof:Ndef:bof./

      e[:yuf:yldifeef. wSrf;oh.oK; qldof.cldof:apKcrf:cof rD:oh.yAefymuf,yhmeef. awK,qlof;vkuf; ymefvmefOkdyf,wmrf:vmrf:uefawtrf,vh;yefphmvhmxSif; vgif;ekdif;Orf. cldof:z[cldof:ref:awvh;tof uefoK; yK:uefyAefawtrf,vh;sw,eK;Ndef:qgrf:ulef:wmif,cldof:eheef.bof./

yuf:yldifOgef.rdif;ulyf.ul;yAefNdef:

      ayK:yAefcldof:Ndef:tefvAofuef ulyf.ul;yAefNdef: pAef:P;cldof:ildef;z[ref:sz;erfvh;bl,? e[:ymifcSuf,awvh;ekif;clof:ODvSif P;rD:qldof.vldwf;pmefehbof./

yuf:yldifvgif;uBmif.urfqgrf:xrf:

      e[:yuf:yldifeh. ulef:wif:vhmawvh;rD:q[ cmofO[zlduf,qkdef;sv;rD:Odefxrf:TwK:aO pAwf: Omif;umefimef:ul;vgif;vgif; pAwf:vDvh;vDpAwf: phm.vh;phm.tefoK;eef. awvh;bkrf,brfbdyf:wkdof:ul; auK.ehbof./

vgif;'dif;si;wh:

      uyf:uhmvlnf; vgif;'if;si;xkif:qmrf, zhm,zK,OK,aO]]qof;ckef}}pAwf:oh.yef eif,Ndofulef: rldif:awvh;rD: wmif:N.rD:rhmrD; arKtofukif,OaI,omef;rldif: qldof.cldof:quGK,eef.bof./

      aw,tofumefvl,? umefOmif;? umefuK.? umefchm? umefulyf.ul;Mrf:Ogifqldof:eef.bof./

vgif;vhm:tkyf.rldif:

      e[:zgif:irf:zSef,vdefref:qof;eef. rD:oh.rldif:Nuf:rldif:bof.? e[:uK;Nuf:rldif:eef. rldif:z[ rldif:ref: tkyf.irf:ugef:acKugh:z[ugh:ref:? ulnf:uK; - zl;tkyf.yldif,omef;rldif:eef. yAefqof;apKcrf: auK.vlduf;uAyf:wmif,yefbof./

      vhm:eh.vh;oK; rldefuefwif:vhm;tkyf.yldif,rldif:vkdof:eef.bl, vh;pefeif,ehbof./ e[:rldif: cofab;rldif:rldif:eef. zl;tkyf.irf:rldif: rD:rldefeif,yK;w[;eh.bof./

(1)uSrfrldif:vkuf;qof;apKcrf:(Prince)

(2)uSrfrldif:qgrfOkduf:vlif(Duke)

(3)uSrfrldif:zhm,yhm:rldif:ul;yldifyldif(Marquis)

(4)zhm,qgyf,xwf:omef;rldif:(Ohmvyf.)(Earl)

(5)zhm,zef,wK,idkef:wgif:(Viscount)

(6)apKcrf:ugrf;zhmygifumef(Baron)

vgif;uyf:Okdyf,eguf;rldif:

      vgif;oK;qef.eK;umef z[b[,aOz[eheef.rD:oh.Ohmpmif.(OhmqK,yK,)OD,pK;bldif;bof./ qof; zSef,vdefOrf. pwf.Ohmpmif.vldifsv; yK:wif:wkrfOSif? qldof:bl,yK;w[;eef. Orf.O[,wkrf,OSifcAof eef.bof./ omef;tldif,tefvAuf.qldof:eef.sw. qof;zSef,vdefqSuf,sz vkuf;vmefref:qof; tkyf.irf:ugef:arKpif:ugh:bof./ ymefrldof;eef. vuf;ref:qof;auK. tefvh;tofykef;zgef:zhm,xwf: qgyf,tldif,rldif:(Earl)eef. vh;uGK,tkyf.yldif,xkdifrldif:(Chosen state)qof;OSeftefyAefrldif:ulof:ID:bK: rldof;vAofeh.bof./

      ymefapKcrf:]]rldif:qof;}}eef. ugyf;yldof;wrf:omif:yuf:yldif uK.chmuyf:Okdyf,eguf;rldif:sv; 'dif; xkif:omef;rldif:yAeftefckdef;b[,uwf:bAefsw.sw.bof./ qof;uSrfrldif:tefvh;uGK, tkyf.xkdifrldif:ulof: ID:bK:eef. qkdof;oK;(Ki-Tse)qof;chm:Oldofehbof./

      yK,pAof;Omif:cSif: qof;chm:Oldofeh. wkduf.ukdwf:rD:oh.bl,e[:tldif,]]olif.bmif:}}rldif:ulof:ID:bK:ygwf: eldofeef.ehbof./

      ohm:aOeef. xkdifrK:rldof;(1115)xkdif (1079-BC)eef. vkuf;qof;apKcrf:OldofOAif:olif. vh;ykwf;wSef:apKcrf:rldif:qof;bof./ ymefvkuf;qof;eh.auK; trf,vh;Okuf.vh;bkif;sv; wluf:wSrfwluf: abK;yldifv[eif,uof,/ bif:vh;uyf:Okdyf,eguf;rldif:xSif;rldif:ekdif; tefMif.]]rldif:tK,emrf,(An Nan)}} rldof;vAofyAef]]oAif:uSofoSwf.emrf:}}? qkrf:uyf:Okdyf,oSwf.emrf:cof bif:tofqmif.zlduf,rK:bkdef:wgef;yef qof;cdif:olif.(Cheng Wang)apKcrf:rldif:qof;ugef,bof./

      qof;cdif:olif.eh. vh;eif;apKcrf:udefrldif:uGK, wif:Ndif(37)yD<bof./ ohm:aOeef. wif; tof(1078)yD<vkrf:vkrf:? qof;zSef,vdefwh:pof:Okdyf,ykwf;pmif;wSef:apKuefrK: rD:(5)wlefrldef eif, seoh.yK;w[;eh.bof./

apKcrf:wh:wh: rldif:qof;ymefeef.J

1.qof;umifolif.(Kan Wang) 1078/1053-BC 26yD<

2.qof;olif.(Chao Wang) 1052/1002 51 yD<

3.qof;rl,olif.(Mu Wang) 1001/947 BC 55 yD<

4.qof;ckefolif.(Kung Wang) 946/935 12yD<

5.ckefthm;olif.(I Wang) 934910 25 yD<

uGmrf:Oif,

      ymefapKcrf:wh:pof:sw,wif;tkyf.irf:rldif:wh:rldif:sc,rK: pmef.awK,yD<(BC-856)ayK:vkuf. ymefrldof;vAofeyf.uGK,awrD: (2,000)yD<yhmrldof;ymefapKcrf:cdif:(Chin State)eef. sc,cofrK:bl, Oof:vlnf;wh: e[:rldif:umefOl;(Kan Su)zgif:eef.wh:auK.yAefzl;tgefNof erf:eK;sc,bof./

      sc,cofoK;cofyAefulef:rK:r[,(New born Chinese)ehbof./ ulnf:uK;oh:vkdef:rK: sc,cof tlrftkdeftofwh:rldif:vkdof:e[:tldif,Noferf.sv; Nsz:aObof.? Okdyf,Ohmvldwf;uefehsv; tofwh: bAefyAefsc,uGK, oK;ehbof.? wif:tofymefapKcrf:olif.wD(Wang Ti)rK:apKcrf:wh:auK; vh;bAef: yAefapKcrf:sc,uGK,aO sc,cofwif;yAefapKcrf:sc,(Nofykdif:)tgefwmif:Okwf:oK;ehbof./

First Generation Emperor

            Some authors misunderstood the real fact and misrepresented their statements that in about 850 BC.(about 2000 over year ago)the Chinese (New Born Chinese)came to establish themselves in Kan-Ss. Afterwords Chinese started aggressions upon the Tai who had their original homes (Lo State)in Ho –Nan and Hu-Peh.

acK;uGmrf:yK;eldofeh. vh;pefrK:e[:yyf.(The Chinese Classics)ykdef:sc,tefzl;wSrf; vduf;(Jame Legge)wSrf;oh.e[:eK;vduf;(110-111)eef.bof./

ymefapKcrf:qof;wh: rldof:qof;ygwf:tguf,(trf,eef)rldif:ckefOldof(770-BCxkdif426-BC)

      ymefapKcrf:qof;ygwf:tguf, trf,eef rldif:ckefOldofeh. qof;apKcrf:]]ykdef:olif.(Ping Wagn)}} sw,wif;rK:aObof.? yAeftefrldif:b[,ulef:ukdef: sw.sw.eefaOwK. – ugyf;rldif: bl,pdrf:Mrf:cof rK:wkduf:tofrldif:uAif:tmef: trf,eif rldif:OSefOhm:tefyAefoAif:apKcrf:wh: wh:rldof; ymefugef,eef.sv; apKcrf:wh:pof: vh;wluf:Okrf:uGK,eh.bof./ apKcrf:sv; oAif:wh:pof:auK;'h:rh; ySwf;rlwf:rlwf:oK;ehbof./

      rldof;ymefeef. ugyf;oK;wh:apKcrf:rldif:qof;ygwf:wluf:rK:wduf:awK:rldif:qof;apKcrf:ygwf:tguf, sv; ymefapKcrf:rldif:qof;ygwf:tguf,auK; Okwf:phmohm:ogwf,uGK, rldof;yD<(706-BC)eef.aObof.? ohm: eef.xkdifrK:yD<(696-680-BC)eef. qof;olif.cmh.apKcrf:wh:uGK,wif;e[:ykdef.umifNoferf.aO ckdef: sr:aw,wif;yluf:yAef apKcrf:wh:rldif:qof;(ygwf:umif)vSuf;vhm;yAef rldif:ckefOldofxSif;ehbof./

acK;Oif/       /ymefrldof;eef. sc,cofrD:bl,e[:rdlif:umifOl;? oAif:apKcrf:cofOrf. yAefoAif: ]]emef,ylof(Nan Po)}}ehbof./

      ymefrldof;eef. qof;zSef,vdefwh:pK;qof; vh;Okdyf,ykwf;udefrldif:ckefOldof rD:eif,yK;w[; eh.bof./

1.qof;phm:olif.(Hi Wang) 681 xkdif 677-BC 5 yD<

2. qof;ohm:olif.(Hwei Wang) 678 xkdif 652-BC 25 yD<

3.qof;Omifolif.(Siang Wang) 651 xkdif 619-BC 33 yD<

4.qof;cdif:olif.(King Wang) 618 xkdif 613-BC 6 yD<

5. qof;cGmefolif.(Kuang Wang) 612 xkdif 607-BC 6 yD<

wif:pK;qof;rK:avK:uef (75)yD<

      ymefrldif:wh: ]]rldif:ckefOldof}}eef. ugyf;oK;omef;rldif:uwf:bAefOldof:OK,rK:sv; vduf;vhm:? 'dif;si;wh:auK; vh;pefckdef;Omif.ckdef;OkifrK: swsw.oK;oK;? ymefrldof;eef. zl;rD:yef,nK,wh:auK; erfukdef:rK:sv; yef,nK,wmif:arKwh:auK; cdkef;b[,qgrf:rK:sw.sw.oK;oK; rldefeif,yef,nK,zhm, vlof,Olif'D(Philosophy)quGK,eef.bof./

      cl:arKvlifqof;wSrf;tguf, yAefyyf.yAefzkdefeh. rldefeif,vgif;oK,wK.pdefwl,(Hindu's Bramanism) quGK,eef.bof./ cl:arKvlifxSif;auK.ekdif; qkdof;oK;(ulef:qldof:)ayK,rK:rldof;yD<(551-BC) uldwf,e[:rldif:wh:vkdof: tldifOmifwif;eef.aObof.? eif,Ndofulef:cldof:wh:awrD:wmif:arK erf ukdef:rK:eef. wSrf;yAefyyf.yAefykdef:]]zhm,vlof,Olif'D}}eef.oh.erfeSef,? qldof:tefvkdof:vifeK, eef. yAefzkdefyyf.tefwSrf;vgif; ]]xkif:'dif:ulef:pK;yldif}} Five Human Relationships eef.bof./

      vldofeef. qof;cl:arKvlifwh: ]]ulef:qldof:}}eh.qgh;xSrfumefyhm:yefyef,nK,vgif;ekdif;wSrf; oh.zkdefvduf;uBmrf: rD:eif,eif,yK:w[;eh.bof./

      yyf.vduf;cl:arKvlifwh: ]]ulef:qldof:}}wSrf;oh.sv; tefqgyf,Oguf;vSrf:pKpefurf;zgif;-

1.ckefrldif:sv;ukif,OaI,(King and Subject)

2.xkif:qmrf,vgif;ayK;sv;vkuf;(Father and Son)

3.uyf;yldifuyf:Okdyf,yD:sv;egif.(Borther and Brother)

4.olwf;TwK:zlofsv;sr:(Husband and wife)

5.vhm:wdwf:awK,tlnf:vDuef(Friend and Friend) yAefqldof:eh.bof./

      uyf:uhmvlnf;vgif;yef,nK,zhm,qK,Iduf.wK. OgefwlofOgefq[qldof:eef.auK; wSrf;tguf,oh. Oif,Ogefulef:wif:vhmbl,rD:wif:erfbof./ rldefeif,yef,nK,qK,Iduf.wK.tefMif.oK;Two principle article subject eheef. rD:rldefyK;w[;eh.bof./

CHUNG=to conform with righteousness in quality or character.

SHOO=to show forgiveness in spirit or conduct.

wD;ygif,vSif:

(u)cGmif}} yef,nK,vhm:wK,awuBmif.urfqgrf:xrf: P;wlofq[uwf.cSef,/

(c)Ol;}} yef,nK,zkduf:pwf:q[zlduf,qkdef;cmofO[sv; rD:wmif:pAwf:wmif:Omif;vD/

      e[:yyf.cGmef? Ol;Ogifyyf.eh wSrf;oh.aq:sw.sw./

      vhm:uBmif.urfqgrf:TwK: rldefeif,yK;w[;eh.oK;-

(1)P;rD:q[aq,weK,vD

(2)P;rmef,rSef;qgrf:xrf:

(3)P;rmuf;rD:vDyAef

(4)P;wmif:pAwf:wmif:uBmif.vD

(5)P;rD:q[edrfsv; yghomif:cGmif:yef eheef.bof./

      ayK:wlnf:vgif;qldof:tef vmwf;rK:bof.qldof:eh.sw. vh;pefymefwh:rldof;eef. rD;zl; uwf.cSefzK,OK,vduf;vhm:sv;cl:arKvlif zl;wSrf;vduf;erf,bl,aOtrf,uK: - vgif;vduf;vhm:'dif;si; auK; yAeftefckdef;b[,qef.Okif ckdwf:qgrf:umyf;ymefbl,eheef.bof./

      (rldof;ymefeef. wh:awq[.vduf;sv; uGmrf:vmwf;qldif.Ndofeheef. zl;uwf.cSefcof vD OggufpKsw.sw./ zl;wSrf;vduf;/)

      rldof;ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:ckefOldofeef. ugyf;oK;ulef:N.ulef:arKvduf;vhm:erfsw.sw.sv; omef;rldif:cldof:ulef:qmof:wh: yAeftefb[,rmuf;ckdef;Okifsw.sw.bof./

ymefyAefOkduf:rldif:vlif(trf,eef)ymefapKcrf:wh:uof;rldif:425-BC/250-BC

ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh: wh:rldif:qof;(wh:wh:rldif:ckefOldof)vl.vSofuGK,aO qof;zSef,vdefwh: pof:eh. ugyf;yldof;trf,xdif:vh;tlpSif:zgif:irf: ]]tSrf,zK,bK,(Empire)}}sy.vh;sv; apKcrf:wh:vh; wSuf,bhm;yAefoh. uof;rldif:bof./ ymefeef.ugyf;zgif:irf:ulnf: z[,ulnf:ref:sv; vh;Mif.oK;]]ymefwh: uof;rldif:}}trf,eef zgif:eef. ugyf;wh:eif,uefpdrf trf:emwf;uefaO uofwkduf:r[: r[:zef:uof pAwf:eefsv; ]]ymefwh:Okduf:rldif:vlif}}ehauK;Mif.bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:tefyAefugef;yAefvkif:? zSef,vdefwh:tefyAef zgif:irf:tefvAof (Empire)eef. tofvl.phmwSuf,bhm;uGK, rldof;yD<(425-BC)eef.ehbof./

ymefwh: wh:uof;rldif:eh. yAefrldif:awK,rldif: trf,eefapKcrf:awK,apKcrf: pAwf:Okduf:ql: uef pdrftrf:emwf;wif:cldof:pdrfcgyf,erf.vSefvdefuefsv; Orf.ayK:yAefOkduf:yAefOldof tleftlef arK:arK: Orf.ayK:qgwf,uGK, ul;wD;ul;wmif:ehbof./

ugyf;ehsv; qof;zSef,vdefwh:wh:(awyAefqof;apKcrf:qof;qhm:olif.wD,)ayK:trf,xdif:sy. vh;sv; vh;wSuf,bhm;uefySwf;rlwf:eef.bof./

vgif;ref:sw. - ugyf;uSrfrldif:vlifNuf:rldif: tefrD:e[:zSef,vdefapKcrf:wh: rldif:ckefOldof eef. z[trf,xgrf,z[wkduf:uefzef:uefsv; wh:vh;wSuf,bhm;uef yAefwh:uof;rldif:(KUO)trf, eef wh:Okduf:rldif:vlif(Warring-State Period)rK:ehbof./

e[:qgrfOkduf:vlif tefqkdof;OAifb[,qldof:eef. szrD:oh.Omrfymefbof.? e[:Omrfymef eef.-

1.ymefxlef;ekdif;(12)wlef

2.ymefxlef;Ogif(5)wlef

3.ymefxlef;Omrf(7)wlef rD:rK:eif,ehbof./

qgrfOkduf:vlifqldof:eh. erf.uwf.wmif:cSef,cofqrf.-

1.uSrfrldif:zl;tgif,eldofOkduf: Nuf:rldif:Powerful Marquises

2.uSrfrldif:zl;tgif,Okduf: wif:omef;wif:rldif:Martial Prince

3.uSrfrldif:zl;tgif,Okduf: e[:rldif:apKcrf: Herolic Lords oK;ehbof./

      e[:Omrfymefeef. xkdifrK:ymefvkdef:Okwf: ymefxlef;Omrfeef. apKcrf:rldif:Oldof? rldif: bkdef:? rldif:cdif? rldif:ohm:? rldif:pmef? rldif:wif;? rldif:vkdof:? rldif:vghsv; rldif:wlif;qldof:eh. szyAefoh. uof;rldif:qldof:eh.bof./

      e[:uK;qof;uSrfrldif: qgrfOkduf:vlifqldof:eef. qgrfOkduf:vlifcldof:cdif:? cldof:Oldof? cldof:Omif? cldof:olif.cofqof;qldof:eh. rD:qdkof;rD:OAif vkdof:vifNifNef; vgif;uwf.cSef,sw.sw./ e[:qgrfOkduf: qof;qldof:eh. qof;cldof:cdif:eh. rD:trf:emwf;tefb[,aOyldef;ehbof./ ugyf;ehsv; qdkof;ref:qof; oK; ]]cdif:OldofOmifolif.}}ehbof./

      qof;yK:eh. vh;tkyf.yldif,rldif:OD,rldif: rldof;yD<(307)xkdif(254-BC)eef.aOwmif:Ndifref: rD:uGK,(54)yD<bof./ qof;yK:eh. yAefqof;teftkyf.yldif,eldof rldif:wh:rldif:sc, urf:vkdef:Okwf:eef. ehbof./

      ohm:eef.xkdifrK: ymefqof;apKcrf: ]]cdif:Oldofqmif.olif.}}eef. ugyf;oK;ckefsv;ulef:rldif: z[auK;yK:oK,OK,eK,wmif:Olifzhm,Okduf:eK,sv; eif,NdofpSif:Okduf:awukdef:pSif:uSef,cSifeef. rldif:z[ rldif:ref:tgefMrfpSif:Okduf:aO pmif;pSef:oh.z[ref:bof./

      ugyf;yAefymefOkduf:ymefOldofsv; zl;uwf.cSef,zhm,Okduf:cof ayK,rK:rD:rK:erfsw.sw.? ymef eef. zgif:rldif:vlifrldif:Oldof]]ckefolif.qhm:}}wSrf;oh. ]]vhm:pmif;pSef:Okduf:}}ehrD:oh.uyf:ykdef:pmef.eh.sv; vh;oK;ulef:wh:ymefeef. qef.Okifbl,ehbof./ ymefeef. yAefymeftefqgrfOkduf:vlifcof bdyf: trf?emwf;zgif:irf:omef;rldif:bof.? qof;zSef,vdefsw.yAef qof;zSef,vdefsepmif;ref:ugh:eh bof./

      xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(378)xkdif (369-BC)ymefqof;apKcrf: qof;wD,olif.eef. rD:cl:arKvlifwh: xSif;qof;ekdif; qkdof;oK;]]yl,ugef:qkdof;}}ehaO bl,e[:tldifrldif:Omifwif;cl:arKqof;eh.wSrf;oh.vduf;erf sw.sw.? yyf.vduf;ykdef:sv; yyf.vduf;]]yuf:yldifvgif;wmif:uBmif.wmif:urf}}eef. yAeftefrD:qkdof; OAifsw.sw.bof./ yyf.zkdefeef. yAefpmuf;b[,wD;rhmwgif: ]]tkyawulwf:rhmsv; yef,nK,wmif:N.}} cldof:wh:rldif:ymefeef. sw.sw.ehbof./

      e[:yyf.eef. wSrf;Oif,oh.oK;-

1.P;cwf:q[pKyef,nK,wmif:N.wmif:arK

2.P;N.pefqldof.b[,pmuf;TwK:rmef,

3.P;qgrf:tofyuf:yldifcl:arKvlif

4.P;qgrf:OAef;wmif:cl:arKvlif]]rif:qkdof;}}ehbof./

      rldof;yD<(320BC -138BC)eef. rldif:Oldof? rldif:Ol;? rldif:qof;? rldif:pmef? rldif:ohm:? rldif:bkdef:cofNuf:rldif:eh. zgrf.Nrf;pSif:Okduf:uefaO rK:wkduf:awK,rldif:cdif:ehbof./ ulnf:eK,pSif:Okduf:rldif: cdif:ref;uSef,eK,sv; cofwkduf:trf,sy.vh; rldif:cdif:? qof;zSef,vdefrldif:cdif:vh;vrf:zgif:rldif:vlif auK.teftgefNofyldef;rK:wkduf:eef. tguf,yhm;omef;rldif:ref:uGK,ySwf;bof./

      e[:zSef,vdefwh:uof;rldif:ymefeef. rD:oh.ckefrldif:apKcrf:(7)wlef? ugyf;uoftrf,xkuf,r[: r[:trf,rSef;uofvh; urf:urf:pdrftrf:emwf;qmuf;uef yefvgif;Okuf.bkif;tlefuof:wkrf.wldof.qof;zSef, vdefsw.sw.ehbof./

      zgif:rldif:vlifauK. tefqof;zSef,vdef]]cSef,cdif:olif.}}vkdyf;vrf:ref:tguf,rldif:eef. ref:yAeftefq[vrfeK,aObof.? uGK,Olef:wkrfqof;apKcrf:tgef,coftefukdwf:Nuf:rldif:cofauK;xgrf, tofuGmrf:Olef:wkrf zgif:rldif:vlifOl;cdif:eef.aO pAwf:vduf;uAefuSef, zgrf.Nrf;vkuf.zdkef.oK;ehaO bof.? qof;ckefzgif:rldif:vlif pAwf:Nofyof;]]xK,eK,xdyf.ywd}}rldif:zgrf.Nrf;Nuf:rldif:eef.bof./

      zgif:eef. zgif:rldif:vlifqefckdef;r[, e[:rldif:cdif:Orf.tofvhm;vdif.qgrf:bK.qgrf:uof: P; rldif:Nrf;wkrfNuf:rldif:cof vl.vSofwSuf,bhm;ySwf;bof./

      xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(312BC)e[:Nuf:rldif:eef. rldif:Ol;xgeftguf,ySwf;cofaO ukdwf:oh. Oldof? pmef? ohm:? bkdef: pK;rldif:ulnf:bof./ ohm:eef.cofpK;rldif:eh. cgef;pSif:aObof. rldof:wdkuf:awK:rldif:cdif: xSif;urf:ekdif;bof./ eefaOwK.auK; ugyf;pSif:Okduf: rldif:cdif:vh;pmif;pSef:oh.yef;uSef,eK,sv; tof rldif:zgrf;Nrf;cof wluf:Okrf:uGK,ehbof./

      xkdifrK:yD<(317BC)eef. Nofyof;rldif:Nrf;wkrfuef vh;egef:az:uGKaOsv; tofrldif: zgrf.Nrf;pK;rldif:cof wSuf,bhm;uefuGK,aObof.? ohm:eef.xSif;xkdifrK: rldof;yD<(214-256BC)eef. e[:zgif:(59)yD<eef. qof;apKcrf:rldif:cdif: ]]ckefcmefolif.}}tofpSif:Okduf:aO uGK,wkduf:awK:Nyf;Odrf: tofrldif:pmefsv; ulef:rldif:cofwhmOD,rkdef,(40,000)yhmbof./ ohm:eef.Orf. wkduf:tofrldif:qof;xSif; sv; ulef:rldif:cofwhmuof;rkdef,(90,000)yhmbof./

      urf:eef.qof;zSef,vdef emefolif.Orf. vgrfulofqgrfOkduf:vlifrldif:cdif: teftgefuGK, wkduf:Odrf:zSef,vdefwmrfwloftguf,yhm;rldof:Mif. tofOkduf:tefudkwf: Omrfrldif:qldof:eef. rK:wkduf:qgrf Okduf:vlifrldif:cdif: tefyAefvkuf;qhm:qof;eef. cdkef:ehbof./

      ulnf:uK; Okduf:qof;zSef,vdef qof;emefolif. trf,tgif,vh;aO vh;wluf:Okrf:egef:az: uGK, e[:ymifOkduf:eef.ehbof./ ugyf;qof;zSef,vdefemefolif. vh;udefrldif:uGK,(59)yD<aO egef: az:uGK,sv; vkuf;qhm:qof;tefyAefqgrfOkduf:vlif rldif:cdif:eef. Okdyf,ykwf;wD;bl, qof;zSef,vdef uGK,bof./

      xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(356-250 BC)eef.qof;wkif:ckefvh;ckdef:yAef qof;apKcrf:rldif:cdif:bof./ ymefeef.oAif:apKcrf: rD;zhm,tguf,Noferf.? ohm:eef. qof;wkif:ckefeh. wef:vh;tkyf.omef;rldif:(7) yD<ugh:aO - vh;cmrf,wmif:qof;qhm:qgrfOkduf:vlif rldif:cdif:wkduf:zdkef.Odrf:toftrf:emwf; ref:qof; aObof./

      e[:rldif:vlifuof;rldif:eef. rldif:vlifqAwf:rdlif:cofeh. pmif;pSef:wK,wkduf:awK: Nyf;Odrf:tof trf:emwf;ref: ukdrf:wK,yAef qof;apKOSif e[:zSef,vdefwh:uof;rldif:eef. z[z[ref:ref:bof./ e[:qAwf:rldif:eef. z[auK;trf,xkuf,rSef; qof;qhm:rldif:cdif:sv; cofqof;Nuf:rldif:qif,zgrf.pSif:uef ref:uSef,aO rK:wkduf:zkdef.rldif:cdif:sv; yguf;eh. qof;rldif:cdif:vh;Okrf:Okduf:yefcofqof;Nuf:rldif: bof./

      wif;tofyD<tefrldif:cdif: vh;Okrf:Okduf:rK: Nrf;uefaw,wif;apKcrf:wh:]]wh:vkdof:}}xSif;eh bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:vkdof: trf,eef ymefwh:rldif:wlif;/rldif:vggh224 BC.

      xkdifrK:yD<(224BC)eef. ohm:aOrldif:cdif: vhm;wluf:Okrf:uGK,bof.eef.auK; trf,awwif; ref;vh;NdofyAif:q[? vh;szvhmbhm;uef yAefuGK,Ogifrl,Ogifqkrf:oh.bof.? rldof;ymefeef. qof;apKcrf: wh: chm.uGK,wif;e[:rldif:OD,ckrf.bof.? qof;uSrfrldif:vlif rldif:vkdof:yAef zl;tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:ehbof./

      ohm:aOOdkuf:rldif:vlif bAefogwf;uGK,bof.eef. ulef:wh:cofvh;cmrf,wmrf,Okduf:rK: erfNdifeK, eK,sv; tofqmef;vgif;Okduf:uGK,aO tgefuefbl,uwf:bl,bAefz[ref:ulnf:sv; omef;rldif:auK; tlef;elef:wSrfabK:uGK,sw.sw.? ugyf;z[auK;c[;bl,uwf:bl,bAeftrf,pAwf:Okduf:pAwf:Oldofsv; qif, sztguf,uefoh.yAefOgifrl,Ogifqkrf:eef.bof./

1,qkrf:tgefwmif:]]wh:rldif:wlif;}} wh:qldof:teftrf,ch;zmwf,wD;bl,uof, wD;Oof:rgef,eef. tgef uefukdwf:cmif.bl,Omif;udefOof: e[:rldif:uof,e[:vdefuof,cdkef:qldof:eef. Mif.oK;wh:rldif:wlif;bof./ wh:vkdof:(Lo)qldof:eef.sw. wh:vkdof:blef:tefbl,e[:tldif,zl;cSef,(Lo Yuan in Fu Kain District.)

2.wh:vkdof:ykdef: tefbl,e[:tldif,bl,erf(Lo Ping in Yun Nan District.)

3.wh:vkdof:ql: tefbl,e[:tldif,bl,erf(Lo Yzu in Yun Nan District.)

4.wh:vkdof:pmof; tefbl,e[:tldif,ulnf:cAof(Lo Huo in Kwei Chew District.)

5.wh:vkdof:qmif; tefbl,e[:tldif,uGmif:OD<(Lo Chang in Kwang-si)

6.wh:vkdof:ySif tefbl,e[:tldif,uGmifwif;(Lo Pang in Kwang Tung)

7.wh:vkdof:wkdef: tefbl,e[:uGmifwif;(Lo Ting in Kwang Tng)

      awK,xkdifrldof;eh. wkduf.ukdwf:rD:oh.bl,e[:rldif:wh:oAif:vlifqldof:eef.aO wkduf.vh;pefvmwf; uGmrf:wh:bl,bof./

      qkrf:Ogifwh:qldof:eef. trf,xkuf,rSef;uefwif: qof;apKcrf:rldif:cdif: qldof:rD;q[teftrf, c[;cmrf,bl,cmrf,yAefulef:omef;ulef:rldif: tefbl,yK;w[;rldif:cdif:eef.aOsv; tgefuefyK:uefchm.uGK, e[: rldif:Noferf.? uGmif:OD<sv; uGmifwmif;eef.bof./ ohm:rK:qkrf:eh. cofcdkef:wmif,qkdof;cofoK; ]]wh: rldif:vgh(Hilly Tribes)}}ehbof./

      ohm:aOeef. tgefuefchm.uGK, wmif:ygwf:qmef:Noferf.aO uGK,aw,wif;apKcrf:wh:oK; ]]Odyf:Ogifql.wh:}}eef.xSif;bof./ wh:qldof:eef.yAefrK: qldof.cdlof:wh:sv;vmof: rldof;ymefeh.bof./ wh:qkrf:eh.yAefwh:qldof:tefOof:rK: e[:rldif:qmif.olqArfrldif:(2255-2206BC)eef.bof./

      vgif;wmif:iof;ykdef: tefulef:wh:vh;cGhm.yhm;eh. awrldof;ymefckefapKcrf:wh: qof;ODolif.wD, eef. ugyf;yldof;ckdifOmif;pmif;ygifwK,omef;rldif:ref:qof; P;ckdef;b[,qgrf:ymefeef.bof./

      (wD;wSuf;)ckdifOmif;pAwf:OSef;wmif:vlif rldif:awK,rldif:uGK,rK:pKuefsv; ckdifOmif;pAwf:auK, wif;zKurf,ySif:vlif tefyAefcldof:vlifuGmif;vSefvdef tefqkdof;OAifvkdof:aOyldef: e[:vluf;eh. eef.bof./

      umefqldof:eh.ugyf;oK; vh;toftAefpSef:ulef:erfeK,tK:vK: yD<ygif:ref:auK; NdifeK,sv; ulef:omef;rldif:cof trf,cmrf,vh;eK;umefsv; trf:emwf;qof;zSef,vdefaO qif,vh;tgefuefchGm. wD;udef tguf,omef;tguf,rldif:uefbof./

      zKurf,ySif:vlifeef. wmif:bmof:rD: OgifpAifpK;ymuf,(2500)vuf:aO wmif:eKwmif:uGmif; ref: cD,rK.OmrfwloftSefsc.uefeldofref:vh;vDvDehbof./ ugyf;oK;tofpSif:ulef:aO pAwf:Oif;sv; ulef:rldif:vh;vl.vh;whm/ ugyf;eK;umefeh. tmef,Nofbmefrldif:uGK,bl, e[:rldif:tK,erf? OD,ckrf.? ulnf: cAof Omrfrldif:eh.bof./

      zKurf,ySif:vlifeh. vh;yluf:wif;rldof;(215BC)ymefqof;apKcrf:OD,olif.wD,(Shih Wang Ti)sv;qgrfOdkuf:vlifrldif:OSef(General Meng Tien)ehbof./

      ymefeef. ugyf;ulef:rldif: trf,cmrf,vh;eK;umefckefaO tgefuefOmefcwf:ckdef: urf; zgif;auK; tguf,yhm;bmefomef;rldif:uGK,uefsv; qof;zSef,vdefq[vrfaO xmif,xldrfzdwf:eldofulef: omef;ulef:rldif:sv; vh;wD.ngyf:pSrfwhmySwf; ulef:N.ulef:vuf:e[:rldif:erfqof;bof./

      vduf;vhm:yhmay,zkdefuBmrf: wmif:N.wmif:pefwh: tefzl;uwf.cSef,cofwSrf;oh. qldof:eef. auK; tofqkwf,'h:zof'h:ySwf;erfeK,eK,? ugyf;eh vduf;vhm:sv; zl;arKvduf;cldof:wh:ymefeef. vh;vl.vh;Okrf: ugyf;qof;zSef,vdefwh: OD,olif.wD,erfsw.sw.bof./

      ohm:vkdef:vifrK: vh;ukdwf:cmif.oh. cldof:ulef:wh:eh.vhmvhmulnf:aO Okdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uefrK: yAefwh:xh: - wh:vmof:ymefeh.bof./

      ohm:aOwh:Nuf:rldif: tefyAefcldof:apKOSifapKcrf:ymefqof;OSifcAofaw,wif;rK:rldof; (2512-2435BC)eef. ulef:cldof:vh;tgefuef tguf,bmefwD;bl,aO yhm;rK:bl,qgrf: Oefvghsw:ukif: e[:xldef,e[:vgh tefMif.uefoK; wh:rldif:vgh(Hilly Tribes)ehbof./ awwif;yAefuof;ql.wh:eh bof./

      ymefrldof;yD<(224BC)eef. ugyf;oK;sc,wif:wh: vh;qAyf:q[wD;uefaO wSuf,bhm;uefuGK, sw.sw.oK;oK;sv; wh:pof:vh;Mif.cofoK; ulef:bl,wD;wSrf;wD;yAif:(Plateau)ehbof./

ymefuof;ql.wh: wh:Nuf:rldif: aw,wif;yAefuof;ql.wh:

      rldof;ymefeef. qldof.cldof:wh:rD;qkdof;cldof:oh.vhmqkdof;-

1.rdof trf,eef rmof: (Miao or Meow)

2.bmof: (Yao)

3.vhm: (Lai)

4.ref; (Man)

5.b[, (Yi)

6.zl: (Fu) (Lu) (Leu)

7.wkif: trf,eef uGmif; (Tung or Chang)

8.vmof: (Laio or Lao)

9.cD, (Khi or Kho)

10.vkdof:vkdof. (Lo-Lo)

11.el.b[, (Nu-yi or Kiu-yi)

12.ckefqhm: (Chung-china or Lung China)

      e[:qldof:eh. Mif.uefaO vh;szuefzmwf,bmefuef yAefuGK,Omrfrl,qkrf:-

1.cldof:wh:erfqof;(Nan Chao)

2.cldof:wh:xh:(Tai-Thai)

3.wh:b[,(cldof:wh:vlif) (Tai Yai)

ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:OD,ckrf.

      rldof;ymefeef. qof;rSrfrldif:qof;rldif:cdif: tgefNofaOapKcrf:wh:vh;chGm. wD;rldif:vkdof:rkdef. umif,uGK,awwif;e[:rldif:OD,ckrf.eef.bof./ qof;apKOSifOD,olif.wD, tofwif:pSif:Okduf:(600,000)Nuf: OSefvldofaO uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tofrldif:Oldof(Naz:-Noferf.)tldif,bl,erf ygwf:qmef:uGmifOD? uGmifwmif;? ulnf;cAof? ygwf:Mif,sv; rldif:vkdof:qldof:eef.bof./

      ohm:eef. qof;rSrfrldif: rldif:Odlofsv; rldif:vkdof:cof Nrf;ygif:uefaO uGK,awwif;apKcrf:r[, wD;e[:tldif,OD,ckrf.eef.ehbof./ ugyf;eh ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:vkdof: vh;ogwf:ohm:uGK,eef.bof./

ymefolif.wD,trf,eef(OD,ckrf.wD,)

1.ckdifOmif;aw,pAwf:wmif:vlifOkdyf,ygif:uef e[:Nuf:rldif:sv; ulef:rldif:wkuf.bmuf;cmefq[sw.sw.bof./

2.q[P;zgif:rldif:vlif(3000)vkuf.wD;wK;ukefphm:(Kuan Hi)(rldof;vAofrD:e[:tldif,wD;bdef:Oef, (Ti Yin San)ygwf:qmef:)cD,Nof:uGK, wmif:tguf,Okdof;OkofwK, uGK,qgyf,pKOguf;vSrf:]]bK;bK}}trf,xof;trf, whmehbof./

      Omrfzl:auK; uGK,xkdife[:ukefumiferf. Orf,rkuf;wIK,yqD.zduf.aObof.? uGK,pAwf:IaO:? I pmef:bl,wD;ukefbD;ykef.sv; aw,omef;aw,rldif: trf,ckdef:rK:ql: qof;zSef,vdefaOyguf;ehbof./

3.Omrfolif.ulef:zhm,Mif.cof urf:urf:rK:wkduf:rK:awK:sv; wK,awuSwf,sc,ap.if;omef;rldif:eef. q[P; qgrfOkduf:vlif qof;rldif:OSif tgefNofyluf:wif; zKOmif.urf,ySif:vlif(The Great Wall)tefbmof: vuf:ygif:(2500)OgifpAifpK;ymuf,? Okif(12)? xkdif(29)ay,eef.bof./ P;pAwf:O[,yK:]]wSyf.cAif,Okif}} (Tower)wK,y[.bmrf:rkif;wlnf: Owf:sv;zl;cAefeef.bof./

      qgrfOkduf:vlifrldif:wAef:(trf,eef)rldif:OSef(Meng Tien)eh.yAef zl;arKauK,Omif; (Engineer)e[:cldof:wh:ymefrldof;eef.auK.ekdif;bof./

4.(214BC)ckefapKcrf:OD,olif.wD,olif.oK; yef,nK,wmif:arKtefpAwf:P;ulef:wmif:vhm uwf:bAef eef.aObof. Orf.awwkrf.wldof.trf:emwf;qmuf;ref:qof;eef. ref:qof;pmrf;ySwf;zof'h:ySwf; urf;erfbof./

      ulnf:uK; vduf;vhm:? yef,nK,tefuyf:uhm,vlnf; vgif;bK;bKsv; 'dif;si;qldof:eef.sw. trf,yK:eif,uof? yefOgefyef wSrf;ydkefsz;bl,ehbof./

5.cl:arKvlifcofsv; zl;arKwmif:arKvlifcof(4600)OD,pAifNuf:ymuf,auK. vh;cmrf,wmrf,whmref:qof;aO vh;Okrf:tOmuf;uGK, wif:vdyf:wif:vSifySwf;rlwf:bof./

6.vkuf;qhm:vlifref:qof; qof;ckefqldif:auK; ugyf;rD:oK,OeK,wmif:Olifzhm,vduf;vhm:sv; ref:qof; xmif,zdwf:aO yefwmrf,wluf:cguf;ySwf;bof./

7.(210BC)rldof;wkduf.uGK,qgyf,xwf: e[:oAif:OSefOhm:eef. vh;cmrf,wmif;ulef:puf.qldof.qmwf;cof rgwf,ySwf;tOmuf;ref:qof;uGK,sv; vh;OAif;umrf,egef:az:uGK,aObof./ qof;zSef,vdefolif.wD;eh. sc,cofyefqkdof;ref:qof;oK;(Ur Tsu)ehbof./

      ohm:aOOD,olif.wD,OAif;umrf,uGK,aObof. xkdifrK:yD<(209-207BC)eef. zgif:rldif:vlif qof;uof; yD;thm;qgrfOdkuf:vlifzl;Ol;tefyAef vkuf;OD,olif.wD,ckdef;tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:bof./

      ulnf:eK, ymefqof;uof;eh. trf,wef:vh;tkyf.rldif:vDvD? ugyf;oK;(OD,b[,)vmefqof;OD, olif.wD, tefyAefulef:qrfq[ref:qof; ckdef;uBmrf,tOmuf;ref:qof;sv; vh;OAif;umrf,uGK,aOeef. bof./ ohm:aOymefqof;OD,olif.wD,eef. apKcrf:wh:eif,uef ukrf,pdrftrf:emwf; wD;eif;uefbl, ulnf:aO Orf.rSef;rldof;rldif:cdif:trf,rD:sv; rldif:Oldof? rldif:pmefcof Ogifrldif:rh.Mrf:uefaObof. rK: wkduf:awK:Odrf:ySwf;rldif:cdif:sv; ymefapKcrf:rldif:cdif:wif:ymefrldif:OD,olif.wD,auK; vh;Okwf:phmohm:rgwf, uGK,e[:yD<(220-204BC)eef.bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh:Omrfrldif:(220-204 BC)[1]

      rldof;ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:e[:rldif:wh:wif:erf vh;wSuf,bhm;uefyAefOmrfwD;oh.-

1.wh:rldif:olif.?

2.wh:rldif:Ol;?

3.wh:rldif:ohm: ehbof./

      ohm:aO ymefapKcrf:rldif:cdif:wSuf,bhm;uGK,bof.eef. qof;apKcrf:wh: qof;vDwh:(Chao Lieh Tai)aw,wif;yAefrK:apKcrf:wh: rldif:Ol;ehbof./ qof;vDwh:eh. yAefzl;tgif,Okduf:(Hero)auK.ekdif;bof./ ref:qof;sv; wif:qof;cGmefqldif:qgrfOdkuf:vlif zl;tgif,Okduf:wif:vhm Nrf;Mrf:uef aOsv; wkduf:Odrf:tof apKcrf:sc, e[:rldif:pmefvh;xSif;bof./

      urf:eef. qof;vDwh:bluf.bgif;wmif,tofckefurf.vhm;trf,eef ckefrif:yAefzl;rD:uGmrf:N. (zl;OrK,xD.)aOsv; tofref:tgefNofpmif;pSef:Okduf:ulef:rldif:bof./ ymefeef. qof;apKcrf:sc, rldif:pmefvh;bl,yK:w[; qof;apKcrf:wh:ehbof./ ymefapKcrf:qof;vDwh:rldif:pmefeh. apKcrf:ref:qof; rD:wD;e[:oAif:cSifwlof e[:rldif:OD,ckrf.eef.bof./ ohm:aO ckdef:awwif;apKcrf:bof. OmrfyD<tgeftof Okduf:rldif:vlifaO uGK,wkduf:awK:apKcrf:rldif:olif.cofbof./

      uGK,wkduf.sy.rldif:olif.ehaOwK.auK; vh;Okrf:nmef,apKcrf:rldif:olif.sv; vh;OAif;umrf,uGK,e[:yD< eef.bof./ wef:vh;udefrldif:OmrfyD<ulnf:bof./ ohm:aOqof;vDwh:rdlif:Ol;OAif;umrf,uGK,bof.? e[:yD< (222-262BC)qof;apKcrf:qof;pmof;wD, ykwf;wD;eif;apKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol;bof./ qof;eh.ugyf;ref: qof; wkduf:auK.vAuf.bl,sv; zgif:rldif:vlifckefurf.vhm:yAef zl;OrK,xD.aO vh;tkyf.ykef;zgef:tkyf. irf:omef;rldif:bof./

      ohm:aOqof;pmof;wD, ckdef;yAefapKcrf:bof. yD<eef.qof;rif:pmof;apKcrf:Ol;rldif:olif. - rK: wkduf:cgyf,erf.vSef,vdefref:qof;(pmof;wD,)wD;tldif,ygwf:qmef:bl,erfsv; tldif,rldif:tgefurf;zgif; tefrD:w[;apKcrf:wh:bl,Okif tefrD:e[:ygwf:qmef:rldif:OD,ckrf.? rldif:bmefuof;? ulnf:cAofygwf:qmef: cSef;rldif:ukefrldif:cofOmrftldif,Omrfrdlif:eh. Nrf;Mrf:qgrf:zl;cAefapKcrf:rif:olif.eef.bof./

      teftrf,zgrf.qgrf:sw. yAefrldif:bkdef:qmif; yofOmef;bl,erf ygwf:qmef:olif.umifeef. bof./

      zl;ugef:tldif,bl,erfauK; cmrf,awK,Ol;wkduf:awK:sp.uif;omef;rldif:bof.? ulnf:eK, oAif:wK; vD yof:Omef;ygwf:qmef:eef. rmif:pmof;rldif:olif.Odrf:tofySwf;bof./ ohm:eef.ckefref:tefyAef qgrf:Okduf:zgif:rldif:vlif tgefzkdef.vrf:wkduf: zl;cSef,rif:pmof;sv; rif:olif.vh;Okrf:Okduf:aO vh; cmrf,wmif:wD.ngyf:wD;e[:ymifOkduf:wK;vkdof:Ohm:zhm,tguf,Noferf.clif:eef.bof./ ulnf:eK, ohm:vifrK: ckdef:ygh,ckdef:bl, eif,uof,bof./

      ohm:aOqof;rif:pmof;rldif:olif. vgwf;tguf,uGK, e[:rldif:ckefrif: rdlif:yof:Omef;bof./ qof;uGK, bl,zhm,wluf:erf.clif:aO ckdef:pif;pSef:Okduf:wK,wkduf:awK: zl;cAefphm.bof./ rldof;yAefygh:wkduf:uefzhm, tguf,clif:eef. ulef:Okduf:zhm,yof:Omef;cof vh;xkuf,wmrf,emofeluf.sv; vh;vl.Okrf:uGK,wif:erf bof./ wK;vkdof:Ohm:eef. rldof;vAofrD:e[:qAifMif,oef:wluf: rldif:yof:Omef;eef.bof./

      ckefrif:eh. ugyf;vSef,uBK.eK;vdefsv; tgeftofOkduf:cmrf;erf.clif: zSofuGK,e[:rldif:olif. trf,eif rldif:rif:aO wkduf:awK:tofrldif:olif.wh:bof./ ohm:aO wkduf:sy.rldif:olif.wh:bof.eef. cdkef: wkduf:ygwf:wmif:vif qgrf:Omyf,erf.clif:eef.sv; rldif;ymefyAefymifOkduf:rldif:olif.sv; rldif:yof:Omef; eef. Mif.uefoK;Okduf:Omyf,erf.clif:ehbof./

      qof;rif:pmof;auK; ugyf;vh;Okrf:rldif:olif. yefckefrif:rldif:yof:Omef;sv; vh;qgrfOlif,ckef rif:cof xkdifrldif:yof:Omef;aO qif,ckdef:rK:omef;rldif:uof,bof./

      rif:pmof;eh. yAefapKcrf:wh:? rldif:wh:? rldif:vghtefbl,wD;rldif:bl,erfaO cGhm.uGK,wD;rldif:olif. ygwf:qmef: ugyf;umefOkuf.bkif; qof;olif.wD;eef.bof.? ymefyof:Omef;eh. yAefymefrldif:Ol;? rldif: wh:e[:ymefwh:Omrfrldif:eef.bof./

      xdkifrK:yD<(262-AD)eef. apKcrf:rldif:ohm:(Wei)pmif;pSef:Okduf:OgifiK:aO uGK,wkduf:Odrf: tofrldif:Ol;sv; Odrf:tofapKcrf:qof;pmof;wD< ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol;auK; vh;ogwf;ohm:phmuGK,aO zgif: eef.bof./

      qof;apKcrf:pmof;wD,auK; vh;udefrldif:(40)OD,Odyf:yD<bof.? tofOAif;umrf,uGK,aObof.? cldof: apKcrf:ref:qof;auK; Okwf:OAif;uGK,bof./

      ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol;auK; vh;bkdef:bmof:uGK, qlof;(98)yD< rD:apKcrf:udef:rldif:uGK,Ogifqof; bof./

      ugyf;Oifsv; wh:vh;cGhm.tguf,yhm;wD;bl,uof, rK:bl,zhm,ygwf:qmef:vK,ehqkdif trf,qkdof;sv; oK; Okrf:Okduf:aOyhm;tguf, rldif:rK:trf,qkdif;? tgif,Okduf:sy.Okduf:bl,aOwK. ugyf;oK;trf,ch;Okuf.bkif; umefrldif:umefwkduf:awK:uefaO c[;bl,wmif:uwf:bAefeef.sv; qif,vh;vlif:rK:bl,xkdifwD;sr;erf. clif:wD;tefwh:pof:bl,rldof;vAofeh.bof./

      ymefeef. wh:pof:ph,ugifph,rgif:aO wkduf:Okduf:eh.bof./ ugifcAwf,(tefbmif:cofq[.bl,rldof; vAofeh.)yAefugifckdef;Okduf:wh:pof: rldof;ymefeef.ehbof./

      ohm:aOymefapKcrf:wh: wSuf,bhm;uefuGK,bof.eef. apKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol; vh;vlif:rK:aw,wif; apKcrf:wh: rldif:ohm:e[:yD<(262-AD)eef. xSif;urf:ekdif;eh.bof./ ymefapKcrf:wh:pof:pmif;wD,cldof: apKcrf:wh:rldif:Ol;eef. vh;yAefOkduf:tefqgrfOkduf:vlif qof;ckefvhm:sv;ckefrif: wmif:ckefOmrf tldif,Omrfrldif:cofawK,Ol;wkduf:awK:uefeef.bof./ ohm:vkdef:rK: cofOgiftldif,eef. vh;Okrf:Okduf: sv; omif:cldif;yefqof;ckefrif:rldif:Ol;ehbof./

ymefapKcrf:wh: rldif:ohm:(220-264 AD)

      ymefapKcrf:cdif:(AD 265-419)cldof:qof;apKcrf:Ol;yK:ygif:(15)yK: wif:pkdifyD<ygif:(154) yD</

      ymefapKcrf:ohm:(AD 220-264)qof;apKcrf:Oldof'h:udefrldif:wmif:pkdif(46)yD</

      ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:ohm:eh. yAefwh:qldof:tefukdwf:oh.bl,e[:rldif:OD,ckrf.? bl,erf? ulnf;cAof sv; rldif:wlif;cof aw,wif;yAefrK:bof./ yduf.Orf.oK; vh;wluf:wmif:bmuf;cmefq[aOwK.auK; ugyf; trf,c[;zmwf, wD;bl,wD;udefuof,sv; tlwf:bldef.cmrf,bl,yAefqgrf:umyf;ymefrldif:rldof;eef.aO zgrf. Nrf;uefaw,wif;yAefrK:omef;rldif:bof./

      qArfrldof;ymefolif.wD, cldof:vkdef:rldif:cdif:eef. ukdwf:bl,e[:omef;e[:rldif:aO cmrf,wmrf,wmif: bmuf; wmif:zmefcmefq[aObof. zgrf.uefpmif;pSef: wK,wgyf,wSef:ckdef:Odkuf:vkuf.zkdef.(aw,wif; yAefOkduf:rluf:)bl,bof./ eif,pkdofomef;rldif: awvh;vgwf;vSof:eef. cwf:q[O[,pSif:sw.sw.bof./

      ohm:eef. cofNuf:rldif:zgrf.Nrf;uefaw,wif;yAef rldif:zgrf.Nrf;Nuf:qof;(Six Chos)aO tkyf.omef;oh. wmif:vgwf;vSof:pif:z[pif:ref:bof./

      rldif:zgrf.Nrf;Nuf:qof;wh:qrf.-

1.rldif:rif:ph:qof;(Mang Hi Chao)

2.rldif:cdif:Omifqof;(Chien Sang Chao)

3.rldif:wldif:Omrfqof;(Teng Shan Chao)

4.rldif:yD<qhm:qof;(Che Chai Chao)

5.rldif:qhm:vlifqof;(Shi Long Chao)

6.rldif:rif:Oldofqof;(Meng She Chao) yAefNuf:rldif:ehbof./

      rif:Oldofqof;(Mung-She-Chao)eh. rD:wmif:qmef:rldif:bl,erf(Yunnan)(rldof;vAof Mif.oK;)rif:Nof(Mung-Hua)rD:zhm,tguf,rldif: yof:Omef;(Pao-Shan)/

      rldif:erfqof;(Nan-Chao)ehauK;Mif.(qof;tefbl,zhm,qmef:)oK;ehbof./

AD. 660-674

      ckefapKcrf:tefpAwf:ckefwD;rldif: rif:Oldofqof;(Mung-She-Chao)eh.Mif.oK; qof;rif: qhm:el.vof:(Mung-Si-Nu-Lo)oK;ehbof./ ref:qof;eh.yAefcldof:Ndef: rif:(Mung)ref:qof; tofvkuf;bdif:cldif;Ndef:CGmif(Chang)cofatK;/ ayK;emif:bdif:Orf.yAef ckeftkyf.tldif,(Prefect of Chien Ning)ehatK;/ ref:qof;egef:az:(whm)uGK, rldof;yD<(AD 674)eef.bof./

AD. 675-711

      vmofOSifbkdef: (Lo-Sing-Yen) ckdef;apKrK: ref:yAefvkuf;qhm:qof;rif:qhm:el.zl; (Mung-Si-Nu-Fu)aO tkyf.yldif,eldof rif:Oldofqof;(Mung-She-Chao)/

AD. 712-727

      OSifvmof'h:(Sing-Lo-Pi)ckdef;apKrK:? ref:qof;yAefvkuf;qof; vmofOSifbkdef:(Lo-Sing-Yen)ref:pmyf,yefeK;umefvlifpif:qof;olif.sv; qof;olif.bgef:cGmif(Yuan-Chung) rldif:wif;(Tang)yefref:qof; tldif,vdeftefekdif;? tefrD:zhm,qmef:aq;cgef(Sye-Chuan) eef.bof./ Orf.tmyf;yefqkdof; OAifvDtefMif.oK; wh:wdifomif.(Tai-Ting-Wang)eh.bof./

vgif;vDwgif:

1.     qof;olif.bgef;cGmif(Yuan-Chung)(qof;olif.rhmqAwf:)(7)rldif:wif;(Tang)qkdof;ref:qof; eef. rD:xSif;tefekdif;? Mif.oK;wif;rldif:olif.(Tang-Ming-Wang)ref:qof;eh. rD:wmif:OlifoK, OeK,vgif;uK;wmif:phm,sw.sw.? ref:qof;vlduf;tof ulef:ekrf,tgef,(300)auK.aO Ogefyefvgif; uK;wmif:arKbl,bof./

2.     vgif;bAefsi;tefyluf.wdef P;vAuf.rK:eef.? ayK,zkwf:yAefrK:ymefqof;olif.eh.bof./ vkuf;bdif:qldof.cldof:ulef:vlifcofulnf:vh;yluf.wdef? qldof.cdlof:teftrf,q[;qldof.qof;qldof.ckefeef.trf, vh;yluf.wdefehbof./

AD. 728-747

      'h:vmofuof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)Mif.oK; rif:clnfbD;(Mung-Kui-Yi)eef. yAefvkuf;wh:wdif omif.(Tai-Ting-Wang)bof./ xkdifrK:(AD 734)eef. 'h:vmofuof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)wkduf:tofrldif: pK;qof;aO pAwf:ckef? tofrldif:wK;vDpAwf:rldif:iof;vlif? rD:e[:bl,erf/ ckdef:wmif,qkdof;rldif:tefr[, Mif.oK; wK;rldif:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kuo)aObof./ qof;'h:vmofuof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)udefrldif:pkdifuGK, (20)yD<bof./

vgif;vDwgif:

      qkdof;rldif:tefoK; wK;rldif:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kuo)eef. sw,qK.Mif.rldof;yD<(AD.738)/ xkdifrK:(AD 794)qkdof;rldif:vh;uGK,aO ckdef:Mif;oK; erfqof;uof;(Nan-Chao-Ko)ehbof./

AD.748-779

      uof;vmofzlif:(Ko-Lo-Fung)ckdef;apKrK:? ref:yAefvkuf;qhm:qof;vmofuof;(Lo-Ko)ayK; ref:qof;egef:az:uGK,aOref:ckdef:cdkef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:bof./ ref:qof;eh. uwf.cSef,zhm, vgif;wkduf:Okduf:? yefref:qof;eh. qkdof;OAifwK;rldif:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kao)rD:ukif,rD:rkefrK:ulnf:aO trf,uK: cdkef;auK;ckdef;b[,r[,OkifrK:sw.sw./ ref:qof;tkyf.rldif:uGK,(32)yD<bl,bof./

AD.780-795

      bD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)ckdef;apKrK:? ref:yAefvmefqhm:qof; uof;vmofzlif:(Ko-Lo-Fung)bof./

      vkuf;qhm:uof;vmofzlif:(Ko-Lo-Fung)tefMif.qkdof;oK; zlif:Ohm;bD;(Fung-Chia-Yi) eef. egef:az:uGK,sv; auK.yAefvmefbD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)qif,vh;ckdef;apKrK:xSif;zof, ekdif;bof./

      qof;olif.ac, tefMif.oK;tdrf,yK,bK,xSuf.cGmif(emperor-Tech-Chung)(rhm10)pyf.Nrf: ckefwh:qof;bD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)aO yefqkdof;OAefr[,Mif.oK; erfqof;olif.(Nan-Chao-Wang)ehbof./ ugyf;ehsv; qof;bD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)vhm;qkdof;rldif:ref:qof;P; Mif.oK;erdqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kuo)ehbof./ qof;bD;rkdef:Odef(Yi-Men-Sin)tkyf.rldif:uGK, (16)yD<bof./

vgif;vDwgif:

      vkuf.wD;ymefckefapKcrf:eef. uGK,rldof:eK;? qkdof;rldif:wK;rif:uof;(Ta-Mung-Kou)tef ydef,Mif.uGK,erfqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kou)ehbof;/

AD.796-812

      Odefuof;cAif;(Sin-Ko-Kian)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:aO tkyf.rldif:uGK, 17 yD</

AD.813-818

      cAif;vmofOdef(Kian-Long-Sing)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:aO tkyf.rdlif:uGK,(6)yD</

AD.819-823

      cAif;vhm:OSif(Kian-Li-Seng)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ref:qof;eh.yAefegif.qhm:tgef, qof;cAif;vifOdef(Kian-Lung-Sing)ref:qof;tkyf.rldif:uGK,(5)yD</

AD. 824-858

      pif:qAof:(Hung-Jew)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:aO tkyf.rldif:uGK,(35)yD</

AD.859-877

      xSef;vif(Tien-Lung)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:? xkdifrK:yD<(AD.870)wlofref:qof;cD NofOkduf:aO uGK,wkduf:tofaq;cgef(Sye-Chuan)aO Odrf:tofrldif:uAif:wl(Cheng-Tu)bof.? ref:qof;tkyf.rldif:uGK,(19)yD</

AD.878-902

      vifOmef;(Lung-Shun)Mif.oK;'K.(Fa)ckdef; yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? xkdifrK:(AD.881) qof;olif.rldif:wif;(Tang)(rhm 19)tefMif.qdkof;oK;tdrf,yK,bK,phm:cGmif(Emperor Hi-Chung)vlif: rK:wkduf:tofrldif:aq;cgif(Sye-Chuan)e[:rldif:wh:uGK,? qof;wh:vifOmef;(Lung-Shun)vh;ildif.tguf, uGK,wD;oAif:uAif:wl(Cheng-Tu)bof./

      ohm:aOwyf.Okduf:qof;olif.tdrf,yK,bK,phm:cGmif(Emperor Hi-Chung)ckdef:rldof:uGK,bof.qkdif qof;wh:pof:vifOmef;(Lung-Shun)ckdef:Odrf:oAif:uAif:wl(Cheng-Tu)yguf;Ogif? qof;olif.ac,cof trf,ckdef:rK:wkduf: ugyf;omef;rldif:wif;(Tang)wkduf.Okuf.oh./

vgif;vDwgif:

      xkdifrK:(AD.902) umyf;omef;ymefrldif:wif; (Tang)(ymefckefapKcrf:auK.vkdef:Okwf:) yAefoh.eif,ehbof./

      qif;olif.rldif:wif;(Tang)tefMif.qkdof;oK;vhm:cSuf, bmif;(Li-Kek-Yang)eef.rD:vkuf; uAyf:auK.ekdif; Mif.oK;vhm:cldif;Olnf: (Li-Chuen-Sui) ref:cD,NofOdkuf:aOuGK,wkduf:tofoAif:uAif:wl (Cheng-Tu)e[:rldif:wh:/ wkduf:uBmrf:sw.sw.? wyf.erfqof;(Nan-Chao)wluf:Okrf:uGK, b[,b[, erferf cldof:Ndef:rif:(Mung)teftkyf.yldif,erfqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kuo)auK;tofcmwf,uGK,rD: eif,ehbof.? ckefapKcrf:wh:tkyf. rldif:erfqof;cof(Nan-Chao-Kuo)uGK, 165 yD</

AD.907-939

      ymef(AD.907)awK,xkdifymef(AD.939)eh.Mif.oK; ymefrldif:ehg.pK;rldif:bof.? The Five Li Hle Dynasties qkdof;rldif:pK;rldif:eh.qrf.-

1.	vSwf,wKvSif:	Latter Liang	Ndif 16 yD<
2.	vSwf,wKwef:	Latter Tan	Ndif 13 yD<
3.	vSwf,wKOSif	Latter Tsin	Ndif 11 yD<
4.	vSwf,wKpef	Latter Han	Ndif 4 yD<
5.	vSwf,wKqof;	Latter Chou	Ndif 9 yD<
			53 yD<

AD.903-927

cGmifrhql;(Chang-Mai-Szu)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:/ ohm:aOrldif:erfqof;uof;(Nan-Chao-Kuo)vluGK,/ cGmif,rhmql;(Chang-Mai-Szu)ckdef;yAefckefrK:? ref:ckdef:Odrf:tof omef; uof,rldif:vif? ckdef:sr:wmif,qkdof;rldif:oK; wK;OkdifNofuof;Ta-Siang-Ho-Kuo aOtkyf.rldif:uGK,(25) yD<bof./

AD. 928

qof;OSefOAef;(Chao-Shan-Chen)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ref:pdrftofwD:bl,ckef apKcrf:e[:rldof:Ndef:cGmif(Chang)cof Mif.oK;wK;wAef:pdefuof;/ Ta-Tien-Hing-Kuo ref:vh; tkyf.rldif: yDekdif;? tlnf:auK.ref:tofref:whmbof./

AD. 929-937

bmifumef;OSif(Yang-Kan-Chen)ckdef;yAef ckefapKcrf:rK:? bmifumef;OSef(Yang-Kan-Chen)pdrftofwD;bl,ckefapKcrf:e[:rkdof:cldof:Ndef:qof;(Chao)aOtkyf.rldif:uGK,(8)yD</ vhm; qkdof;rldif:uGK,Mif.oK; wK;bhekdif;uof;(Ta-Yi-Ning-Kuo.)/

AD.938-1094

wldef:qkdof;ykdif:(Tuan-Sze-Ping)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? pdrftofwD;e[:rkdof: wK;bh ekdif;uof;(Ta-Yi-Ning-Kuo)cofaOtkyf.rldif:? vhm;qkdof;rldif:Mif.oK; wK;vDuof;(Ta-Li-Kuo)cldof: Ndef:wldef:(Tuan)coftkyf.rldif:uGK,(157)yD</

vgif;vDwgif:

      bmrf:eef.wD:rldif:sc,eh.yAefohm.ymefrldif:Ogif;(Sung)(rhmqSef,22)(AD 960)ymefOgif; (Sung)eh,szoh.Ogifwgef;

1.wgef.Mif,Northern SungNdif (166)yD<

2.wgef;qmef:Southern SungNdif (152)yD< ymefOgif;? (Sung)wgef;Mif.ohm:vkdef:eh. Ten Latei period of Northern Sung was named as "The dark age of the Sung dynasty"Mif.oK;ymefOgif;(Sung)vyf:Odif,/(vyf:Odif,tefoK;eef. ref:ygif,oK;tlef;tgef,? ref:trf,rD:pSif:? ref:trf,ckdef;b[,? r[,O[Oifsv;vh;Mif.oK; ymefvyf:Odif,bof.)ymefeh. ckefapK crf:cofauK;trf,rD:erf.wdeferf.rkdof:Oif? wmif:N.auK; trf,erf? wmif:pefauK;trf,uGmif;? ckefapK crf:Ogif;(Sung)(rhmySwf,sv;rhmuof;Mif.qkdof;oK;tlnf:cGmif(Hwei-Chung)sv;cdef;cGmif;(Kin-Chung)ehbof./

AD 1095-1096

uof;OSifwh:(Kao-Sheng-Tai)ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ref:pdrftofwD;bl,ckefapKcrf: e[:rkdof:cdlof:Ndef: wldef:(Tuan)cof? vhm;qkdof;rldif:Mif.oK; wK;cGmifuof;(Ta-Chang-Kuo)ref:tkyf. rldif:uGK,(2)yD</

AD1097-1253

wldef:cGmifOmef; (Tuan-Chang-Shun) cdkef;yAefckefapKcrf:rK:? ohm:aOuof;OSifwh:  (Kao-Sheng-Tai)egef:az:bof.? wldef:cGmifOmef;(Tuan-Chang-Shun)ykwf;tofwD;bl, ckefapKcrf:aO ckdef;Okdyf,cldof:Ndef:wldef:(Tuan)cof? ref:bK.ySwf;qkdof;wK;cGmifuof;(Ta-Chung- Kuo)aO ckdef:wmif;qkdof;r[, Mif.oK; wK;qD.uof;(Ta-Ji-Kuo)cdlof:Ndef: wldef:(Tuan)coftkyf. rldif:uGK,Ndif(157)yD</

wldef:Okdif,Oldof(Tuan-Shing-She)eh. yAefzl;tkyf.rldif: wK;vDuof;(Ta-Li-Kuo) ymefvkdef:bof.? ckefrkef,ulof:(Mongol)tefMif.qkdof;oK; NyD,vhm:(Hu-Pe-Lei)tefeef.ukyf: vhm:crf:(Kublai-Khan)auK.tefsw,wif;cldof:rldif: bgef;(Yuan)eef. (Li-Kuo)qof;wldef: OdefOhm(Tuan-Shing-Shi)trf,sy.vh;aO vh;tmyf;omef;rldif:uGK,sv; wldef:OdefOhm(Tuan- Shing-Shi)auK; q[trf,vDaO egef:az:uGK, tofrldif:wK;vD(Ta-Li)wh:pof: wluf:Okrf:uGK,bof./ Oldif,wdlif:rdlif:vliferfqof;(Nan-Chao)eh. tof,cldof:Ndef:Nuf:Ndef: tkyf.yldif,rK:wif:NdifrD:uGK,(515) yD<bof./ cldof:qof;apKcrf:wh: e[:Nuf:Ndef:eh.(AD738)awK,(AD1257)eh. yK:rD:rldefe[eif, yK;w[;eh.bof./

AD	cldof:Ndef:	qkdof;rldif:	yD<Ndif
738-793	(Mung)rif:	(Ta-Mung-Kuo) wK;rif:uof;	56 yD<
794-902	(Mung)rif:	(Nan-Chao-Kuo) erfqof;uof;	109 yD<
903-927	(Chang)cGmif	(Ta-Sing-Ho-Kuo)wK;rif:uof;	25 yD<
928	(Chao)qof;	(Ta-Tien-Hing-Kuo)wK;wAef:Ndifuof;	1 yD<
929-936	(Yang)bmif	(Ta-Yin-Ning-Kuo)wK;bdef:ekdif;uof;	8 yD<
937-1094	(Tuan)(a)wldef:	(Ta-Li-Kuo-{former})wK;vDuof;	175 yD<
1095-1096	(Kao)uof;	(Ta-Chung-Kuo)wK;cGmifuof;	2 yD<
1097-1253	(Tuan)(a)wldef:	(Ta-Li-Kuo)wK;vDuof;	152 yD<
Total			525 yD<

vgif;vDwgif:

1.     (BC 2205)bl,erf(Yun-nan)eh.Mif.oK; vldifcAof(Liang-Chew)ehbof./ rldof;ymef ckefapKcrf:Okdyf,pK.(Ha-dynasty)eef.rD:rldif:wh:pof: Mif.oK;rldif:bl.(Yu)ehbof./ Odkif,wldif:rldif: bl.(Yu)eh.w[;ref:rD: rldif:uof;rldif:? e[:uof;rldif:eh. rldif:bl,erf(Yun-nan)trf,eef rldif:vldif cAof(Liang-Chew)eh. yK:rldif:ekdif;bof./

2.     rldof;(BC 249)awK, (BC224)eef. (rldof;ymefqof;(Chou)qrfawOkwf:aO ymef Odef(Chin)qrfawsw,eef.)? rldif:Oldof(Tso)sv; rldif:Odef(Chin)wkduf:uefpSif:sw.sw./ rldif:Oldof(Tso)Okrf:uGK,? Nofpmefvlifrldif:OldofOl;eif;uAof(Tso Chunang-Kiao)vkuf;wD;ulnf;cAof (Kwei-Chew)aO Okwf.rldof:ckdef:uGK, rldif:bl,erf(Yu-nan)Nofpmefvlif cGmif,cAof(Chang- Kiao)rK:pAwf:ckefapKcrf: wD;rldif:bl,erf(Yu-nan)ehbof./ rldof;eef. qof;apKcrf:rldif:Odlof (Tso)wluf:Okrf:uGK,e[:rkdof:rldif:Odef(Chin)cofbof./ ugyf;ehsv; rldif:bl,erf(Yu-Nan)eh. rldif: wAef:(Tien)ehauK;Mif.bl,bof;/ qkdof;eh. Mif.ulyf:egif.wAef:(Tien)tefrD:e[:bl,erf(Yu-Nan)eef.bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh:rldif:erfqof;(650AD)The Chao on the South or the Southern Provinces

      ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;eh. aw,wif;rK:qArfrldof;ymefwh:uof;rldif:(1253 BC)ulnf:uK;ymef eef. yh,yK:yAefomef;yAefrldif: tefref;uSef,? xkdifrK:yD< (650AD)qif,vh;aw,wif;yAefomef; yAefrldif: tefref;uSef,bof./

      ugyf;eef. ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;eh. yAeftefNdof;Ndif:yldif:O[xSif;zofekdif;sv; tdrf, yK,bK,wh:auK; b[,uGmif;uGK,sw.sw./ rldof;ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:yAef qof;olif.b[,(Wang Yi)bof./ (The Great and the powerful)ehauK; yAefwh:sv;sc, cSefuefwK,yAefb[, sw.sw.oK;oK; eef.bof./

      rldof;ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof; wkduf.Ndof;Ndif: e[:rldif:bl,erfeef. yAefrldof;ymefapKcrf:sc, rldif:wif;(Thang)bof./

      ymefeef. rldif:wh:qkdof;oK; rldif:wAef:trf,eefrldif:OSef(Tien)ehaO oAef:apKcrf:wh: yAefoAif: oAif:'Dihm:(Phi Ngai)oK;ehbof;/ apKcrf:sc,cof bif:vh;rK:Omuf;cgifzmuf,(Expedition) aOpAwf:(ally)tlnf:vDuefwif:wh:sv; bgef:wmif:qgh;xSrf;pSif:Okduf:wh:wK,qhg;wkduf: rldif:OmrfvSrf ul;rldif:(Kuming Tribes)eef.ugef,ehbof./

      rldof;(AD 650)qof;apKcrf:wh:pAwf:vDsv; qof;apKcrf:sc, vh;zdwf:xAifyefpKuefsv; qldof.cldof:wh:(5000)pK;pAifvldof tefbl,udefe[:rldif:sc,eef. vh;cmrf,wmif;cD,eAuf:wAuf:wAif sw. sw.oK;oK;ehbof./

      zgif:eef. ugyf;oK;trf:emwf;qmuf;wh: ckdef;OkifeK,sv; tkyf.irf:xkdifrK:zdof:wgif,tl, tefyK:e[:rldif:rmef;(Myanmar)rldof;vAofeh.ugef,bof./ ohm:eef. ckefapKcrf:erfqof;vh;awwif; yAefrK:ymefapKcrf:wh:ref;uSef,(qkdof;qof;rif:OldofMang She)vDeK,bof.sv; tdrf,yK,bK,wh:wmif: rlwf: uGmif;cGmifeK, aw,tofwldif:rK,uK.xK.(Magada)ygwf:tguf,rldif:wD.ySwf.(Tibet)qAif,Mif,oef: tguf,rldif:urf,ayK:qK.(Annam)qAif,,Mif,oef:tguf, qAif,qmef: oef:wluf:xkdifrldof: rldof:zdof:(yBL: Pyu)bof.

      rldof;ymefeef. apKcrf:wh:rD:oh.OgifwD;-

1.pdrf:wK;vDzl:(Taili Fu)

2.pdrf:bkdef:ckdef;(Yung Chang)

vgif;vhm:tkyf.yldif, rldif:erfqof;

      trf:emwf;tliof:qkdif;rldif:(Empire)erfqof;eh. b[,uGmif;eK,vlifvmifaOtrf,uK: Nrf; Mrf:uef? zgrf.zAif,sw.sw.oK;oK;sv; vgif;vhm:tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:ehauK; wSef;eSwf;vDeK, zhm, eldofOkwf:rD:qof;apKcrf:qof;aOsv; tkyf.yldif,umefvlif:rK: yAefxmef;v[xmef;eef. zhm,w[;qof; apKcrf: rD:zl;wSef:apKcrf:zgif:rldif:vlif qof;uSrfrldif: vkuf.wD;apKcrf:szyAefvkrf:vliftgef, zhm,v[ zhm,eef. rldefeif,zhm,Okduf: zhm,rldif:zhm,rmuf;rD:? vkrf:zhm,ulef:rldif:oK;ehbof./

      ulnf:uK; vkrf:zhm,ulef:rldif:cofeef. rD:tcGmif.Okef;vgwf;vSof: wK,uyf:Okdyf,apKcrf: vh; vldofyldef;urf:vAofbof./ rD:xSif;qkrf:ekdif; qkrf:tefeef.Mif.oK; ]]Omif;(Sang)}}ehbof./

vgif;tkyf.irf:wyf.Okduf:

      ulef:Okduf:ul;auK. vh;ekif;Oldof;vSifsv;ulefbmof:? wyf.Okduf:vlifekdif; tefrD:OD,wyf.OD, qgrfaO rD:trf:emwf;pif:z[pif:ref:bof./ Okduf:y[.sc,az:qgrf:apKcrf:-

(1)Mif.oK;uwf.Ol;(Kutsu)ygif,oK;wyf.Ohmpmif.trf,eefwyf.qK,yK,ugyf;oK;cofO[,qK,yK,vSif yAefwyf. tefuwf.cSef,aOyldef;ehbof./

(2)wyf.Ol;whm(Suti)wyf.Okduf:sp.uif; cgyf,erf.vSefvdefyK;vSof:aO awK,Ol;vh;ul;bmrf:eef. bof./ cgyf,erf.vSefvdefauK; qSuf,szoh.yefqgrf: xmef;ulef:bof./ zl;ygifumefrldif:auK;vh;vdef (40)OD,Odyf:wlif;atuK.ehbof./

      wyf.Okduf:Ol;whmcofeh. cofbdyf:]]umifsp.}}teftofcof;qkif,pAwf:oh.eef.bof./

(3)ulef:Odkuf:cSef,omif,qK: (Wang Tsa) trf,eef wh:oK;tefbl,oef:wluf:sr;erf.cgifeef. uwf.cSef,zhm,wkduf:Okduf:sw.sw.aOtrfuK: sr;bdif:cofauK; pAwf:Okduf:wkduf:awK:zl;cAef vh;bl,eh bof./ e[:vguf:vhm:tkyf.yldif,omef;rldif:eef. rldif:ugef:acKNuf:rldif:cof pAwf:vkrf:szrldif:z[rldif:ref: tefMif.oK;]]vkrf:sztefqD. uGmrf:N.uGmrf:vDP;ul;rldif:rdlif:}}ehbof./

      e[:uK;vkrf:szNuf:rldif: ekdif;tefekdif;tefeef. rD:zl;ygifrldif:]]OrK,xD.}}zl;rD;uGmrf:N. ekdofrldif:eef. Mif.oK; ]]cKuAif:(Ka Kaing)}}eef.bof./

      oAif:apKcrf:wh:erfqof; oAif:wAef:trf,eef rldif:OSefymefeef. qof;rif:Oldofbl,wD; oAif:'Dihm:? wK;vD? wK;Nof;? wK;vDzl: qldof:eef.bof./

vgif;vhm:tkyf.yldif,sv; vgif;wyf.Okduf: rldif:z[rldif:ref:e[:Nuf:rldif:wh: ymeferfqof;rldif:wSef:(OAef)

1.cKuAif:(Ka Kaing)

2.zgif:rldif:vlif]]OrK,xD.}}zl;P;uGmrf:N.

3.ckefrldif:OrK,xD.vkrf:szzhm, tkyf.yldif,Nuf:rldif:vlif

4.vkrf:szzhm, tkyf.yldif,Nuf:rldif:vlif

5.rldif:OSef? bl,erf? erfqof;? wK;vD? wK;Nof;? wK;vDzl:

vgif;bl,vgif;Oof:sv; qef.ymefxmef;ulef:ymefwh:erfqof;

      ulef:wh:ymefrldof;eef. vgif;bl,vgif;Oof:rD:tdif,OaI,bdef,si;ckdwf:qef.ymefulef:sw. sw./ arKvmwf; arKqKarKbl,arKudefarKqefq[yldef;sv; z[z[auK; ch;rK:egrf:ql:wh:sw.sw./ ymefeef. ulef:wh:qldof:tefbl,Oof:wmif:rldif:erfqof;(Nuf:rldif:vlif)sv; yAeferf.ekdif;q[vAof uefeef. awrD:rguf;OmrfOdyf:(3)vmef.yhmyhmehbof./

      clof:ekif;wmif:ohsv; wmif:uGK,wmif:chmauK; ugyf;wh:ymefeef. arKpAwf:arKawK: clof:vhm; cldof:sz:bof.sv; tgefekif;tgefuK.chmclof:sz:eef.bof./

      arK,uldofrD:e[:tldif, ]]ukefrldif:}}sv;wh:ymefeef. arKbdyf:arKq[.wkdof:vgif;uldofsv; ygwf: wluf:(bkdef:qmif;)rD:yK,rh.xldef,vkduf.vlif tefrD:rh.tguf,ceferfsw.sw.eef.bof./ ymefeef. wh:arKcD,rK. uwf.uBmif.sw.sw.oK;oK;? ymefeef.bdyf:umif,xkdofMuf, yAefvmuf;emuf;ap.uif;erferf? ygwf:wluf:bdkef:qmif;eef. arKcrf:auK;rD;erfsw.sw.ehbof./

      rldof;ymefeef. ayK:oK;qof;apKcrf:tguf,omif:apKcrf:eh. vh;pmif;rK.zdluf,ySwfwlofaO tof pAwf:rif,uvK,umefvDqgrf:emif:apKcrf:bof./ Ogifzmuf,cmif;ref:qof;Orf. vh;tofclefeluf.bkif:pAwf: qgif;rif,uK,vK,aO rkif;uif;? Orf.yK:wKrmwf,vmyf,vSof:sv; xlifyK:ODvSif teftofclefeluf.udef yKpAwf:oh.eef.bof./

      sr;qof;apKcrf:Orf. vh;yK:xlifclefeluf.ODrlef, sr;qof;apKcrf:eh.Mif.oK; Odefol: (Tsin Wu)ehbof./

ugifvkuf;(Nnf,)eh. Mif.qkdof;oK; ugifcAwf,tefOkduf:wh:coftofphm,cdkef;eK;Okduf:         rldof;e[:yD<AD.225 eef.bof./

vgif;ekif;ohzl;rD:qef.cof

      qof;apKcrf:vh;ekif; Oldof;bmof:vlif teftofeifOldofpAwf:oh.eef.sv; yAeftefrD: zkif:vDwlnf:wKsw.sw. zl;bdif:cofoh.Nofbgh:ihm:sc, wkdof:sy,Nysv:? OSifcAof? OSifvSifaO ekif; clof:vhm:clof:sz:tef Omyf,rhikdef:rhcrf:qldof:eef.bof./ ymefeef.(ugyf;yh,vh;uGmrf:Oif,OgefOK,O eK,ykwf.xsv;)emif:bdif:cof rldof;yAefOmofsw. vgwf;vSof:xmif,pmif;bl,aOwK.? ayK:aw,eK;Ndef: bof.ehqkdif zlofwhmrldof;v[auK; vh;whmqgrf:rldof;eef. rldefuvK:zmrf:cof rldif:tdef:wdbK:rldof;ugef, ehbof./

acK;Oif,/       /zlofwhmrldof;v[auK; sr:awvh;whmqgrf:tefoK;eef. ayK:rK:wlnf:e[:yyf.ykdef: cldof:wh:sv; ykdef:rldif:wh:tefarKwSrf;vduf; cldof:OSifwSrf;oh.eef.sw. trf,yK:ulef:blof:blof:trf, eef trf,q[;ykef;ulef:wif:OAif; yAefykef;wK,qof;wK,ckefsv; zl;rD;qef. zl;rmuf;zl;rD:cof ulnf:ehbof./

umefzkuf,Ogrf;

      ulef:wh:ymefeef. tofolof:q[.vmuf;xhaO xhOlefeK:? auK.ekdif;bdyf:rmuf;xh auK.ekdif; Orf.qkifolof:ehbof./ qArfqof;qArfckef vh;pAwf:umefeK:ul;auK. ugyf;yefpSif:umefzkuf,Ogrf;sv; cof;erf.wmif:udef rmuf;vldifsw.sw.? ulef:omef;ulef:rldif:cofvh;OGmif:cgef,eK:wD;qof;apKcrf: ekdif; yD<Ogifykef;v[ekdif;ykef;v[bof./ xkdifrK:yD<(600AD)eef. cldof:apKcrf:wh:erfqof;eh. yAefrK: cldof:rif:wh:ehbof./

      qof;apKcrf:wh: teftkyf.yldif,rldif:erfqof;Orf.-

1.Oldofvlifrldif:(Tso-Lung-Mung)

2.umefwkdef:rif:(Kan-Tung-Mung)

3.rif:ODel.vof:(Mung-Si-Nu-Lo)

4.vmofOSifbAef:(Lo-Sing-Yen)

5.OSifvmof'h(Sing-Lo-Pi)

6.Oldofvkdof:uof;(Pi-Lo-Ko)

7.uof;vkdof:'kif:(Ko-Lo-Fung) yAefqof;wlefqldof:eh.bof./

vguf:vhm:tkyf.irf:ymefrldif:erfqof;

1.uGmef:wh:(Chong-Tai)   ckefrldif:(Minister)

2.qh:wh:(Chi-Tai)            urf.ckefrldif:(Viceroy administrating 2-provinces)

3.xkif:wh:(Tung Tai)    zl;erf:e[:qkdif;(under secretary of State)

4.yl,wh:(Pu-Tai)       zl;rD:uGmrf:brf zl;uGmef:rldif:(Provincial Governor)

5.cAwf;wh:(Git-Tai)     zl;ugef:tldif,(Provincial Chancellor)

6.ymefwh:(Pan-Tai)     zl;ugef:zef,wK,ikdef:(Provincial Financier)

7.wAef:wh:(Tien-Tai)    qgrfOkduf:vlif(Provincial Commander in Chief)

8.xof;wh:(Tao-Tai)   ylpAiftkyf.Ogiftldif,(Regional governor governing 2 Chews)

ykdef:rldif:ymefwh:erfqof; rldof;ymefapKcrf:rif:(Mung)

      rldof;yD<(AD 748)eef. uof;vkdof:'kif:(Ko Lo Fung)aw,wif;apKcrf:wh: wD;oAif:wK; vDzl:bof.? zgif:erf.ref:qof;uGK,uAyf:Okduf: e[:rldif:wD.ySwf.(Tibet)sv; rldif:sc,(China)urf: eef. ckefapKcrf:sc, trf,rD:pSif:Okduf:sv; trf,awK,Ol;ckdef:qof;rif:apKcrf:wh:aO bgef:pAwf: tlnf:vDuefbof./ ugyf;irf:iof:tlrkefzkif: wh:pSif:b[,e[:ymefeef.eK,sv; ymefqof;rif:rldif:vlif erfqof;(apKcrf:wh:)eef.yAef (The great Mung Empier) tlefrkeftrf:emwf;uGmif;b[,Okif Okwf:ehbof./

      rldof;zgif:eef. ugyf;oK;uvK:wlIuD,cof rK:uof:e[:rldif:sc,sv; rldif:sc,auK;yAeftefOkuf. bkif; tleftmefoh.bl,bof.? ckefapKcrf:wh:uof;vkdof:'kif:auK; ugyf;vh;yAeftlnf:vDuefwif:sc,sv; vh;qgh;xSrfuefsp.uif;cofbl,bof./ vgif;oK;wh:wif:sc,vh;pAwf:tlnf:vDuefeheef. qof;apKcrf:uof; vkdof:'kif: vh;wSrf;oh. vduf;pdefP;vluf;urf,'K,ayK:N.qgrf:bof./ zl;wSrf;ykdef:Memik Rocher tefwSrf;ydkef:bl,erfeef.oK; vduf;pdefwh:eh. bif:wkduf.rD:oh.bl, e[:rldif:wK;vDzl:awK,xkdifbmrf: eh.ehbof./

      ohm:aOqof;apKcrf:vkdof:'kif: egef:sz:uGK,aObof.eef. ugyf;qof;uSrfrldif: ]]'kif:uhm,}} (Fung Kai)OAif;umrf,uGK,tgefwmif:ayK:qof;sv; zl;yAefvmefqhm:uof;vkdof:'kif:qof;qhm:]]thm;rl, Okef,(Imohsun)}}ckdef;yAefqof;apKcrf:wh:rldif:erfqof;bof;? rldof;ymefeef. wh:vkdof:sv;wh:tK; Nrf,cofMrfpSif:Okduf:uefaO uGK,wkduf:awK:rldif:sc,bof./

      ulnf:uK;Omif:acBK.xmif,vAuf.sc,aO trf,pmif;cldif;Okduf:oh.vSyf;vgh.sv; trf,tgif,vh;sc,cof bof.? wh:e[:rldif:wD.ySwf.sv;wh:rldif:tK;Nrf,(tKNrf)cofeh. vh;wD;bl,qef.vD rD:pSif:Okduf:wK,pmif; Okduf:aOwK.auK; ugyf;oK;cofcSef,pAwf:pof:cof trf,tofuGmrf:qof;apKcrf:sv; qhm:apKcrf:thm;rl,Okef, auK; trf,tgefyefpSif:cofaO uyf:Okdyf,yAeftlnf:vDsc,rldefuof,sv; rldif:sc,rldif:wh:auK; yAef tefuwf:uwf:bAefbAef rldefrldof;ugef,bl,bof./ e[:yD< 994ADe[:vldefpK; qof;apKcrf:wh: thm;rl,Okef,vkdyf;wkduf:ySwf;wh:tK,Nrf,cof qldof:tefrK:rD:e[:rldif:erfqof;eef.bof./

      wD;ymifOkduf:vlifclofvAuf:(Iron Bridge)wD;zif,erf.bmef,OD,umifygwf:eldof zhm,wluf:bl, erfeef. yAefygh:wkduf:vlif tefekdif;sv; ulef:Okduf:wif:Ogifzhm, wluf:Okrf:erfeK, ayK:yAef vldwf;yAefbmifuGK,rlwf:ehbof.? wh:tK,Nrf,cofauK; ugyf;vh;Okrf:Okduf:vlifcmif.eef.sv; tofpSif:blyf bgrf:sw.sw.aO trf,qmif;rK:uof: Okduf.bkif;tleftmefarK:ar:xSif;bof./ rldif:bl,erfauK; vh;bl, wmif:uwf:bAef rldefyuf:uof,yldif,vifbof./

ymefapKcrf:szwh:Nuf: ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;

      xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(808AD)qof;apKcrf:wh: thm;rl,Okef, OAif;umrf,egef:az:ugK,sv; vkuf; qhm:vlifqof; uSrfrldif:]]Ol.clof:ckef? rif:Oldof? yof:Odef}}ckdef;yAefckefapKcrf:qlof;cmof:yD<ekdif;ugh:sv; vkuf;qhm:qof;]]cGmefvkif:OSef(Kung Lung Shen)ckdef;yAefqof;apKcrf:bof./ qof;vkif:eh.auK; ugyf;oK;qgrfOkduf:vlif cdkef;uBmrf,qD,odwf. tOmuf;ref;qof;sv;qof;cGmefvDsv; egif.qhm:qof; qof; zmifbkdef:cofOkdyf,tkyf.irf:uGK,bof./

      zgif:bmrf:eef. qof;qgrfOkduf:vlifauK.ekdif; vkuf.zdkef.pdrftoftrf:emwf;qof;sv; yAef uGK,ymefqgrfOkduf:vlif tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:bof./ qgrfOkduf:vlifauK.eh. uGK,wkduf:rldif:sc, tldif,cSifwlofsy. aO ngyf:wD.toferf,bdif:ekrf,qhm:sc,cofsv;wif:ulef:N.ulef:arKzl;rD:uGmrf:N.cof wif:erfrK:q[. pAwf:(yefumefwh:e[:rldif:wh: rldefeif,tefvduf;vhm:'dif;si;sv; umefawK:Nuf,awK:clof:qldof:eef. bof.)umef:imef:qgh;wh:ehbof./

      sc,cof tefvh;cmrf,wD.ngyf:rK:eef. rD:rguf;pK;pAif(5000)ehbof./ xkdifrK:yD<(AD859) eef. qof;Odefvlifvmefqof;apKcrf: thm;rl,Okef, ckdef;yAefapKcrf:wh: erfqof;bof./

      rldof;eef.wwf:cmwf,ySwf; vgif;uyf:Okdyf,uefwif:rldif:sc,sv; ykdefzmof,oK; ref:qof; yAefqof;zSef,vdeftkyf.yldif,rldif:sc, rldif:wh:wif:OAif;ehbof.? ckdefyluf:wif;yAefapKcrf:wh:yof:Odef ehbof./ rldof;ymefqof;Odefvlifeef. wmef;qof;uGK,wkduf:rldif:sc,sv; Odrf:tofoAif:vlifOgifoAif: (tKerf-Annam oSwf.emrf:-Vietnam)bof./

      qof;apKcrf:wh:qof;OSefvlifeh. vh;egef:az:uGK,rldof;(AD 874)ugyf;wmif:yAefrmuf,Nofq[ eef.bof.? ohm:aOeef. qof;rif:'K.Okdyf,ykwf;wSef:apKcrf:bof./ qof;wlefeh.auK; bdyf:vhm: yuf:yldifyof:OdefaO tkyf.irf:rldif:bof.? xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(889AD)eef. vkuf;qof;qof;Okef,'K. cdkef;ykwf;apKcrf:wh:bof./

      rldof;ymefeef. wD;e[:rldif:sc, ugyf;oK;yAefOkduf:rldif:vlifbl,sv; vgif;uyf:Okdyf, uGK,rK:pK uefwif:wh:auK; tofcmwf,uGK,bof.? rldof;yD<(889AD)ugyf;oK; qof;Okef,'K. egef:az:uGK,sv; ymefapKcrf:wh: rif:wh:erfqof;auK; tofOkwf:phmohm:ogwf,uGK, ugyf;trf,rD:zl;Okdyf,wSef:eef.bof./

      ymefapKcrf:wh:cldof:rif: rldif:erfqof;eh. aw,wif;tofqof;rif:ODrK:awK,xkdif ymefqof; Okef,'K.vh;Ndif:Ndifemef:uGK,e[:qlof;ySwf,ymuf,(800)yD<yhmbof./ e[:yD<(936AD)eef. qgrfOkduf: vlifcof tgefuefpdrftrf:emwf; awtkyf.irf:omef;rldif:sv; apKcrf:wh:erfqof; P;ayK:Okdyf,wmrf vmrf:uGK,xSif;eef.bof./

      urf:eef. qgrfOkduf:vlifwlef:yAif:qldof.cdlof:sc, rK:pAwf:ckefrdlif:erfqof; wD;oAif:wK,vDzl: bof./

      aw,tofymefeef.rK: awK,xkdif(1300AD)qldof.cldof:sc,(cldof:wlef;)cofOkdyf,tkyf.irf: omef;rldif:erfqof;uGK,bof./

      rldof;ymefsc,wlef;yAif:cof tkyf.irf:eef. tliof:trf:emwf;qkdif,rldif:(Empire)wh:erf qof;auK; vh;wSuf,bhm;uGK,ckdef:xSif;zof,ekdif;? yAefuGK,rldif:sc,? rldif:wh:? rldif:rmef;ehbof./ qof; zSef,vdeftefoK;eef.auK; ukdwf:oh.qkdof;OAif;vhmvhmulnf:aO yAefymefqgrfOkduf:vlifcof tkyfyldif, omef;rdlif:bof./ qgrfOkduf:vlifcofauK; tofpSif:Okduf:tefvAofaO tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:sv; xkdifrK:yD< (1300AD)eef. ugyf;oK;qof;apKcrf: rkef,ulof:wK;wK;(Mongol Ta Ta)cof rK:wkduf:Odrf:tof rldif:wh:sv;ymefapKcrf:wh:auK; vh;ogwf;phmuGK,xSif;zof,ekdif;bof./

      rldof;ymefeef. ckefwh:tefyAefvlifygifqkdif;eef. yAefqlwD,'K.? qof;olif.? 'K.olif.? zbK:olif.? qof;olif.wh:? olif.wh:'K.qldof:eh.bof./

      xkdifrK:ymefapKcrf:]]wlefOmif,ukdef:(Twan Sang Gin)}}rldof;yD<(AD 1236)eef. rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cof cof;rK:wkduf:ay.uhm:wif;(Ki Tang)? elOmef:(Nu Chan)xSif;bof./ Okduf:sc, cofauK; rK:wkduf:uof:rldif:wK;vDzl:vlif rldif:erfqof;xSif;ulnf:trfuK: qof;zSef,vdefrldif:rkef,ulof: omef,ul.cmef,(Wan Gu Khan)Orf. q[.qgrfOkduf:vlif ulyf:vhm:crf:(ul,yvSif,cef,)rK:wkduf:rldif:bl, erfwh: xSif;ehbof./

      rldof;zgif:eef. yAefymefOkduf:rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cof pSif:b[,vlifeK,sv; tSofpKwkduf:Odrf: tofrldif:sc,? rldif:wh:sv;rldif:tefrD:pdrf:Mrf:e[: ukef,vlifat:OBL: qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,eef.bof.? ugyf;oK;pSif:Okduf: rkef,ulof:cofb[,eK,sv; wh:pof:auK; tofwmif:vuf:vSwf:(Tact)Okduf:aOsv;trf, wgyf,wSef:Okduf:rkef,ulof:cof tofvgif;vDaO pyf.wgef;tofsv; ulef:rldif:trf,wef:vh;yAefvldwf; yAefbmifomef;rldif:ehauK; trf,wef:Okuf.bkif; rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cofauK; bkrf,qgrf:vhm:vuf:vSwf:vldrf; vSef(Tact)Odkuf:wh:aOsv; ckdef:rldof:uGK,vhmvhmbof./

      ulnf:uK;zgif:rldof;eef. ugyf;oK;rkef,ulof:wK,wK,cof cGmuf;tdrf,yK,bK,sv; rldif:sc,? rldif:wh:? vh;pyf.cmrf,oK; tofcofyAefqof;yAefckefeldof cgyf,erf.vSefvdefehbof./

ymefulyf:vhm:cef,(ulyf:vhm:crf:)qgrfOkduf:vlifrkef,ulof:

      rldof;yAefymefulyf:vhm:cmef, yAefqof;zSef,vdeftdrf,yK,bK, tkyf.irf:e[:rldif:sc,eef. qof;apKcrf:wh:(wlefOmifudef)oAif:wK;vDzl: uGK,Nyf.xlyf:wif:(ulyf:vhm:crf:)uyf:uhm,vlnf; vgif;rldif:wh: bof./ ulnf:uK; trf,wef:zSofrldif:sc,aO tofegef:az:uGK,qgrf:ygwf:wmif:sv; wmif:tmif;tmef: trf,tgif;xkdifwD;bof./ ohm:eef.vkuf;qhm:qof;wlefOmrfudef qof;wlefOdefuK;vD(Sin Cha Lih) qif,Okdyf,tofykef;zgef:qof;ayK;aOsv; rldof:tkyf,tlof:ulyf:vhm:cmef,bof./ ulyf:vhm:crf:rguf,oK; trf: emwf;qmuf;trf,rD:wD;ref: ulnf:uK; oh.yAeftdrf,yK,bK,zhm,w[;ref: qof;zSef,vdefrkef,ulof:ulnf: aObof.? qof;apKcrf:wh:auK; oh.yAefoK;]]apKcrf:ugrf;}}(zkbdef,cmef,)zl;wSef:tdrf,yK,bK,rkef,ulof: wK,wK,ehbof./

      ohm:aO vh;tkyf.ukrfuef wif:ulyf:vhm:crf:aObof. qof;apKcrf:wh:(OdefuK;vD)auK; vh; yAefqgrfOkduf:vlifMif: ulyf:vhm:crf:aOtrf,uK: P;yAefzl;P;uGmrf:N. ]]ulyf:vhm:crf:}}xSif;bof./

      urf:eef. qof;OdefuK;vDauK; cD,NofOkduf:ulyf:vhm:crf:aOsv; tgeftofrkef,ulof:cof uGK, wkduf:rldif:rif: tefyAefrldif:olif.wh: tefrD:ygwf:qmef: rldif:erfqof; ymefrldof;eef.bof.? (rldof; vAofyAefrldif:rmef;)xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(1298AD)eef.qof;apKcrf:rkef,ulof: Olif,vkuf;qhm:qof;uSrfrldif: rldif:Omif;-rK:qgrf:sv; wlnf:Okduf:rkef,ulof:wK,wK,(ulyf:vhm:crf:)eef.bof;/ rldof;ymefeef. qof;apK crf:wh:? apKcrf:sc,sv; apKcrf:rkef,ulof:cofeh. ymefekdif;uofyAefb[,? ymefekdif;r[:yAefb[,eh uof ckdef;r[:vlif:yAefuefrK: ymefv[ymefeef. vh;pefeif,eefbof;? xkdifrK:rldof;yD< (1367AD) eef. cldof:apKcrf:wh:]]Omif;}}qof;aw,wif;yAefrK: rldif:vgwf;vSof:Oof:acKrldif:wh:rldof;zgif:Okduf:cGmuf; rldif:cof bof.wlof;uGK,eef.bof./ wD;rldif:sc,auK;cldof:sc,]]rdef:}}qof;vkdyf;tguf,ySwf; zl;cGmif;rldif:rkef, ulof:cofaO wif;rldif:ugef:acKpif:cofbof;/

      xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(1381AD)eef. Okduf:sc,sv; Okduf:wh: qmrf:pSif:uefxSif;cmif.ekdif;bof;? zgif:ymefeef. qof;apKcrf:wh: trf,vh;yefqof;zSef,vdefbof.? rldof;ymefrkef,ulof:cof rK:udef rldif:eef. qof;apKcrf:wh: vh;wSuf,bhm;uefaO aw,wif;yAefrK:]]qof;olif.}}trf,eif qof;zK.wh: ulnf:eheef. zl;wSrf;ydkef:erfqof; Oyf:vSif:oh.bof./

      ohm:vifrK:sc,cof tdkeftofqof;'K.wh:bAef:yAefq[sc,cofuGK,aObof.auK; qldof.cldof:wh:rldif: erfqof;wmif:erf vh;bAef:yAefsc,bof.? wif;eif.rK: ymefapKcrf:wh:erfqof;auK; vh;Okwf:OAif; phmogwf;uGK,bof;/ ohm:aOeef.xSif; qof;olif.wh:(Wans Tai)vh;rK:aw,wif; e[:rldif:olif.ygwf:qmef: bl,erf wD;tefrldof;vAofMif.oK; rldif:rmof:vlifeef.bof;/

      ymefeef.eif,uof, wh:xSif;qkrf:ekdif; tgefuefaw,wif;yAefrldif: ]]Odyf:Ogifyef:eK: (Sip Song Pan Na)}}sv; vmef.eK: (Lan Na) awK,rldif:wh:vmof: vmof:wh:tefMif.oK; (Sukho)Okclof:xh:(rldif:xh:Thailand)rldof;vAofeh.bof./

ymefapKcrf:wh:olif.wh:

      ohm:aOulyf:vhm:crf:rK: tkyf.yldif,rldif:sc, wh:vh;chm.rK:ygwf:qmef: rldif:bl,erf(erfqof;)rldif: wh:rldof;eef.aOsv; vh;pefrK: aw,yAefomef;r[,rldif:r[, qldif.eif,(rldif:olif.? rldif:rmof:vlif? rldif:tK, Orf,? umwfOK? Odyf:Ogifql.wh:? vmef.eK:)qldof:eef.bof.? rldif:rmef;trK.vK.ylI tK,Orf,eef. wif;rD:oh.qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,wdefvgh tK,Orf,sv; Nnf;vlifylif:zhm,wluf:rldif:bl,erfeef.bof. sc,cofMif.oK;(pD,xK,wlof;)ehbof;/ zl;wSrf;ykdef:(Dr.Buchanam)wSrf;oh.oK; rldof;ymefrldif:tif: udwf: yAefulef:cof;tguf,uyf:Okdyf, eguf;rldif:tK,oK,rldof;yD<(1796AD)eef.cofvh;zSof rldif:tK,Orf,? umwf,OK rSef;zgif:rldof;rldif:tK,oK.sv; rldif:tK,Orfcof pAwf:vduf;udefuSef,uyf:uhm,vlnf; cgyf,erf. ref:vSefvdef wif:Ogifrldif:eef.bof;/

      wh:tK,Orfrldof;eef.Mif.oK; ]]yK:vSyf;}}ehbof.? wh:rldof;eef.Mif.wlofcofoK; umwfOK,trf, eef umwf,ODehbof.? ulnf:uK;wh:tK,Orfwmif:rlwf:eef. Mif.oK;reD.yl,ehbof; ugyf;ehsv; rldif: olif.wh:rldof;eef. wmif:uGmif;rK:xkdifrmef;yl,I? tK,Orf? wmif:qmef:zSofrldif:tK,oK.? wmif:Mif,zSofrldif: bl,erf? wmif:tguf,zSofuGK,erf.clif:sv; Noferf.clif:qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,zSofuGK,Odyf:Ogifql.wh:? Ok clof:xh:bof;? rldif:olif.wh:vlifsw. yAefrldif:rmof:vlifrldif:ugif:sv; rldif:bmif:bof./

ymefapKcrf:olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlif

      rldif:olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlifOrf. aw,wif;rldof;yD<(667AD)yAefqof;apKcrf:wh: rif:aeK,auK. aw,wif;yAefrK:bof;? qof;apKcrf:Odyf:OgifyK:cof Okdyf,vmrf:wmrf:uef tkyf.irf:bof.? aw,tofrldif: wmif:Mif, vlif:rK:wmif:qmef: rD:oAif:wh:(27)oAif:bof;? aw,tofymefqof;rif:aeK,rK: qof;apKcrf: wh: wmif,qkdof;cofoK; qof;vlif trf,eef qof;olif.ehbof;/ ymefeef. ugyf;ulef:wh:trf,rD:q[c[; wkduf:Okduf:ql:z[sv; wif;yAefapKcrf:aO bl,e[:pmif;e[:apK uwf:uwf:bAefbAef trf,uGK,wkduf: wmif:v[ trf,cGmuf;rldif:xSif;wD;v[bof;/

      xkdifrK:yD<(777AD)eef. qof;rif:aeK,egef:az:uGK,aObof. ukdwf:oh.vkuf;qhm:Ogifqof; tefqkdof;oK; Oldofcmef,'K.sv; qof;Omrfvlif'K.ehbof./

Oldofcmef,'K.(Sho Hkan Pa) AD777

      Oldofcmef,'K.eh. ohm:aOqof;rif:aeK,egef:az:bof.? vh;ckdef;yAefapKcrf: rldif:rmof:vlif bof;? zgif:rldof;eef. rldif:ygwf:qmef:cofsv; rldif:rif:rldif:tK,oK.cof rK:egrf:yAefyK;w[;qof;Odlofcmef, 'K.bof;/ qof;Omrfvlif'K. trf,eef qof;qmrfvlif'K.Orf. yAefqgrfOkduf:vlifbof;? ugyf;oK;yD; thm;q[.rldof:wkduf:Odrf:tof rldif:oef:wluf:sv; qof;Omrfvlif'K.auK; uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tofyAefomef;arK aObof; cGmuf;tguf,uGK,ygwf:wluf:uGK,zSof oAif:umwf,OK,ymefapKcrf:]]ymefOK,(Sansa)}}tkyf.irf:eef. bof;? ohm:eef.Orf. Odrf:tofxSif;ckdef:vwf:vghvlif:rK:ckdef:wif:qmef:aO zSofuGK,zhm,wluf:]]erf. vgif;}}w[;erf.cBmif:eef.xSif;bof;/ ymefeef. rldif:cBmif:cofeh. bif:yh,rD:vgif;bAef,si;aO wkduf. vldif:phm.vlifoh.bl,bof;? omef;OlefauK; wluf:wSrf,sw.sw.bof;/

      qldif.eif,ulef:vldif:eK,uK.? uaw.cofbif:yh,ekif;zK;clof:awK,ymefeh.ugefbof.? ohm:aO qof;Omrfvlif'K. uGK,Odrf:vh;rldif:tK,oK.? tK,Orfsv; eK,ucofvh;bof.eef. wSrf;vduf;wmif,xkdifyD; ref:qof; vgif;oK;vh;tgif,Okduf:eef.aO q[.uGK,Olif,xkdifrldif:rmof:vlifbof;? qof;olif.rldif:rmof:vlifeh. vh;N.erf.uwf.wmif:cSef, egif.qhm:ref:bof.sv; c[;q[zdwf:eldofegif.qhm:ref:qof;bof.sv; c[;q[ zdwf:eldofqhm:qof; xmif,oK;egif.qhm:qof;awckdef:rK: vkuf.zdkef.ehaO vuf.vgrfulofoh.e[:q[bof;/

      qof;iK:crf: vkuf;qof;Omrfvlif'K. Okdyf,ykwf;eif;apKcrf:rldif:redyl,ItK,oK.bof.? rldif: tefayK;qof;eif;udefuGK,rldof;tgefwmif:swyAefrldif:aeK:IK,(Nora)ohm:vkdef:vifref:yAefrKrldif:tK, Nrf, tefcGmuf;r[,eef.bof.? oAif:apKcrf:rldif:tK,Orf tefqof;Omrfvlif'K. tkyf.irf:rldof;eef.yAef cldof:(Chosen)qof;OSeftefwif;yAefrK: rldif:tK,Nrf,bof./

      ymefeef. trf:emwf;qmuf;rldif:olif.wh: uGmif;uGK,xkdifzif,ymifvhm,yif:uvK:(Bangladash) aO rldif:umwf,OK,? red.yl,ItK,oK.cof qldof:eh.rD:yK;w[; qof;olif.ckefvkdof:wh:OAif;bof.? rldof;yD< (808AD)eef. qof;Odlofcmef,'K. egef:az:uGK,aObof.? qof;Odlofimef'K. olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlif tefMif.oK;olif.umifeef. tkyf.irf:omef;rldif:bof;? Nrf;umefuefrD:qof;olif.Odyf:yK: tkyf.irf:uGK,awK, xkdifyD<(1315AD)bof;/ xkdifrK:yD< (1332AD)rldif:olif.wh: vh;wSuf,bhm;azyAef OD,tldif,OD,rldif: oh.bof;/

(1)rldif:olif.e[:tldif,bl,erf

      vkuf.wD;rldif:rmof:vlifuGK, cmof:wmif:pK;oef:? om:apKcrf:sc,Ol;wD;(Tsu Ti)wlefyK:vkdef: egef:az:uGK,eef. cdkef;yAef yK;w[;olif.wh:? qof;olif.rif:tkyf.irf:rldif:wh:ckdef:eef.bof;/

(2)rldif:tK,Orf red.yl,I

      yAefqof;wh:qof;Omrfvlif'K. tkyf.irf:bof;/

(3)rldif:ugif

      yAefqof;olif.ckefavK:wh: tkyf.irf:bof;/

(4)rldif:rmof:vlif

      qof;Odlofcmef,'K. tkyf.irf:yAefoh.OD,wD; eif,ehbof;/

      rldof;eef. wD;apKcrf:tK,oK. trf,rD;ckefrD;qof;sv; qof;apKcrf:Oldofcmef,'K.vh;tkyf. yldif,yK:tK,oK.bof;/ urf:eef.sr:emif:qof; tefukdwf:bl,wD;apKcrf:rldif:rmof:vlifeef. yK:wmif:vkuf; qhm:Omrfwlef vkuf;bdif:wlefekdif;aO rK:qgrf:xkdifrldif:tK,oK.rK:xkdifwD;rldif:crf:wD;(rldof;eef.Mif.oK; crf:wD,)rK:bl,vh;OgifyD<aO rK:aw,wif;yAefrldif:ugif? ugyf;yldof;oK;rK:ugifwD;eef.sv; rldof;eef.Mif. rldif:ugif? rldif:ugifeh. rD;zhm,wluf:erf.sr.ugif;bof;? ohm:eef.yAefrK:rldif:ugif:(rkd;aumif;)eh wD;apKcrf: rldif:ugifeef. vkuf;qhm:qof;sr;rldif:OgifyK: tkyf.irf:oh.zhm,Okduf:sv;zhm,rldif:aO yK:b[,udefrldif:uGK,Omrf yD<? yK:vAuf.udefrldif:uGK, Odyf:ySwf,yD< eif,ehbof;/

      vkuf;qhm:qof;sr;rldif:rmof:vlif Omrfqof;eh. yD;thm;yAefOldofcD,'K.? egif.qkdof;OldofoSif:'K. sv; Odloftkyf.'K.bof;/ ohm:aOyD;thm;Ogifqof;? tkyf.irf:uGK,bof.? egif.vkdef:Oldoftkyf.'K.Okdyf,ykwf; apKcrf: rldif:ugifuGK,bof;? ymefqof;yK:eh. vh;tkyf.irf:rldif:ugif rldof;yD<(AD 1363)aO ohm:tkyf.vh; OmrfyD<ref:qof;tofvkuf;Odkuf:uGK,wkduf:zef:rldif:tK,oK. wD;tefayK;qof;sv; yD;thm;qof;tkyf.irf: eef.bof;/

      wkduf.Odrf:vh;rldif:ql.uAif; tefrD:zhm,wluf:erf.uAof awK;vAofyAef(ppfudkif;)quAif:eheef. bof;? rldof;zgif:yD<(1364AD)rldif:tK,oK.yAefoh. tK,oK.ql.uAif;sv; tK,oK.ymifbK;(ymif:bK;)ehbof.? rldif:ql.uAif:yAef qof;OdlofcD,'K. tkyf.irf:bof.? xkdifrK:yD<(1445AD)eef. vmefqof;Oldoftkyf. 'K.? OldofNrf,'K.ykwf;wSef: tofwD;bl,apKcrf:rldif:ugif:aO Odkyf,ykwf;wmrf:vmrf:uGK,bof./

      ymeftK,oK.eef. vkuf;qof;Oldofcmef,'K. qof;OdlofcD<'K. tkyf.irf:tK,oK.? OdlofyAif:'K. tkyf.irf:ql.uAif:? Odloftkyf.'K.tkyf.irf:ymifbK;ehbof.? ymefeef. zkif:trf:emwf;qmuf;wh:udkef:b[, uSef,cSef,sw.sw. ohm:aOOldofNrf,'K. egef:az:uGK,bof.aOeef. vkuf;bdif:vkuf;qhm:qof;OD, wlef Odkyf,tkyf.irf:rldif:ugif:uGK,bof.? zgif:eef. vkuf;qhm:vlif qof;Nif:crf:udefrldif:ugif:rif:'K.sv; rldif:uSwf,wmif: wlefvkdef:qof;Nif:OSif udefrldif:bmif:sv; pdrf:Mrf:vkuf;bdif:OgifauK. zl;b[,yAef ulyf.ul;uefwmif:zl;udefoAif: trf,eef zl;tkyf.oAif:(rBAof.qK:)rldif:ugifaOsv; vkuf;bdif:tgef,Orf. yAefzl;xdif:zmef,wK,idkef:crf:bof;/

      xkdifrK:rldof;yD<(1747AD)ugyf;oK;rldif:awK,rldif:tguf,vgif;zdwf:q[uefsv; qof;Nif:crf:vh; Olif,ulef: uyf:Okdyf,tguf,uGK, eguf,rldif:uGK,wD;rldif:urf,yK, trf,eef rldif:urf,ayK:qK.teftkyf.yldif,rldif: red.yl,I tK,Orf? qof;vmefzD vgif;c[;Ogef.rdif;uefwmif: vkuf;bdif:qof;urf,yK,sv; pAwf:tlnf: vDuefeef.bof.? qof;apKcrf:urf,yK,auK; tofwmif:vkuf;bdif:aO qgrf:rdlof:rldif:olif. wh:rldif:ugifsv; rldof;xkdifrK:eldofvhgqduf:rlofzhm,wluf:tldif,Omrfcluf.eef. vh;cmrf,wmif:qof;crf:wf; tefzdwf:q[eldof qof;rldif:olif. y[.sp.wkduf:qgrf:wmif:bof./

      ugyf;Okduf:qof;crf:owf;cof vh;wD;vDtgefwmif:sv; qof;vmefzD vh;wluf:Okrf:Okduf:ckef crf:owf;cofaO vkuf;bdif:ckefrldif:urf,ayK:qK.auK; vh;yK:uGK,e[:rkdof:ckefcrf:owf;bof;/

      urf:eef.qof;rif:olif.rldif:rmof:vlifauK; yAeftefzdwf:q[vlifvmifaOsv; pmif;pSef:Okduf: vrf:wkduf: ckefrldif:qof;crf:owf;urf:vAofbof;/ qof;olif.qof;Nif:crf:auK; cmrf;Nnf;ul,ylof,(Kubo)uGK, Mif.tofwmif: zl;udefoAif:(rBAof.qK:)reD.yl,Iqgr:rK:xSif;bof.? rldof;vrf:ckdwf: ckefcrf:owf;eef. yAefygh:Odkuf:wkduf:uefsw.sw.oK;sv; Okduf:qof;olif.oSwf;vh; Okduf:ckefcrf:owf;aOwK. ckefcrf: owf;sw. vuf.tguf,yhm;aO ylef.vgwf;vh;vDvDbof;/

      ckefcrf:owf;eh. yduf.Orf.vh;yAefckefrldif:reD.yl,IaOwK.auK; ugyf;ref:qof;trf,ayK:rD: q[vDeldofyldef;sv; ulef:rldif:trf,ayK:puf.Mrfref:qof;uK;Ndof? ohm:aOrldif:olif.tgif,Odkuf:bof.? rldif:ugif sv;reD.yl,IOgifrldif:eh. pAwf:vduf;udefuSef,aO tofvgif;uwf:bAefuefbof./ wmif:uGmif;trf: emwf;qmuf;rldif:olif.auK; zSofxkdifrldif: aeK:Iud,Id tefolif;umiferf.rmif:sv; erf.cBmif:eef.bof.? ohm:pAwf:vduf;udefuSef,uefvDimrf:bof.? qof;Nif:crf:rldif:olif.auK;ckdef:rldof:rldif:uof, rldif:ugifbof./

      ohm:eef.trf,ayK:Ndif ref:qof;egef:az:Okwf:qlof;ymefuGK,bof;? rldof;yD<(AD 1512) eef. vkuf;qhm:qof; qof;yAif:'K.ckdef;Odkyf,yAefqof;olif.vlifaO tkyf.irf:rldif:ugifuGK,bof./ ymef qof;wlefeh. ugyf;tgif,Odkuf:erfvlifvmifeK,sv; IweK,uSof;OSifidkef:crf: qmif;rK.olof:uGhm:tefvh; rK:wmif,rldif:eef. rD:erfeK,tK:vK:ehbof./

ckefapKcrf: rldif:xh: rldif:tdef,wlof,cBhm:eK:

      tK,OBK.qAif,qmef:oef:tguf,(Indochina Southeast Asia)crf:wD;sv; OD,Idvif,uK, (OD,Nof)quGK,qldof:eh. bif:vh;rK:pAwf:tlnf:vDrpKrdwf; rldif:olif.wh:ehbof.? rldof;yD<(1568AD) eef. qof;apKcrf:OldofyAif:'K. vh;egef:az:uGK,sv; qof;Odlofclyf.'K. ckdef;wSe:yAefapKcrf:bof. ymefqof;wlefeh. uGK,wdkuf:tgif,rldif:xh: tgif,ay.Ogifurf:aOvh;IweK,idkdef:crf:sv; vh;qmif.zlduf, rK:ODwlofbof./ ugyf;ehyldef;tgefuefMif.qof;Oldofclyf.'K.oK; qof;qmif.zlduf,ehbof./

      ohm:aOeef. ckefrldif:tK,oK.Orf. vkuf.zdkef.rK:wkduf:wgyf,wSef:rldif:rmof:vlifsv; ref: qof;auK; vh;yhm;uGK,bl,Oof:e[:rldif:crf:wD; qlof;cmof:bof./ rldof;eef. way:ref:rmef<OgifauK. cdif: wl:bif:sv; cdif:OSif:vif:Odqf.qK,vl.eldofref:qof;sv; vh;cmrf,wD.ngyf.uGK,qgrf:rkdof: ckeftK,oK. cofbof.? vh;OAif;umrf,uGK,e[:rkdof:zl;cAeftK,oK.cofbof;? qof;eh.wef:vh;udefrdlif:Odyf:uof;(19)yD<eh bof./

      ohm:eef. vkuf;qhm:ref:qof; qof;cdkef;crf:? qof;olif.rldif:rmof:vlif Okdyf,eif;apKcrf:bof.? ymefeef.ref:qof;uGK,wkduf:ckdef:rldif:tK,oK.sv; vh;ygifOkduf:ugK,zSof qkdif;tldif,sr,wl:rkef.bof.? ulnf:eK;zgif:eef. rSef;rldof:apKcrf:sc, vlif:rK:uof:rldif:tK,oK.sv; qof;ckdef;crf:auK; trf,wef: Odrf:vh;rldif:tK,oK.wmif:OAif;vh;aO ckdef:rldof:wmif:rldif:rmof:vlifckdef:bof;/ vh;OAif;umrf,uGK, e[:yD< (1593 AD)eef.bof.? urf:eef. qof;olif.ckef trf,eef qof;Nif:'K. ckdef;yAefckefqof;olif. rldif:rmof:vlifbof./

      xkdifrK:qof;ehauK; uGK,wkduf:rldif:tK,oK.xSif;urf:ekdif;bof.? zgif:eef.rSef;rldof;ckefrldif:tK, oK. vh;cmrf,wmif:ckefsc,cof wD.ngyf:tof rldof:rldif:sc,bof.sv; coftrf,rD:qof;rD;ckef qof;olif.wh: auK; vh;wkduf:Odrf:tof ihm;ihm;ugh:bof.eef.aO wK.ugyf;trf,tkyf.irf:sy.vh; ulef:rldif:tK,oK.cofsv; ohm:tkyf.rldif:vh;ODyD<eef. qof;ygh,ySwf;apKcrf:rldif:tK,oK.aO uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tof pAwf:ckefe[:rldif:bmif: bof;? rldif:bmif:auK; yAefapKcrf:szrldif:rmof:vlifuGK,bof./ e[:ymefqof;ckefolif. rldif:rmof:vlifeh.trf, cof;tkyf.xdif:vh; rldif:tK,oK.xSif;bof.? vh;oK;qkdof;OAifwh:olif. rldif:rmof:vlifphmqlrfuGK,e[: zgif:Odyf:yD< vkrf:vkrf:bl,bof./

      xkdifrK:yD<(1734AD)rD:qof;olif.OgifyK: qkdof;oK;qof;rif:ayK:sv; qof;uBK,wlef:rldif:ugif uGK,ql:ckefrldif:uIduf.eK,uK, reD.yl,ItK,OrfaO tkyf,ukrfuefawK,awzgrf.Nrf;uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tofrldif: tK,oK.P;yAefyK;w[; olif.wh:ckdef:eef.bof./ urf:eef. vh;q[uefbof. cofOmrfqof;auK;Nrf;uef aO uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tof rldif:ar,wl:e[:rldif:tK,oK.sv;vh;tgif,sy.vDimrf:bof./ ohm:eef. qof;apKcrf: rldif:uIduf.eK,uK.auK; tofvkuf;bdif:ref:qof; (emif:rdqf.bAefvDqlof;ab;) tmyf,rSif,qof;uBK,wlef: bof./

      ohm:eef.qof;emif:bAefvD(uIduf.)rD:rK:vkuf;qhm:Ogifqof; cldof:Okifsv;qof;cldof:OSif/ qof; cldof:OSif ykwf;wSef:apKcrf:bof.? zgif:eef. ugyf;oK;qof;rldif:tK,oK.trf,rD;sv; rD;ulef:qkrf:ekdif; aw,yAefrK;qldof.cldof:cof wD;omef;ayK;rhm; trf,eef omef;rl:Odlof:eef.aO MrfpSif:Okduf:cof wK, awwgyf,ckdef:rldif:olif.wh:sv; bl,vgwf;vSof:pif:acKcofeef.bof;/

      zl;tgef,NofcofOrf.yAef tgif,aq,bK.ehbof;?(tefrmef;cof Nrfqlrf:bkuf.bgif;tof ukif, rkefref:oK;yAef ]]tvgif:TzK:}}cofrldof;vAofeh.bof.?) omef;ayK;rhm;eh. Ndof;Ndif:rK:yD<(1752AD) eef.aO tgif,aq,bK.auK; tofpSif:Okduf:aO ckdef:pAwf:P;rldif:tK,oK.wmif:OAif; yAefckdef:tefvAof uefsv; aw,wif;yAef apKcrf:tK,oK.xSif;zof,ekdif;bof;/ ohm:eef.uGK,wkduf:Odrf:tofyK:rldif:xh:? reD.yl,I? tK,oK. Omrfrldif:sv; rldif:tK,oK.wh:ugef,bof;/

      tl;tgif,aq,bK.sv; vkuf;egif.way:ref:qldof:eef. coftrf,q[cldof:ckefeif,uof,? ulnf: uK;ulef:bl,e[:tldif, ayK;rhm;cofeh. cofzgrf.uefeK,sv;qkdif wD;ayK:vh;tkyf.omef;udefrldif:eif:apK crf: e[:rldif:tK,oK.bof.eefaOwK. ugyf;trf,rD:vhm:vldrf:vuf:vSwf:(Tact)tkyf.omef;rldif:sv; qldof. cldof:omef;ayK;rhm;coftrf,bkdef:bmof:? Okdyf,ykwf;eif;apKvh;bof;/

      ohm:aO tgif,aq,bK. OAif;umrf,uGK,bof.eef. ckefrldif:tefOkdyf,udefrldif:uGK,qldof:eef. trf,tguf,qkdof;OAifOif rD:ckefugef:tldif,qldif.eif, qof;'K.qldof:yAefcldof:wh:qldof:eef. ulnf:tef tguf,qkdof;tguf,OAifeef. ohm:vkdef:rK:rldif:vliftK,oK.eh. yAefulef:wmif;cldof:tkyf.irf:ulnf:ehbof;/

      ayK:awwlnf:ckdef: qldof:tefwSrf;rK:yK;eldofeef.aO rldif:olif.wh:eh. trf,q[;oK;rldif:rmof: vlif? rldif:vAofulnf:rldif:olif.rldof;eef. b[,uGmif;eK,tK:vK:sv;

(1)rldif:erfqof;           

(2)rldif:tK,oK.

(3)rldif:reD.yl,I tK,Orfsv; aeK:IuDIduK.

(4)rldif:ugif? rldif:bmif:? umwf,OKqldof:eh.auK;apKcrf:sz rldif:olif.wh:eif,uof,bof./

      yAefymefvAofuefwmif: rldif:olif.umif rldif:rmof:vliftefoK;eef.(Mr.Herry Yale)wSrf; oh.oK;eif,ehbof.? vkuf.wD;rldif:rmof:vlifaO emif;apKcrf:qof;emif:rlofcrf: sr:qof;Oldofcmef,'K.uGK, aw,wif;apKcrf:szrldif:ugif:bof.? qof;Oldofcmef,'K.Orf. aw,wif;rldif:tK,oK. ohm:vifrK:rldof;yD< (1445AD)vkuf;qof;olif.Oldoftkyf.'K.Orf. aw,wif;yAefapKcrf:szrldif:bmif:tefqof;Nif:OSif tkyf.yldif,eef.bof./

      ykdef:wh:olif.umif rldif:rmof:vlif tefaw,wif;rK:bof.qldof:eef.

(1)qof;ckefvD aw,wif;rdlif:rmof:vlif apKcrf:rldif:rmof: wif:Ogifrldof;yD<(80-100AD)eef.bof;/ rldof;ymefeef. wkduf.yAefymefrldif:erfqof; trf,eef rldif:rif:yof:Odefehsv; xkdifrK:(667AD) qif,aw,Ndof;Ndif:yAefrldif:olif.wh:rK: ymefqof;rif:aeK,bof;/

(2)ulyf:vh: trf,eef rif:aeK, awK,uGK,qof;olif.Odyf:tAwf:(11)wlef tkyf.irf:vlifuGK, aw,wif; tofrldof;yD<(AD 667xkdifAD777)eef.bof;/

(3)qof;Omrfvlif'K. wkduf:sy.sc,cofaO yAefqkrf:Okduf:vlifOldofcmef,'K.sv; aw,wif;tK,oK.rldof; yD<808-1325AD.

(4)qof;emif:rlofcrf: sr:emif:qof;Oldofcmef,'K. aw,wif;apKcrf:wD:rldif:ugif tofyAefapKcrf:sz rldif:rmof:vlif rldof;yD<839AD.

(5)qof;apKcrf:vh;tkyf.rldif: reD.yl,I? tK,Orfsv; rldif:aeK:IuD,IduK. rldof;1315AD.

(6)ymefrldif:olif.tK,oK. yAefOkduf:uefeef. yAefyD<1445AD.

(7)qof;Odlofclyf:'K.sv; qof;chm,'K.uGK,wkduf:awK:rldif:xh:/

(8)olif.wh:rldif:rmof:vlif vh;wSuf,bhm;ymef ayK;rhm;tgif,aq,bK. wkduf:uefwmif:qof;cldof:OSif rldof;yD<AD1850.

(9)qof;OldofyAif:'K. tK,oK.cofrK:wkduf:wgyf,wSef:? ulnf:eK,trf,tgif,rSif,/

(10)qof;Oldofclyf.'K. uGK,wdkuf:rldif:xh:ygwf:w[; vh;rK:qmif.zlduf,ODwlofwmif:IweK,uSof;OSif idkef:crf: wmif:erfbof;/

(11)qof;ckefcrfymefref:qof;eh. vh;yAefOkduf:vlifuefwif:sc,sv; ref:qof;vh;wluf:Okrf:uGK,e[: ymifOkduf:vlifclofvAuf:eef.bof;/

(12)qof;olif.umif rldif:rmof:vlif Odyf:OD,qof; aw,wif;tof1596 xkdif1606 ykdef:ckefrldif:rmof:vlif cmwf,uGK,/

(13)ymefqof;olif.OD,yK: qof;olif.wh:ygh,ySwf;rldif:tK,oK.e[:zSef,vdefrldif:rmof:ukdwf:oh.? rldif:ugif-rldif: rmof:vlif-reD.yl,Isv; tK,OrfeK,uK.ugh:bof./

(14)ymefrldif:tK,oK.wSuf,bhm; e[:rldif:tK,oK.eef. aw,wif;tof 1662 uGK,awK, 1672ADcmof: Odyf:yD< yAefcmof:rldif:wSuf,bhm;uef/

(15)ymefckefrldif:rmof:vlif qof;olif.pK;qof;cof Okdyf,wmrf:vmrf:uefuGK,wif;tofyD< 1672 xkdif1734 AD.

(16)ymefqof;rlofcrf:Ndif ugyf;oK;vkuf;qhm:qof;olif.cof trf,rD:bof.sv; vh;tofemif:bdif:ckdef;pAwf: ckef]]emif:olif.}}emif:apKcrf:rldif:rmof:vlif? ymefrldof;eef. ugyf;oK;rldif:rmof:vlif trf,ayK:rD:trf:emwf; bof.sv; rldif:reD.yl,Isz,tguf, pAwf:rldif:ugef:acKbof;/

      yhmcofrK:wkduf:tldif,tkuf.zlof,(rldof;vAofOlnf,ylof,)tefrD:yK;w[;rldif:olif.xSif;vl:ugef,/

(16)qof;cldof:OSif(1850AD)yAefqof;olif.yK:vkdef:Okwf:teftkyf.irf:rldif:olif.umif? rldif:rmof:vlifvh; wkduf:uefwmif:tgif,aq,bK.(rmef;ayK;rhm;eef.bof;)/
(17)omef;qof;'K.wh:uof;rldif: trf,eef auK:Orf,zD,(1889AD)aw,wif;e[:rldif:OSefoDvlifqof; ckefOSiftl.wdif,aw,wif;bof;/

(17)ymefrldif:OSefoD tkyf.irf:rldif:wh:uofrldif:(1889AD)eef.-

      1. rldif:OSefoDvlif

      2. rldif:rmof:vlif

      3. rldif:uAif:wkif

      4. rldif:OD,yguf.(OD,ayK.)

      5. rldif:rdwf;

      6. umef,wK,IowD,

      7. rldif:ehm:

      8. rldif:ugif

      9. rldif:bgif;Nnf; yAefqldof:eh.bof./

ykdef:wD;uSyf;oAif:OSefoDvlif

      vkuf.wD;rldif:rmof:vlifaO wh:aw,wif;vlif:rK: rldif:auK:Orf,zD,(oQrf;ukd;jynfKawsam-phi)rldif:qof;'K.wh:uof;rldif:aO teftkyf.irf:rldif:uof;rldif:eef. Orf.yAefrldif:OSefoDvlifbof;/

      vgif;vguf:rhmzSef,vdefpmif;ckefapKcrf: qldof:tkyf.irf:apKcrf:wh:oAif:apKcrf:wD;wh: tkyf.irf: rldif:sc,? rldif:wh:wmif:OAif;wmif:rlwf:/

ymefapKcrf:wh: wh:2512-2435 BC.

rhmcyf.	qkdof;qof;apKcrf:	qldof.cldof:Ndef:	rD<rldif:	yD<udefrldif:
1.	qof;wlefbluf, Mif.qof;OSifcAof	wh:wh:	BC.2512-2435	78 yD<
2.	wD,cluf.(qof;Odlofpmof;)	wh:wh:	2434-2365	70 yD<
3.	qof;qhm:	wh:wh:	2364-2358	9 yD<
4.	qof;Ol;(vmefwlefbluf,)	wh:wh:	BC. 2255-2303	48 yD<
rldif:qmif.ol qof;zSef,vdefwh:(3)qof; udefrldif:				157 yD<
ymefapKcrf:wh:qmif.oltl'h:ckefsc,(2)qof;udefrldif:				182 yD<

rldif:apKsy.ymefapKcrf:wh:vdkof:tl'h:

1.	ckefumif(qof;bkdef:)	wh:wh:vkdof:	2185-2146 BC	13 yD<
2.	qof;qmif.	wh:wh:vkdof:	2145-2118 BC	23 yD<
3.	qof;Oldofumif	wh:wh:vkdof:	2118-2058 BC	60 yD<
4.	qof;wD,udof,	wh:wh:vkdof:	2057-2041 BC	17 yD<
5.	qof;wD,ohm:	wh:wh:vkdof:	2040-2015 BC	26 yD<
6.	qof;wD,rif:	wh:wh:vkdof:	2014-2009 BC	18 yD<
7.	qof;wD,OD,	wh:wh:vkdof:	2008-1981 BC	16 yD<
8.	qof;zl;cSif	wh:wh:vkdof:	1980-1923 BC	59 yD<
9.	qof;wD,ckef,	wh:wh:vkdof:	1921-1901 BC	21 yD<
10.	qof;wD,cdif:	wh:wh:vkdof:	1900-1880 BC	21 yD<
11.	qof;wD,ckefuK	wh:wh:vkdof:	1880-1850 BC	31 yD<
12.	qof;wD,uof;	wh:wh:vkdof:	1849-1839 BC	11 yD<
13.	qof;wD,'K.	wh:wh:vkdof:	1838-1820 BC	19 yD<
14.	qof;wD,udwf,	wh:wh:vkdof:	1819-1766 BC	53 yD<

rhmwgif:/  /qof;zSef,vdefwh:(14)qof;udefrldif:(192)yD<    qof;zSef,vdefsc,(3)qof;udefrldif:(147)yD<

rldif:vkdof:ymefapKcrf:wh:Omifsv;bkdef:

1.	qof;cdif:wif;	wh:bkdef:	2434-2365 BC	13 yD<
2.	qof;wh:uK	wh:bkdef:	1753-1721 BC	35 yD<
3.	qof;apKcrf:bkdef:Omif	wh:bkdef:	1720-1155 BC	56 yD< (24)qof;
4.	qof;Odef	wh:bkdef:	1154-1123 BC	33 yD<

rhmwgif:/  /qof;zSef,vdefapKcrf:wh:(27)wlefudefrldif:uGK,(645)yD</

ymefapKcrf:Oldof rldif:uhm:umif

1.	ckefolif.OldofuAif:olif.	wh:Oldof	696-682 BC	15 yD<
2.	qof;phm:olif.	wh:Oldof	681-677 BC	5 yD<
3.	qof;uhm:olif.	wh:Oldof	676-652 BC	25 yD<
4.	qof;qmif.olif.	wh:Oldof	651-619 BC	33 yD<
5.	qof;cdif:olif.	wh:Oldof	618-613 BC	6 yD<
6.	qof;cGmefolif.	wh:Oldof	612-607 BC	6 yD<
7.	qof;wkdef:olif.	wh:Oldof	606-586 BC	21 yD<
8.	qof;cSefolif.	wh:Odlof	585-572 BC	14 yD<
9.	qof;vkdef:olif.	wh:Oldof	571-545 BC	21 yD<
10.	qof;cSifolif.	wh:Odlof	544-520 BC	25 yD<
11.	qof;cAef:olif.	wh:Oldof	419-476 BC	44 yD<
12.	qof;bkdef:olif.	wh:Oldof	475-469 BC	7 yD<
13.	qof;cSefwif;olif.	wh:Oldof	468-441 BC	28 yD<
14.	qof;uof;olif.	wh:Oldof	440-426 BC	15 yD<

rhmwgif:/  /qof;apKcrf:(14)wlefudefrldif:(270)yD</

ymefapKcrf:wh:uof;rldif:]]rldif:qyf;}}

1.	ohm:vDolif.	wh:qof;	425-402 BC	24 yD<
2.	tgefolif.	wh:qof;	401-376 BC	26 yD<
3.	vDolif.	wh:qof;	375-369 BC	7 yD<
4.	pSif:olif.	wh:qof;	368-321 BC	27 yD<
5.	ODcdif:olif.	wh:qof;	320-315 BC	6 yD<
6.	emefolif.	wh:qof;	314-256 BC	69 yD<

rhmwgif:/  /qof;apKcrf:wh:(6)qof;udefrldif:uGK,(395)yD</

ymefapKcrf:wh:cdif:

1.	OD,olif.wD,	wh:cdif:	294-210 BC	39 yD<
2.	olOkifolif.wD,	wh:cdif:	209-207 BC	3 yD<

rhmwgif:/  /yAefymefwh:ckdef:tkyf.rdlif:sc,? rldif:wh:wmif:OAif;cmif.wlef;Ogifsv; urf:vkdef:Okwf:bof.? ohm:vifeh.wh:vh;wSuf,bhm;? yAefOmrfqkrf:aO tguf,rK:aw,wmif;zhmqmef:rldif:bl,erfsv; yAefrK:rldif: wh:? rldif:xh:? rldif:vmof:eef.bof./

      ohm:Omrfqkrf:Orf.-

(1)wh:Noferf. wh:rldif:wlif;/

(2)wh:OD,tldif, ODckrf.? ulnf;cAof? uGmif:OD<? ugmif:wif;tefOmefcwf:qof;apKcrf: rldif:cdif:olif.wD, sv; tguf,aw,wif;yAefwh:rldif:vgh Hill Tribes eheef.bof;/

wh: xh:? vmof:AD

      wh:qldof:tefzgrf.uef rK;aw,wif;rldif:zhm,bl,erf/ qmef:(206-219AD)ymefapKcrf:wh: pmefwh: wh:Omrfrldif:(1)Noferf.

            (2)OD,ckrf.

            (3)uGmif:wif;

      wh:Omrfrldkif:qrf.-

            (1)apKcrf:wh: e[:rldif:Odlof'h: Noferf.

            (2)apKcrf:olif. e[:rldif:OD,ckrf. umefOl;

            (3)apKcrf:Ol; e[:rldif:vSof: 'h:OD,clyf:

rhmwgif:/  /qof;apKcrf:wh:(27)wlefudefrldif:uGK, (426)yD</

ymefapKcrf:erfqof;bl,erf? ulnf;cAof? OD,ckrf.

1.	qof;rif:OD	wh:rif:	650-674 AD	76 yD<
2.	qof;rif:uof:	wh:rif:	738-793 AD	56 yD<
3.	rif:Odefpmof;uof;	wh:Omif	792-902 AD	109 yD<
4.	wh:wAef:Ndifuof;	wh:qof;	903-927 AD	28 yD<
5.	wh:b[,ekdif;uof;	wh:bkdef:	928-	1 yD<
6.	wh:vDuof;	wh:wlef;	929-936 AD	8 yD<
7.	wh:ckdef;uof;	wh:uof;	937-1094 AD	157 yD<
8.	wh:vDuof;	wh:wlef;	1095-1096 AD	2 yD<

rhmwgif:/  /qof;apKcrf:wh:(6)cldof:udefrldif:uGK,(515)yD</

ymefapKcrf;olif.wh: rldif:rmof:vlif rldif:rmof: - rldif:ugif

1.	ckefvD	rldif:rmof:	650-667 AD	17 yD<
2.	ckefvhm:sv;qof;	rldof:rmof:	667-777 AD	110 yD<
3.	rif:aeK,	rldif:rmof:	777	wif:apKcrf:tK,oK.
4.	Odlofcmef,'K.sv;Omrfvlif'K.	rldif:rmof:	777-808 AD	31 yD<
5.	olif.Odyf:qof;	cldof:Oldofcmef,'K.	808-1315 AD	507 yD<
6.	Oldofcyf:'K.		1315-1334 AD	19 yD<
7.	vkuf;Oldofcmef,'K.xD.1	rldif:ugif
8.	vkuf;Odlofcmef,'K.xD.2	rldif:ugif
9.	Oldoftkyf.'K.	rldif:ugif	1364	30 yD<
10.	OldofNif:'K.	rldif:ugif	1445	18 yD<
11.	OldofbAyf,'K. (tK,oK.rK:wkduf:Odrf:red.yl,I rldif:xh:? rmef;)	rldif:ugif
12.	OldofyAif:'K.(tK,oK.rK:wkdfuf:)	rldif:ugif	1512-1568 AD
13.	Oldofclyf:'K.(Odrf:wkduf:rldif:xh:? rldif:rmef;)	rldif:ugif	1568-1587 AD	8 yD<
14.	qof;crf:ckef(Okrf:sc,)	rldif:ugif	1587-1592 AD
15.	qof;olif.ckef(vkdof:oK:OldofNif,'K.)	rldif:ugif	1592-1596 AD
16.	olif.umifOdyf:yD<(trf,vh;pefwSrf;oh.Oif)	rldif:rmof:	1596-1606 AD
17.	ymefqof;olif.OD,rldif:	1.rldif:rmof: 2.rldif:ugif 3.rldif:tK,oK. 4.rldif:reD.yl,I	1617-1662 AD
18.	qof;apKcrf:wh:tK,oK.	rdlif:tK,oK.	1662-1672 AD
19.	ymefqof;olif.(5)qof; Guyaed Nawaz ckefreD.yl,I? tK,Orf? udIduf.eK,u Odrf:tK,oK./	rldif:rmof:	1672-1734 AD
20.	qof;emif:rlof:crf:Ndif: qof;emif:olif.rlocrf:? emif:olif.wh:tgefwmif:Okwf:sv; urf: vkdef:Okwf:/
21.	qof;cdlof:OSif ymefolif.umif(1772)qof;olif. yK:vkdef:Okwf:

*ymefqof;'K.wh:uof;rldif:(ukd;oQrf;jynf)auK;Orf,zD, trf,eef rldif:OSefoD aw,wif;ymefqof;tl: wdif,(AD1884-1889)

1.rldif:OSefoD

2.rldif:OD,yguf.(OD,ayK.)

3.rldif:bgif;Nnf;

4.rldif:rdwf;

5.rldif:rmof:

6.rldif:vkdef:

7.rldif:ehm:

8.rldif:uAif:wkif

9.wgif,ySif,vghvlif

      Okdyf,wmrf:uGK,ymefqof;'K.wh:(36)rldif:bof.auK; ymefapKcrf:wh:qof;'K.wh: rgwf:phmuGK,rldof; yD<(1947AD)eef.bof./

ydkef:wh:rldof;rdkef,ugef, Okwf:wD;ehbof./

**********************

wD;ygif,vSif:acK;uGmrf:teftofq[.e[:yyf.eh.-

BC cIduf.yDrldif:yh,rD:

AD cIduf.yDrldif:rD:bof./

zkdeftdif

1.The Historical record of the Siamese Chinese relations.

2.ykdef.cldof:wh:sv; ykdef:rldif:wh: - cldof:OSef

3.IK,qomif, ykdef:rldif:wh: rhm(1)? – qhm:vK.tgif,

4.0ef;odk&mZ0ifopf/ cEÅD;q&mawmf b'´EÅokZe

uGmrf:vgef.rgef:

**************

(1)ayK:oK;cmof:bmrf: pAwf:umefpof: wSrfxlef;aO pAwf:umefrSef; vguf:ref:ehqkdif yldef;bgef:Ol: oK; bK,ayckdef;b[,ehaOwK. wuf:awckdef;b[,bl,trf,pmif./(arKykdef:vlif vkif:qhm:tgif,xkef:)

(2)zldof,qof;uof,awukrf,ygif.cmif:oK; vyf:Odif,eK,ehbl,eef. wK.qof;uof,vkuf.aO tof'h:yldif: yefsv;/ (ukef:zl;Oyf.)

(3)puf.qldof.qmwf;omef;rldif:eh. bK,ayuGK,puf.b[,OkifuGmif;vkduf.ylef.wD;eSef,zSof? vlof,awpuf.tof wlofuof,? umefimef:wlofuof,? pdrf:Mrf:wlofuof, uGK,tgefwmif:/ puf.rldif:Nrf;wkrfehauK; puf.rldif:wh:pof: aOugef,? bK,eSwf;uGK,puf.rdlif:Nrf;wkrfywf:ykdef.? rD;rSwf.wK,puf.Owf.woK,wif:OAif;ehauK; puf.tof vkuf;vmif:emif:sr: yD;egif.rdwf.Ophmwlofuof, tgefwmif:aOugef,/ (qof;wK,xkef:)

(4)ayK:puf.omef;rldif: vlof,qgh;xSrfumef? ayK:puf.vkuf;vmefvlof,Ogefyefyef,nK,? ayK:puf.qldof.cdlof: zK,OK,vlof,arKvmwf;Olef:wkrf/ (uGmrf:ulef:xof;wh:)

(5)qldof.cldof:ulef:tefcdkef;b[,r[,Okifeef. ugyf;yldof;cofvlvduf;zwf:vduf;vhm:tldof;? qldof;qmwf;cldof: ulef:tefvlvduf;zwf:vduf;vhm:eef. cofqif,ckdef;b[,bof./ (xkif:uGmrf:sc,)

(6)ugyf;wh:rldof;Okdef:sv; wh:rldof;oK:qif,rD:bof.? ugyf;wh:rldof;oK:sv; wh:rldof;eh.qif,rD:bof.? ugyf;wh: rldof;eh.aO eif,Ndofwh:rldof;zkuf;awrD:eef. yAefykef;zgef:Olpof:tldof;/ (qldof.vmef.qof;)

(7)vgif;v[aOtrf,oK; P;ref:yAefvh;ihm;ihm;eef. trf,rD:? vgif;OifauK; ayK:ugrf.oK; yAefvh;ihm;ihm; ulnf:qkdif uGmrf:aoK:pKIK.tefoK; ]]bmyf,eK,}}eef. awtrf,rD;bof./ (qldof.vmef.qof;)

(8)tefpof:xlyf:wmif:bmyf, bmuf;zmefcmefq[bl,eh. trf,q[;rAof:vDthm? N.oK;xlyf:wmif:bmyf, bmuf;zmefugwf:bl, sv;Orf. trf,cwf:q[ P;ylef.zowmif:zmefpof:eef.ulnf:bof.? yAefwmif:vD thmsw.sw./ (cl:arKauK.ekdif;)

(9)ayK:oK;c[;P; 'dif;si;qof;uof, Nrf,irf:vh;eldofqldof.cldof:ulef:at,cofeef.ehqkdif xkuf,vDtof Okduf:aO wkduf:auK;wkduf:? ykef;wK,aw,wif;qkdif;rdlif: ekdif;tefeef. umefvgif;rAof:v[aOtrf,oK; wkdef:rmef,rSef;bl,bof.? wkdef:qgrf:TwK:wK,aObof./ (pAif:vdwf.ykef,xvh,aw:1834-1896)

(10)ayK:rK:sc.cAif,wSuf;eldif:uef wif:wlofulef:qkdif yduf.Orf. wlofpof:vAuf.ehg.aOauK;bK, trf, vlofq[vAuf.? OifoK; erf.xmwf;q[pof: nSrf.wSrf,abK;ulnf:bof.? xkuf,vDq[vAuf./ (xkif:uGmrf:tif: udwf:)

(11)zSofxmef;v[ qef.v[bof.tefoK;eef. trf,q[;ydlifvlifref:? qof;uof,wkduf.pAwf:Oifbl, tefoK;eef.ulnf:bof.? yAefvrf,vgif;yldifvlifref:/

(12)vgif;zgrf.Nrf; tefoK;eef. ygifoK;Oif yAeftefv[? vgif;zgrf.Nrf;eh. awvh;auK,wif;qldif. eif,Ndof`

      acK;xmrftefeh.sw.wgyf,ihm; qSif;vSif:vDbl,bof. – wmif:bldif:tmef:rldefuef? vgif; cwf:q[rldefuef? xlyf:wmif:qK.rK:auK; Nrf;uefcD? xlyf:wmif:vDrK:auK;Nrf;uefOldof: yAefOD,yldifeh. bof.? ayK:oK; cofOD,yldifeh.rK:Nrf;ygrf:uef zef;yAefOAef;vAofehqkdif pmif;zmifvgif;zgrf.Nrf;eef. wuf:awzkwf:tguf,rK:bl,bof.? vgif;cwf:q[pAwf:Omif; ckdifygifauK; qAuf,szyefuefpAwf:? Okrf:rK: auK; qgh;uefcmrf,? Nrf;Mrf:uefyhckdef;OAef;wmif:bldif:rhm tefvAofuefayK:ehqkdif vgif;zgrf.Nrf; eef. wuf:awyAeftefauK,wif;vh;ihm;ihm;ulnf:/ Nofyof;vliftdef:wD;bK:rpwf.xrK.uef,wD,)

(13)rldof:eK; rldif:wh:awckdef;b[, trf,cdkef;b[, tefoK;eef. rD:e[:rkdof:vuf;tgef,bdif:qhm:rldof;eh. bof.? ayK:vkuf.tgef,wh:rldof;eh. trf,Ogefvduf;pAef:vhm:qkdif wK,rldif:wh:awckdef; trf,rD:oef:ref: ayK:vkuf;tgef,wh:rldof;eh. Ogefvduf;pAef:vhm:aO uwf.cSef,ul;vgif;vgif;ugef, rldif:wh:rldof:eK;qif, awckdef;b[,vh;/ (cl:arKwh:qof;ekdif;)

---

[1]ymefapKcrf:wh:(Omrfrldif:)eh. zl;wSrf;ydkef:]]cdif:O[(Chen Shou)}}wSrf;oh.rldof;yD< 225-297A.Deef.bof./ ]]qkdof;cGmefqldif(Lo Kuan Chang)}}auK;wSrf;rhmoh. ykdef:apKcrf:wh:(Omrfrdlif:)eh cSrf.vSyf;eK,sv; zl;wSrf;ykdef:cof ayK:vh;uSyf:tof vhm:wSrf;ref:bl,bof./ C.H Bre with Taylor ulef:rldif:oef:wluf:auK.ekdif; auK; ydef,wSrf;zhm,tif:udwf.oh.oK;]]ykdef:wh:trf,eefvkdof:}}ymefrldif:rldof;eef. wSrf;oh.oK; vh;pefsc,sv;wh: wSuf,bhm;uefuGK,aO zgif:wh:vh;oh.wD;bl, wD;uefwD;erf.wD;vdef yAefohm:]]ymefOkduf:rldif:vlif}}sv; ymefwh:Omrfrldif:eef.bof./